In the eyes of the world after us, the Tang Dynasty was an extremely open and romantic dynasty. Whenever we talk about the Tang Dynasty, we will talk about it with relish. In such a romantic and open dynasty, the only female emperor in history-Wu Zetian was born. She is the only female emperor in the history of China, unprecedented and a legend in history.
Wu Zetian's ruling further expanded the open atmosphere of the Tang Dynasty, and the most fundamental reason for Wu Zetian's help to the "open atmosphere" of the Tang Dynasty was political factors. Wu Zetian created a precedent with female images, broke the shackles of ancient feudal ethics and created a prosperous and open world in the Tang Dynasty with her unique political spirit.
Datang Shi Sheng
Breaking tradition, women are in power
Wu Zetian's greatest influence on the Tang Dynasty was that she ascended the throne, went down in history and became a veritable female emperor of the Tang Dynasty. She broke the traditional historical situation that men are superior to women and rewritten the history that only men are emperors in feudal tradition. This pioneering work not only greatly improved the social status of women, but also promoted the opening up of the Tang Dynasty.
There is a saying in "Showa Bellow Movement in Tang Dynasty": "The Nine Mysteries are the best, and the Three Saints Keelung. Kiss up first and finish the work. Zong Si paid tribute and Ji expressed deep concern. Yongchang Diye, broadcast the wind. " This was written by Wu Zetian herself and ascended the throne in the chorus of Taichang Li Guan.
She inherited the "rule of chastity" initiated by Emperor Taizong, and the country was once prosperous with rapid economic and political development. In this context, Wu Zetian changed her name to "Zhou" and opened a new empire of Zhou Dynasty. In this respect, Wu Zetian's help to the "open atmosphere" in the Tang Dynasty is an open custom for women in all aspects.
1, the improvement of women's political status
The first is the improvement of women's status. The best breakthrough is that Wu Zetian can successfully ascend to the throne as emperor. During this period, Wu Zetian set up female officials in the palace, and many waitresses and female secretaries worked together, from Zhengjiupin to Zhengyipin. In ancient history, there were relatively many positions and numbers of women, and Shangguan Waner was a typical example.
Shangguan Wan'er
"Writing about what's going on in the world" is the evaluation of Shangguan Waner by later generations, which shows that Wan'er was in a high position at that time and was able to participate in the discussion of state affairs, breaking through the feudal system's restrictions on women.
Secondly, Wu Zetian's favorite daughter Princess Taiping, according to historical records, when considering the heir to the throne, Wu Zetian deliberately cultivated Princess Taiping, and Princess Taiping also had political ambitions and wanted to be a generation of queens like her mother. Since then, Queen Wei, as well as managing state affairs behind her back, all want to emulate Wu Zetian and show the characteristics of the "feminist craze" in the Tang Dynasty.
Princess Taiping
2. Changes in women's social dress.
When Wu Zetian came to power, women's social status will naturally increase day by day, and their social costumes will also change constantly. It is recorded in the Book of the New Tang Dynasty: "The marquis of Wu is good at politics, giving more scarves and embroidered robes to ministers, and giving back inscriptions, which are immeasurable and undisciplined." It can be seen that when Wu Zetian was a marquis of Wu, she was trying to change her social dress.
Wu Zetian not only constantly reformed and innovated the uniforms of court officials, but also played a leading role in women's clothing. The most unique thing is that women in the Tang Dynasty like to wear men's clothes. This is the uniqueness of the open social atmosphere in the Tang Dynasty. Wu Zetian, as a female emperor, loves men's clothes and admires them to the utmost. She not only wears men's clothes herself, but also changes the ladies-in-waiting in the court into men's clothes, which sets off the social atmosphere of women wearing men's clothes, which is all the rage from top to bottom.
Maids wear men's clothes.
Not only that, the clothes in this period were loose and gorgeous, with extremely rich styles and colors, which greatly promoted the freedom of social decoration, and also showed women's self-confidence and created a new aesthetic fashion.
Reform politics and control officials.
When Wu Zetian promoted the "open atmosphere" in the Tang Dynasty, she not only broke the traditional concept that men are superior to women, but also carried out political reforms, changed the traditional power of Guan Long, rectified the bureaucracy, cleared up the official platform, and made the official forces open, further promoting the open development of the Tang Dynasty.
1, attack Guanlong gate valve troops.
When Wu Zetian was a marquis of Wu, she listened to politics and assisted Tang Gaozong in dealing with all kinds of government affairs, which showed her unique political talent and various suggestions for governing the country, namely "Twelve Suggestions", which showed Wu Zetian's extraordinary ability to govern the country as a woman.
Wuhou listens to politics.
More importantly, she cracked down on the aristocratic group of Guanlong Gate, opened the imperial court, effectively impacted the old forces and created a new situation. Guanlong Group began to form a strong network of gentry relations in Sui Dynasty. With the change of dynasties and rulers, the old forces kept controlling the platform and gradually monopolized the state affairs. This political and social group formed by the intersection of relatives and clans has seriously impacted the imperial power. Wu Zetian developed her extraordinary wisdom and opened up the officialdom.
Wu Zetian must cultivate her own power if she wants to fight against Guan Long's diehard forces. During this period, as a queen, she influenced and commanded the emperor. With years of experience and lessons, she defeated this deep-rooted political group in just a few years.
Guanlong group
Wu Zetian purposefully cultivated new forces and appointed officials who were excluded from the common people, including many greedy and insidious people, such as Li Yifu and Xu. But in order to destroy the old forces, she had no choice. She had to choose these people to work for her, and the means must be cruel. This is a struggle on the feudal political stage.
Wu Zetian, the representative of civilian officials, defeated Guanlong Group. She opened the North Korea Bureau, which opened the way for civilian officials to take power.
2. Further rectify bureaucracy.
When Wu Zetian successfully defeated Guanlong Group represented by Sun Chang Wuji, she began to turn around and clean up the promoted civilian officials. In the face of the old forces, it is impossible to choose the quality of officials. Today, there are still good and bad officials in the officialdom, and there are many people who are passive and cunning, Nuo Nuo. This is naturally clear to Wu Zetian. Therefore, Wu Zetian began to further rectify the bureaucracy and clean up the dynasty.
Sun Chang Wuji
She knows the advantages and disadvantages of people, and she will be rewarded if she does well. Those insidious and greedy people break the law themselves, and she will never be soft, that is, the state affairs are "clearly rewarded and punished." As recorded in Zi Zhi Tong Jian, "Although Lu's position was abused to win the hearts of the people in the world, he did not accumulate responsibility, and he was arrogant to find it or punish it. He controlled the world with the handle of reward and punishment, and the government had its own way and was observant. Therefore, the heroes and sages at that time also competed for it. "
Wu Zetian, with her extraordinary political talent, took official management seriously and controlled officials, thus achieving the goal of political openness. On the one hand, she cleaned up corrupt traitors and cleaned up the new officialdom; On the other hand, she opened politics to most landlords and intellectuals with cloth clothes, but anyone with talent and skill can enter the officialdom. It can be seen that Wu Zetian is also striving to achieve the effect of cleaning officials and shocking the monarch and ministers.
Wu Zetian and Guan Bai
Not stick to one pattern, recommend talents and appoint talents.
1, improve the imperial examination and system.
Speaking of Wu Zetian's open system, in fact, she is most famous for developing and perfecting the imperial examination system. The imperial examination system achieved unprecedented development during the reign of Wu Zetian. The imperial examination system allows a large number of ordinary people to join the officialdom, including low-level ordinary people and senior clan nobles, and talented people compete openly.
After setting objective examination standards, Wu Zetian carefully selected outstanding talents in society, which made more and more ordinary scholars change their fate and become officialdom.
Wu Zetian
During the reign of Wu Zetian, the Ministry of Education was held year after year, and more than 0/000 people were selected as Jinshi. Wu Zetian attached great importance to the open selection of imperial examinations. She took exams in the palace outside Luoyang city many times, invigilated herself and patrolled the examination room. She doesn't borrow others' hands, she thinks for herself and asks the candidates in the palace examination.
In addition, Wu Zetian's "Wu Ju" exam is also quite famous. She set up the martial arts examination, which not only selected general talents, but also inspired people's martial spirit. The perfection of the imperial examination and martial arts system made Wu Zetian's ruling court more open. Later, the world commented that she had a "legacy of chastity".
Martial arts examination
2, know people and make good use of them.
As a ruler, Wu Zetian promoted the opening and development of the Tang Dynasty, which is also reflected in her employment measures. Wu Zetian suffered a mutiny in Yangzhou when she was in power as a queen. Li, the leader, launched a war under the banner of help. An essay written by Luo called for an uprising. This article criticized Wu Zetian and had a wide influence.
Not only was Wu Zetian not angry after reading it, but she lamented that King Robin's talents were not reused, so that she became a thief and wanted to reuse King Robin. It can be seen that Wu Zetian knows how to make good use of people and love talents. She has a unique vision and mind in employing people.
Luo
She not only knows how to make good use of people, but also adopts more open and bold employment measures. She developed and established a female official-Shangguan Waner. Her evaluation of Wan'er is: "This woman has extraordinary bones". For the appointment of Shangguan Waner, Wu Zetian is not only open and bold, but also disregards family status and avoids people's eyes and ears.
Even if Shangguan Waner was implicated and demoted as a maid-in-waiting, she did not hesitate to let Wan'er study scriptures and etiquette. Hearing Wan'er's talent, she personally tested Wan'er. Then he left Wan'er, who had the revenge of killing his father, with him, and gave him great importance to cultivate him to participate in and discuss state affairs. In this way, it not only opened the traditional male-dominated officialdom system, but also made Shangguan Waner's talent.
Wu Zetian and Shangguan Waner
abstract
Whether as a queen or an emperor, Wu Zetian had a great influence on the Tang Dynasty and later generations. With her talent and ability, she accelerated the spread of "openness" in the Tang Dynasty. It is not only a pioneering work to improve women's status, but also a variety of political measures she promoted, which is the progress that a country and a dynasty should have.
The Guanlong forces destroyed in Wuhou period was the first step to promote political opening. Then proclaimed himself emperor, then rectified the officialdom, and commanded the officials, all of which were the continuous development of "openness"; Among them, Wu Zetian's employment strategy is her "open" innovation and continuous breakthrough. Looking at Wu Zetian's role in the opening and development of the Tang Dynasty, he realized political clarity and economic development and progress, which is worthy of being the link between "Zhenguan rule" and "Kaiyuan prosperity".