The country in the early stage of the Spring and Autumn hegemony
1. In terms of natural geography and topography, the Central Plains is dominated by plains, with flat and open terrain and no danger to defend, which is not conducive to military defense. The Spring and Autumn Period is the heyday of chariot fighting, and only when chariots are used in plain areas can the greatest power be exerted. This has laid a curse for frequent wars and military disasters in Central Plains countries. Later generations also mentioned this drawback in their discourses: for example, in the "Lu's Territorial Theory" in the new edition of the Twenty-four History Theory, it was written as follows: "(Lu) Its land is flat, without mountains and rivers, without the benefits of fish and salt, it is Rao Wo, so it is often afraid of Qi and attached to Jin at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period; Especially the weakness of the monarch and the minister, the land should be gathered. It is not enough to rely on rules, and it is not enough to win by attack. " "On the Territory of Song Dynasty": "There were many governors in the Zhou Dynasty, each with its own place, so it was unintentional! Since the Three Supervisors committed iniquities, Wu Geng rebelled, the Duke of Zhou overthrew Wu Geng and sealed Wei Zi in Song Dynasty, didn't he be punished at that time? Wu Gengguo, located in the capital, is in danger of being too ambitious. Its people are easy to shock, and its land is easy to shake, while Shangqiu is flat on all sides and the capital of the Near East. Although there will be no peace for children and grandchildren in the future, they can't afford to worry. "
Waterway transportation is beneficial to the trade development in the Central Plains.
Geographically, the Central Plains is located at the core of the East Asian continent. Geographically, it is located in the land of four wars and is attacked on all sides. It is the so-called "winding land" in Sun Tzu's art of war. The neighboring powers go north, south, east and west through the Central Plains. From a military point of view, geographically, Chyi Chin and Chu Jin will pass through here, and all the vassal states in the Central Plains have no advantage at all. Facts have proved that the Central Plains region, as a battleground for heroes, is indeed in frequent wars. During the Spring and Autumn Period, several wars for hegemony initiated by countries around the Central Plains that changed the status of other countries all took place in the Central Plains: the flood war took place on the border of the Song Dynasty; The battle of Yanling, Chengpu and Taitai took place in the territory of Zheng State.
Judging from the agricultural farming conditions, the Central Plains is much superior to the surrounding areas: the local climate is warm and humid, suitable for people to live and crops to grow; The hilly slopes in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain and Ruying Valley are fertile and soft, and easy to cultivate. In ancient times, the plains in eastern Henan and southwestern Shandong were low in humidity, with dense lakes and swamps. The more famous ones, such as Zhu Meng, Juye, Leixia and Yingze, are too numerous to mention. Vegetation near lakes and marshes is conducive to the development of collection, fishing and hunting activities, and can be used as a supplement to agricultural production.
Today's ancient Juye Ze remains.
According to teacher Song Jie's analysis in "The Distribution of Political Forces in China in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Geographical Reasons for the Rise of Great Powers", there are many rivers in the western and central parts of the Central Plains, which are intertwined with other waterways such as the Yellow River, Jishui and Huaihe River, and are also ideal places for developing shipping and irrigation. For example, Tao in Song Dynasty was a trade hub famous for its water transportation. Because there are many superior conditions in the local area, since the Eastern Expedition with Duke Zhou, the conquering nation Zhou from the west gradually occupied this fertile land, while the original indigenous peoples Dongyi and Yinren were expelled and ruled by them. As Mr. Yang Bojun said: "Most of the countries under the surname of Ji were in the ancient loess layer or alluvial zone, which was the best or better land for agricultural production at that time."
Coupled with the geographical location in the Central Plains, in terms of economic activities, Huaxia in the Central Plains not only has a historical tradition of "emphasizing agriculture", but also has a high level of handicraft development, and many products are well known. Move to its position and get better. Luoyang, with its flat terrain and convenient transportation, is also called "the best in the world" with the pottery of Cao and Song Dynasties. These two places and Zheng are the crossroads of traffic and the intersection of roads, which are the only places for western countries and tribes to trade.
National currency in the Spring and Autumn Period
However, frequent wars have greatly affected the agricultural production and commercial operation of the Central Plains countries. During the Spring and Autumn Period, when the army conquered other countries, it would collect grain and grass from the fields of enemy countries as supplementary supplies. On the one hand, it eased the pressure on our logistics, on the other hand, it hit the morale of the enemy, as Sun Tzu said: "So, those who kill the enemy are angry; Those who take advantage of the enemy get the goods. If there are more than ten cars, reward the first one and reward a bid. " Therefore, if soldiers want to fight to the death, there must be anger and encouragement. If soldiers dare to seize enemy munitions, they must be rewarded with the seized property. Therefore, in the battle of chariots, whoever grabs more than ten chariots first will be rewarded. Captured chariots should be planted with our flag immediately and incorporated into our team. )
A small country in the Central Plains can easily become a granary of a big country.
Therefore, Sun Tzu put forward: "If grain is the country and grain is the enemy, then grain can be the army." If we have to fight a protracted war of attrition, we must "eat for the enemy for one minute and for me for 20 minutes;" Avoid one stone and treat me as twenty stones ",which means that we must solve the problem of food and grass in the enemy country." Getting a grain from an enemy country is equivalent to getting 20 minutes when we leave our country, and getting a stone of feed locally is equivalent to getting 20 stones when we leave our country. Therefore, the natural geographical advantages of agricultural production in Central Plains countries are sometimes difficult to play effectively, and superior natural conditions may not be conducive to economic development and social progress.
Mozi saved the Song Dynasty by discussing the differences between Central Plains products and Chu products.
In addition, the products of the Central Plains countries are not necessarily as rich as those of the countries around the Central Plains. Because the Central Plains is not near the sea, the geographical unit is relatively simple, the terrain changes little, and the latitude and longitude span is small, so the minerals, vegetation zones and animal and plant species in the Central Plains are not as rich as those in neighboring countries. Moreover, there are many countries in the Central Plains, and the natural resources that are not rich in variety are distributed to each country, so the number and types of natural resources in each country are naturally less. This cruel reality can be seen clearly in Mozi's exposition on saving the Song State: "The land of Jing is five thousand miles, and the land of Song is five hundred miles, which is the same as the anthology; Jing has a cloud dream, rhinoceros and elk are full, Jianghan fish, turtle and catfish are rich in the world, and the so-called pheasant-free rabbit catfish in Song Dynasty is also bad. Jing has a long song, and there is a south, and the song has no long wood, which is still beautiful and short brown. "
2. Compared with the surrounding areas of the Central Plains, the native place in human geography is not lacking in vitality, and the orthodox Chinese people in the Central Plains are also full of energy and passion at this time.
Lutz is a famous warrior who defends the country.
Although later generations often refer to the decadent voice as "the voice of righteousness", the folk customs in the Central Plains are not decadent. The Central Plains, located in the land of the Fourth World War, has been threatened by war for a long time, and the folk customs are also very vigorous. "History of Han Geography" records the strong men in Wei Xi, who put courage first. Biography of Historical Records of Zhong Ni records: "For Dr. Park, I resigned from Confucius. Confucius said,' Puduo is a strong man, which is difficult to treat. However, I say to you: courtesy and respect can be brave; Wide and upright, comparable to the harrier style; Be respectful and calm, and you can report it. "Because there are many Bodhi brave people, heroes cherish heroes, and heroes value heroes. Confucius taught Luz to treat warriors with respect and comprehensive courtesy, so as to manage Puyi well.
Zheng is located in the land of four wars. The perennial campaign and military reform in the early Spring and Autumn Period enabled Zheng to have a strong infantry team-the Disciple Army. Disciples are composed of scholars and people. "Shi" is a warrior, the lowest class in the aristocratic class, with both civil and military skills. As for ordinary people, they usually farm in three seasons, perform martial arts in one season and hold hunting and talk about martial arts in four seasons. Once every three years. In case of war, soldiers are called up. As for the country's usual standing army, it is probably a warrior. From the rabbit lilacs in The Book of Songs, we can see the elegance of Zheng Can soldiers;
Tuzhe
Shoot a map
In terms of love between men and women, many poems of Guofeng are undoubtedly the true feelings of affectionate men and women. Biography of Historical Records says that Zheng Xizheng is "dangerous in the soil, living in the valley, and men and women want to get together, so it is vulgar." Men and women in Zheng have the custom of * * * spring outing, during which there is no lack of sexual intercourse between men and women. So some people say that Zheng Feng in The Book of Songs was the first one. "The land of Wei is blocked by mulberry trees, and men and women want to get together, so it is called the voice of Zheng Wei." In addition, The Book of Songs Martin has ten chapters devoted to the customs of Chen State. The local people believe in witches and ghosts, like singing and dancing, and even "die in winter and die in summer". Chen Guo also has the custom that the eldest daughter is a "witch doctor" at home and presides over the ritual activities of witch doctors at home. Although Wuer is not married, they are free to choose their partners and enjoy the relationship between men and women.
Love Poems in The Book of Songs
Zheng had a negative comment on it in ancient times.
"History of Han Geography" said: "Wu Za heard Chen's song and said,' If the country dies, why do it!' Zheng's voice in the Spring and Autumn Period was often equated with the voice of national subjugation. In fact, not only in Zheng Wei, but also in Qi, Chu, Qin and other countries, the degree of sexual openness has great freedom in the relationship between men and women, which is quite different from the impression that men and women "give and receive without kissing, and courtesy is also". Beautiful women who meet under the moon, girls who love warriors, spoony women who are waiting for war, straightforward courtship and bold confession are all manifestations of the true nature of our nation.
Yunmeng Lake
Although there are a group of romantic, passionate, bloody and highly civilized citizens, the strategic situation of the Central Plains countries has slipped from active to passive, which has both cultural reasons and geographical disadvantages. The Central Plains countries are mainly tired of conservative cultural traditions and limited strategic space, and finally failed to stand at the forefront of historical progress in the Spring and Autumn Period.