A distinctive building is a monument, which embodies the painstaking efforts and wisdom of designers and builders. Different shapes and styles. The architecture with profound meaning highlights rich aesthetic connotation, which makes people linger and linger.
Colorful buildings made of bricks, lime sand and stones have been endowed with different functions, making them a place to live and work in peace and contentment, a carrier of economy and culture, and a witness to historical changes; It is integrated with the natural environment, which makes the city show outstanding charm and modern urban style.
"A good building has three conditions: convenience, firmness and pleasure." The architectural theory can come from an English humanist-Henry. Sir Wharton's Elements of Architecture is the starting point. Architecture is the meeting point of three different purposes.
The scientific standard of architecture-sturdiness.
The building requires "firmness". This need makes it related to science and scientific standards. The mechanical combination of the structure strictly limits its growth. Thrust and balance, pressure and support are the foundation of architectural language. The inherent characteristics of marble, brick, wood and iron produce its form, which limits its achievements and even dominates its decorative details to some extent. In every aspect of architectural research, people will encounter physics, statics and dynamics, put forward various suggestions on design, and control and verify its design. Therefore, we can freely find the logical expression of material properties and laws in architecture. Without these, architecture becomes impossible and its history becomes incomprehensible.
Practical standard of architecture-convenience.
Buildings need convenience. It is not enough to have inherent consistency and abstract logic of structure. It exists to meet some external needs. This is also a historical fact. Architecture serves the general needs of human beings. Secondly, politics and society, religion and ceremonies, racial events and the same occupation. , has become a research factor. They decide what to build and, to a lesser extent, how to build it. If it is legal to regard architecture as the expression of mechanical laws, it is equally important to regard it as the expression of human life. This provides a completely different value standard from science. A building should be judged according to whether its design has successfully achieved the actual goal. It can also naturally extend to the point that we can judge by the value of its goal itself; In other words, judging from their external goals, these are actually two completely different issues. The latter puts forward a moral code, while the former avoids talking about it, but both of them inevitably come from the connection between architecture and life-from one of Wharton's "good building conditions", namely convenience.
Aesthetic standard of architecture-pleasure.
Architecture also needs "pleasure". Therefore, intertwined with its actual goals and mechanical answers, we can find the third different factor in architecture-people's selfless desire for beauty. In fact, this desire does not end with some pure aesthetic result, because architecture must deal with specific practical basis. However, after all, it is a pure aesthetic impulse, which is different from other factors that architecture must meet at the same time. The impulse to make architecture an art.
From the above three requirements for architecture, it is not difficult to see that it involves all aspects of architecture: material, form, space, structure and its interactive relationship with the environment.
Below, we will understand and feel the representative buildings in Wuhan for decades from these aspects.
I. Building materials
Building materials are the foundation of the construction industry and the material conditions for architects to play their creative talents. In the long history, the progress of building technology has put forward new requirements for the building materials industry; The development of building materials in turn has influenced and promoted the changes of building systems and forms. The relationship between architecture and building materials is inseparable.
China's building materials industry has long been in a state of monotonous varieties and backward technology. Its symbol is that small solid clay sintered bricks still account for nearly 95% of all kinds of wall materials in China. In view of this situation, as early as the end of 1950s, the central leading comrades clearly stated in an important article: "Building materials industry departments should strive to develop new building materials."
The new building materials are relative to the traditional bricks, tiles, ashes, sand and stones. The product of the development of modern science and technology in recent decades. It adopts a variety of raw materials and advanced processing methods to make modern building materials with light weight, high strength and multi-function as the main characteristics, which are suitable for modern building requirements. Generally speaking, it also has the advantages of energy saving, land saving, resource saving and comprehensive utilization.
New building materials can be divided into three categories according to the performance and function of products: structural materials, functional materials and decorative materials.
building material
The main structure of the building. Such as beams, columns, wallboard, roofs, etc. With these materials, a building can be built.
function materials
It mainly plays the functions of thermal insulation, waterproof and sealing, lighting and sound absorption to improve the building. The appearance and development of functional materials is one of the characteristics that distinguish modern architecture from ancient traditional architecture. It greatly improves the function of the building, making it have more excellent technical and economic effects and more suitable for people's life requirements. There are many colors.
Finishing material
It beautifies and decorates all parts of the building, so that the building can better show its artistic effect and characteristics of the times. Give people beautiful enjoyment. The varieties and colors of decorative materials are the most diverse, and they are innovative, fast-changing and sensitive to the market. Building decoration materials often have other functions, and there are few building materials that are purely used for decoration. For example, although wallpaper is a decorative material, it plays a role in protecting the wall surface and plays a role in sound absorption and heat insulation to a certain extent. As for lamps, it is actually a combination of function and decoration.
As we all know, whether a building is attractive or not depends on the visual effect of its facade. In addition to the physical structure of buildings, another very important aspect of different visual effects is the application of wall materials.
In the mid-1980s, small solid clay bricks occupied an absolute dominant position in wall materials in China. This fully shows the backwardness of wall materials in China. Because small solid clay bricks have high energy consumption and heavy weight, they cannot be used in high-rise buildings. Masonry labor productivity is low, and mechanization cannot be realized; There are many wet operations, and the labor intensity of workers is high. It is difficult to realize the modernization of construction industry by using small solid clay bricks as wall materials. In addition, it should be pointed out that the production of clay bricks will destroy a lot of cultivated land. China is a country with a large population and relatively small cultivated land area, and the protection of cultivated land is related to future generations. One of the main goals of wall material reform system engineering is how to limit the development of small solid clay bricks as much as possible, speed up the adoption and development of new wall materials and transform the functions of buildings.
Curtain wall is the most widely used composite wall in today's buildings. As the name implies, its outermost layer hangs like a curtain to cover and decorate, while the main part of the wall plays the main role of structure, enclosure and heat preservation, which can be used for the construction of any material; Then hang a layer of rare and well-decorated materials on the car body as a "curtain", and the curtain wall is completed. The appearance of curtain wall is the result of the development of modern building technology. It gives full play to the properties of materials most effectively and economically.
As a "curtain", the materials are usually expensive materials such as glass, stainless steel plate, aluminum plate and granite plate, so all the walls can't be made of it. As long as a thin curtain is hung outside, this problem can be solved reasonably. Curtain wall is used in high-rise and super-high-rise buildings, and its architectural effect and technical and economic effect are more prominent. Some famous buildings in the world have adopted glass curtain walls or stainless steel curtain walls, which are magnificent and magnificent, showing the characteristics of the times with highly developed building technology and giving new connotations to building materials. Most buildings in Wuhan in recent decades have used this building material to decorate the facade.
With the development of materials science, more and more materials are used as curtain walls, especially metal materials. For example, Renault Bond Board and Aluko Bond Board, which are appreciated and widely used by architects in recent years, are composed of two layers of aluminum plates with surface treatment and a layer of thermoplastic in the middle. The total thickness is 3 mm ~ 6 mm, which is characterized by very flat, high strength, light weight and good fire resistance. The surface is coated with a layer of resin paint with excellent weather resistance, which is colorful and elegant. This kind of board is light in material and convenient in construction, which is welcomed by the construction department. Its surface is smooth and beautiful, with excellent decorative effect; In addition, its good sound insulation, heat insulation, fire resistance, impact resistance and corrosion resistance make this plate become the pride of modernization and a wonderful flower in the building materials industry.
Second, building space.
Although talking about line, surface, body and quantity is of course valuable, it is not the unique value of architecture. In addition to the only long and wide space form-that is, the surface for us to watch-architecture also gives us three-dimensional space, that is, the space for us to stand. This is the real core of architectural art, and the functions of various arts have many similarities with sculpture, especially with music. But it also has its special fields and its own unique interests. Space is its monopoly. Among all kinds of arts, only architecture can give space full value. Buildings can use the hollow part of a three-dimensional space to defend and surround us; No matter how beautiful things are, they can only be provided by architecture. Painting can describe space; Poetry, such as Shelley's, can arouse people's impression of space; Music can give us an image similar to space; But architecture deals directly with space. It takes space as a medium and puts us in it.
Although we may ignore space, it affects us and controls our spiritual activities. Most of the beauty we get from architecture-which seems hard to explain-comes from space. Even from the perspective of use, space is of course our goal. The purpose of architecture is to enclose space; When we want to build a house, we just delimit a space of appropriate size, separate it and enclose it. All buildings are produced from this need. But from an aesthetic point of view, space is more important. Architects use space to shape, just as sculptors use clay to shape. He regards space design as a work of art; That is to say, he tried to arouse some emotions of people who entered the space through space means.
In fact, space is the freedom of activity. This is its value to us, and it triggers our experience. We will instinctively adapt to the space environment, imagine ourselves in the space and enrich the space with our own activities.
Just like when I watched the robot exhibition in Wuhan Science and Technology Museum, I entered the main hall from one end and was almost forced to start moving forward in front of a long row of exhibition halls, which is required by the characteristics of this space. Even when I was standing still, my sight was attracted by the sight of the perspective disappearing, which made our imagination move forward. This space is reminiscent of a sport.
A symmetrical space, on the other hand, as long as its proportion is properly handled according to the human body (because not all symmetrical spaces are beautiful), it will never cause greater dynamic potential on any side than on the other side-of course, if this space is divided into functional areas, that is another matter. This gives us a sense of balance and inhibition; Our consciousness always returns to its center and continues to be equally attracted by all directions. With this characteristic space form, we can get another channel to stimulate our aesthetic feeling through this basic sense of expansion.
However, we can't specify whether the space form is correct from the architectural point of view. In architecture, the effect of space is undoubtedly influenced by the actual size at first, but it is also influenced by hundreds of other factors. She is influenced by light and falling parts: the light source will attract attention and form a set of independent trends. Affected by color: dark floor with light ceiling presents a completely different sense of space from dark ceiling with light floor. It is influenced by our own subjective expectations: we just left another space and came here. Influenced by the characteristics of dominant lines: the vertical lines are prominent, giving people an illusion of being tall; If the horizontal line is prominent, it gives people a wide feeling. It is influenced by various protruding parts, including elevation and plane, which may divide the space and make us feel that there is not one but several spaces.
In short, the architectural value is equal to its space value, and other factors are subordinate to space. Those explanations based on the golden section and musical harmony are only applicable to the architectural modeling effect, otherwise, as long as you want to gain a foothold in the architectural field, you must adhere to the fact of three-dimensional space. The social content, psychological function and formal effect of architecture are all reflected in the spatial form.
Third, the composition of architectural design
Looking at the buildings in the city, some are square and generous; Some are tall and straight, such as towers; Some shapes are unique and interesting. They are uneven and patchwork, which constitutes the beauty of three-dimensional, line and harmony. The urban development of Wuhan in recent decades is obvious to all. But Wuhan is an old city, so it is difficult to rebuild and plan. In addition, Wuhan's economy is not particularly developed, which has brought obstacles to urban transformation. Therefore, urban architecture has not yet reached a higher level, and there is always a sense of sameness. Especially after reading the works of famous foreign teachers, I was particularly impressed.
Therefore, I want to talk about the special works of famous foreign architects in this chapter. This also helps us to expand our professional knowledge.
Architect: Le. Corbisier
1. Villa Srisawat in Poitiers (1928~ 1930).
Villa Savoi, located in the suburb of Paris, is a rich man's villa. Merry Christmas. Master Corbusier 1928 design, 1930 construction. The plot is 12 mu, with a building area of only 20.50 m X20.00 m, square and three stories high. The value of this villa far exceeds its own value as a detached house, and it is known as one of the classic works of "modern architecture". All the buildings in Corbusier are related to urban planning. Many of his architectural ideas were reflected in the early small house design. In 1926, he compared the "new building" with the old building, and put forward five characteristics of the new building: (1) column building, and the main room is located on the second floor; (2) Roof garden; (3) free plane; (4) transverse long window; (5) Free elevation (becoming a transparent or opaque thin wall that can be handled freely). Savoi Villa is a comprehensive reflection of the above characteristics. From the appearance, the shape is simple, but the internal space is very complicated. It is quite different from the traditional European residence, showing the revolutionary spirit and architectural concept of the fierce architectural movement in the 1920s.
2. Marseille apartment in France (1946~ 1952)
This big apartment is his first attempt at the concept of "residential unit" in an ideal modern city. Music. Corbusier believes that under modern conditions, cities can not only maintain high population density, but also form a quiet and hygienic environment. His ideal modern city is: there are huge skyscrapers in the central area, high-rise buildings in the periphery, large green spaces between buildings, modern and tidy road networks arranged on planes with different elevations, and people live in "residential units". A "residential unit" can almost contain the contents of a residential area, and a building becomes the basic unit of a city with various living welfare facilities. This 17-story apartment building can accommodate about 337 households 1600 people. Marseille apartment is the first large-scale building covered with precast concrete external wall panels, and its main body is cast-in-place reinforced concrete structure. After the cast-in-place concrete formwork is removed, the surface is not treated, revealing the concrete with traces of manual operation, showing a rough, primitive and simple artistic effect. Later, it was regarded as the "laurel" of the ancestor of barbarism.
3. France Langxiang Church (1950~ 1953)
A famous architect who has been talking about the formal beauty of geometric composition, advocating the use of new technology to meet new functions and create a new form of "contemporary architecture", and following the direction of rationalism in architectural creation practice, has designed a strange building with vibration. This is a small Catholic church in the mountains. It has broken through all the forms of the Catholic Church for thousands of years, and its shape is distorted and chaotic, with extraordinary deformation and grotesque mystery. It stands like a rock on a hill surrounded by mountains and is regarded as a sacred place. It represents the change of Corbusier's creative style and has a great influence on the development of western "modern architecture".
Architect: I.M. Pei
1. East Hall of the National Gallery of Art, Washington, USA (1978)
This museum consists of two parts: an exhibition hall and an art research center. It's between the Parliament Building and the White House. It is the last clearing in front of the White House, and its location is very important. But the shape of the lot is incomplete, and it is inclined wedge (trapezoid). Because the East Pavilion is a part of the whole art museum, its gate must face the old pavilion (neoclassical building) built in 194 1. At the same time, the exhibition hall and research center are required to be built separately, with their own entrances and exits. This usually brings some troubles: designing two doors at the same time, which will make people feel that one is the gate and the other is the "dog hole" if it is not handled well. The designer divided the trapezoid into two triangles: a large isosceles triangle for the exhibition hall; Smaller right triangle: as the research center. The entrance of the exhibition hall is located in the concave gap between two triangles. The overall structure of this building is changed from a triangle, and there is no general rectangular space. Modeling is casual, concise and solemn and elegant. The center of the exhibition hall is a multi-storey space connected by a vertical and horizontal overpass. The top of the central hall is a glass skylight, with a trestle or a selected and recessed corridor in the middle. When tourists walk in it, the scene changes with the pace, and the spatial scene changes endlessly. The East Pavilion is adjacent to the Old Classical Pavilion and the nearby US Capitol, which is relatively cooperative.
2. Bank of China Tower (1989)
The building base covers an area of about 8400 square meters, which is a piece of land "tied" by elevated roads. The only way to meet the demand for floor space and "get ahead" in the central area of Hong Kong where there are many high-rise buildings is to develop at high altitude. Bank of China Tower is located in the central area of Hong Kong, with a height of 70 stories, a total height of 315m (together with the top antenna) and a total construction area of128.60m2.. The exterior wall of the building is embedded with aluminum plate and silver reflective glass, and the bottom is covered with gray granite with different shades. The whole building is supported by huge steel columns with four corners 12 high, and a series of welded steel supports wrapped in concrete are attached inside and outside, which not only brings a unique appearance to the building, but also saves 40% steel compared with the traditional way. There are no columns in the room and the space is open. The ground floor of the building is a 52m×52m square, which is divided into four triangles along two diagonal lines. I.M. Pei focuses on depicting the new shape of architecture. Through the ingenious transformation of triangular matrix, it rises steadily, and its shape is concise and lively, which is very iconic and forms the commanding heights of Hong Kong's urban contour line.
These examples are world-famous buildings that we are very familiar with and have far-reaching significance. Of course, there are many more. In the future, we should seriously study and study the ideas of these famous architects, and combine our own innovations to build 2 1 century buildings, so as to provide strong support for the development of China's architecture!
Four. Architecture and environment
In people's minds, architecture is always associated with art and is considered beautiful. The ancient architectural art, whether Romanesque, Gothic or Baroque, pays attention to the luxury and solemnity of the form, which embodies the aesthetics of the ancients. Modern architectural art pays more attention to functional rationality and environmental comfort. It is the basic requirement of modern architectural thought to integrate architecture with natural environment and humanistic spirit, so that people can fully enjoy the fun provided by natural environment and architectural art, which is both practical and beautiful.
In the past, people thought that architectural plastic arts should be sought from the building itself. But today, people pay more attention to the harmony between architecture and people, not only materially, but also spiritually. The relationship between people and buildings should be mutual respect and coordination. The intimacy of modern architecture can be reflected in the whole and part of the building. In recent years, American architect Portman put forward the theory of "* * * enjoying space", which shows the intimate relationship between people, people and the environment, and people and buildings.
Architecture is an inseparable part of the city. With the continuous development of urbanization in the world; The scale, nature, form and content of the building have changed accordingly. At present, architectural design cannot be self-enclosed within the scope of individuals, and the concept of urban design is needed to guide the planning and design of gardens. On the other hand, on the other hand, the study of microenvironment gradually traces back to deepening the scientific and artistic nature of planning and design. "
It can be seen that with the continuous development of China's construction industry and the continuous improvement of people's art appreciation ability, the requirements for architecture are getting higher and higher. The building space must be organically combined with the outdoor environment. And the completion of this goal, architectural decoration and landscape design play a decisive role.
Building decoration, any building can not be separated from it. Even if it is a fair-faced brick wall, it should be jointed outdoors and brushed indoors, which is also decoration. The quality of jointing has obvious influence on the appearance of brick wall. When people observe a building, a large part of their feelings come from indoor and outdoor decoration. Because, the same building space, after different decoration treatment, can get completely different effects, can be exquisite, can also be vulgar; It can give people a sense of beauty, but it can also make people bored. China's ancient buildings, such as palaces, temples, academies and houses, have completely different functions, different scales and similar shapes. When they only complete the main structure, it is difficult for people to judge what it will do. But after the completion of the whole project, people can know at a glance what kind of building it is, which is the effect achieved by architectural decoration and garden sketches.
The content of modern architecture is becoming more and more complex, the building structure, equipment, materials and construction technology are also improving day by day, and the tasks and means of architectural decoration are much more than in the past. In countries with relatively developed construction industry, decorative design (especially interior decoration) has been separated from architectural design and gradually formed a new specialty. There is still a considerable gap in this respect in China. In addition, the variety of materials and equipment is monotonous, which makes some new architectural decoration methods obsolete and not innovative.
With the growth of urban population, the number of cars increases, causing traffic congestion and deteriorating urban environment. This situation has aroused widespread concern in various countries and tried to change it. One of the effective measures is to increase greening construction; In addition to opening up large parks and green spaces, small scattered squares, street green spaces and courtyards in the community have also received widespread attention. These places have a small area and few facilities, but they have a wide contact with residents and the utilization rate is higher than that of large parks. Therefore, cities all over the world are trying to use these spaces effectively and skillfully to improve the urban environment. Wuhan is no exception. In these scattered small venues, garden sketches are mainly set up, ranging from a pavilion to a pavilion to a stone. It is necessary to consider the surrounding environment to set off the main building, and at the same time, trees, flowers and garden sketches should cooperate with each other to create a rest place that people like to see and enjoy, so that people can rest here and enjoy art after intense work.
postscript
The 20th century is not only an era of great progress that mankind has never experienced, but also an era of unprecedented suffering and confusion.
The 20th century enriched the history of architecture in its unique way: large-scale technical and artistic innovation created a wealth of creative design works; In the healing and reconstruction of war wounds after the two world wars, the outstanding role of architects is of far-reaching significance.
But it is undeniable that many building environments are unsatisfactory; The destruction of natural and cultural heritage by human beings has endangered their own survival; Unexpected "architectural destruction" is common: "Many tomorrow's cities are built by today's civilians".
/kloc-since 0/00, the world has undergone earth-shaking changes, but one thing is the same, that is, architecture and construction profession are still at the crossroads of development.
Times have changed, and opinions vary, but it is * * * knowledge to think that we are in eternal change. Remarkable political, economic and social reforms, scientific and technological development and active ideology and culture are the characteristics of this era. 2 1 century, the process of change will be faster. Every generation must reinterpret old ideas from a contemporary perspective. We need passion, strength and courage to face the reality and consciously think about the role of architecture in the 2 1 century.
Compared with China, architects can further summarize the basic characteristics of "architecture and environment" in 2 1 century into four aspects:
First, the "architecture" focuses on the acquisition of "information resources", which cover material resources, energy resources and biological resources. It is this coverage that makes the optimal allocation of "architecture and natural resources and environment" possible.
Second, the relationship between "architecture and environment" will not be blocked by regional culture. In the global village, as long as it is conducive to human survival and development, all buildings have their existence value. The purpose of communication, integration and inheritance between architecture and environment is to show and maintain its rich diversity.
Third, "architecture" will apply new building materials, such as biomaterials and composite materials, which are more suitable for large-scale human survival. The amount of information conveyed by architectural form (form) will increase exponentially, and its communication mode will also be greatly improved. High-definition electronic screen and virtual reality equipment may be widely used in architecture as special "building materials", and their unique holographic fusion will completely change the morphological relationship between architecture and environment.
Fourth, in the agricultural era, human beings had to live a hard life in order to resist various natural disasters; In the industrial age, human beings work like machines, which on the one hand destroys the harmonious relationship between architecture and environment, on the other hand makes human beings on the verge of losing their spiritual home; In the second half of the 20th century, mankind focused on repairing the wounds caused by the industrial age. In the dynamic and balanced development of "architecture and environment" in 2 1 century, human beings will realize "poetic dwelling".
If the pioneers of architecture in the 20th century moved towards new architecture through hard work, what architecture will 2 1 century move towards? It must be an environmentally sustainable building, because our country can no longer provide land for cities and buildings indefinitely, and human consumption of water and energy has reached its limit when building and using houses; It must also be a building full of information technology. The information age has arrived, and the future economy, culture and family life can no longer be related to computers and networks. It may also be a kind of skew, bending, twisting and warping. People may be willing to accept this form and don't care about "style" or "genre" at all. In fact, the familiar "style" and "genre" are no longer of much use, and unfamiliar science and technology have emerged to preside over the development of architecture.
In fact, architecture in the 2 1 century is not only a material product art, but also a material cultural product, a broader spiritual cultural product (not limited to art) and an institutional cultural product (isomorphic with social structure). What's more important is its nature as a necessary living container for everyone, and it is the primary facility for the existence of human individuals and society-the survival facility. Moreover, architecture itself is a huge lever to transform and utilize nature and establish a "time and space" suitable for society.
"A building with culture is a building with real vitality". The theme of the 20th World Congress of Architects is "2 1 century architecture", and one of its six sub-themes is "architectural culture". Architectural works are "the epitome of the times" and "the epic of stones", which have dual social values of material products and spiritual and cultural crystallization. Call on people to "strive for perfection, strive for more architectural treasures to be recorded in the history of architectural creation in China, and create architectural cultural treasures worthy of the times and the nation for future generations to cherish forever." As one of the main components of human culture, architectural culture is similar to human culture. The nature and characteristics of architectural culture determine its important position in the whole human culture. This is mainly manifested in livability, isomorphism, nationality and regionality. It is an inseparable part of the human way of life. Architectural culture is a survival culture that anyone can't live without.
In this regard, the future responsibilities of architects and the whole society are: popularizing architectural culture, perfecting the architectural science system, promoting the intersection of science and culture among urban specialties, and vigorously introducing architectural high-tech and design concepts.
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