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One of the four flags of graceful and restrained school, the "boudoir language" in the four flags: one of the four flags of graceful and restrained school of Li Qingzhao; "Don't hate" among the four flags: one of the four flags of Yan Shu Graceful Sect: "Love Dragon" among the four flags: one of the four flags of Liuyong Gracious Sect: "Mourning Sect" among the four flags: Li Yu.
Wen tingjun
(about 8 12-866) was a poet in China in the late Tang Dynasty. Originally named Qi, Fei Qing, a native of Bingzhou Qi (now Qixian County, Shanxi Province), the grandson of Wen Yanbo in the Tang Dynasty, was a famous poet in ancient China, and two works were circulated in the Tang Dynasty. Although Wen is a native of Bingzhou, like Bai Juyi and Liu Zongyuan, he spent most of his life in other places. According to the examination, Wen traveled with his family in Jianghuai when he was young, and then settled in the rural area of yi county (now Huxian County, Shaanxi Province), so he called himself a tourist. There is no record of Wen's birth year in history. Moon Hee's old annotation was broken in the 4th year of Changqing (824), and the Xia's Wen Fei Qing Nian holds that he was born in the 7th year of Yuanhe (8 12). In recent years, Chen's textual research on Wen's early deeds was born in the seventeenth year of Zhenyuan (8O 1). Liang's Book of the Tang Dynasty is consistent with Chen's Textual Research. Wen died in Xian Tong for seven years (866) at the age of 66. Wen, like other accomplished poets, has been eager to learn since childhood and painstakingly sat on the inkstone. Besides playing the flute, Wen is especially good at poetry. In the Book Biography of the Old Tang Dynasty, he said that he "can play the sounds one by one, which is a kind word". At that time, like Li Shangyin, the time number was liberal arts. "North Dream Suoyan" said that the article is "smart thinking, dedicated to small fu. Every time he entered the exam, he wrote an official rhyme, and all eight rhymes became eight, so people called him "Wen Bajiao". In ancient China, there was a saying that a quick-thinking person could make a poem in several steps, but there was no second person who used eight forks to form eight rhymes like Wen. Such a talented person missed the first place in the Jinshi list. What can be admitted today is all four years of business (839). Wen took the job at 40 o'clock this year, but failed. He only worked hard for tributes in Jingzhao Prefecture, and even failed to take part in the provincial examination. The reason is probably the political struggle in the palace. Because of Yang Xianfei's slander, dozens of people around Prince Zhuang were killed or deported, and all the sand and stones were scattered. Then Prince Zhuang died suddenly and inexplicably. Wen was involved in this political struggle, and he was fine without being hurt, so he didn't expect to become a scholar. Before entering the examination room, he was doomed to an unattainable fate. After four years of failure, Wen lived in the suburbs for two years. In his own words, it is "I have been ill for two years, so I don't recommend to the countryside and try to have a company." I don't know if he was really ill at that time, or if he stayed at home for fear of disaster. See you in Huainan when you are 4 1 year old. As early as when Wen was 8 years old, he knew each other, and they were friends since childhood. At the age of 55, Wen took the exam again. Before that, I tried several times and failed in Sun Shan every time. This time, it was in nine years (855). Hewen disturbed the house and made a big fuss about it. The reason for disturbing the venue is that Wen has a nickname of "saving a few people", which is to help the candidates in the examination room. Therefore, this time, Shen Xun gave Wen special treatment and invited Wen to try his hand in front of the curtain. Wen Tingyun made a scene and disturbed the house. It is said that Wen secretly helped eight people, although this time he was on guard. Of course, I failed the exam again. Since then, that is to say, from the age of 56, Wen has given up this worry and stopped setting foot on fame. Although it is wrong to save people in the examination room, we can see Wen's talent from here. Like saving people in the examination room, literature also helps the spirit. Wen Tingyun was well received when he entered and exited the Hu Ling Pavilion. At that time, I liked the song "Bodhisattva Man", secretly asked Wen to add the word "Bodhisattva Man" to myself, and told Wen not to leak it out, but it spread out, which made me very dissatisfied. Wen Tingyun looked down on Hu Tao's talent. In the last sentence of Xuanzong's poem, there was a "golden step", which failed to clear the name of the first scholar. Contrary to the "jade undressing" in the text, Xuanzong was very happy and rewarded it. Ling Hutao didn't know the theory of jade strips, so he asked Wen for advice. Wen Tingyun accused him of being from the South China Classic, and said that the South China Classic was not a good book. As a prime minister, he should also read some books in his spare time. The implication is that Ling doesn't study, but he still tells people that "books are generals in the province" and laughs at Tao for not learning. Ling Hutao hated him even more, saying that he was talented and incompetent, and should not be the first. It can be seen that Wen has never won the first prize. He is jealous of those in power unless he has no talent. Not only high, but also left a bad reputation for bad conduct. There is also a saying that Wen Tingyun met Xuanzong, who had traveled so far in the boathouse. Because he didn't know he was an emperor, he was proud of it. Wen Tingyun disturbed the backyard, demoted Suizhou as a county commandant, and became a very small official. Later, Xu Shang town Xiangyang was turned into an inspector, and Wen was 56 years old at this time. In Xiangyang, literature and leather, making friends and singing together. After staying in Xiangyang for several years, Xu Shang went to Que, and Wen also left Xiangyang for Jiangdong. At this time, he was 6 1 year-old and returned to Huainan in winter at the age of 62. At this time, Wen, though famous for his poems, was poor, and he had been disorderly, drinking and having fun with the nobles Pei Jian and Gao Qiu. Ling was not in Huainan at that time, and Wen didn't go to see him because he kept suppressing himself when he was in office. Although an old acquaintance, I didn't go to see him. Later, Wen was forced to beg in the Yangzi Courtyard because of his poor family. He was drunk and made trouble all night. He was slapped by the patrolling soldiers, and even his teeth were discounted. He sued Ling Hutao because he didn't deal with rude soldiers. The soldiers said that Wen was narrow and ugly, and said how bad his conduct was. As a result, the words about the extremely bad character of the text spread to the capital. The 63-year-old man's teeth were knocked out, and his reputation was even worse. Wen had to go to Chang 'an in person, sent a letter to officials and ministers, saying that he had apologized for himself, and then lived in Beijing. In the sixth year of Xian Tong (865), Wen became a teaching assistant and was arraigned by the main teaching assistant imperial academy the following year. Wen Tingyun, who was repeatedly suppressed in the imperial examination, performed differently in the main examination. After judging strictly according to the text, he wrote "Thirty Poems on the List as Justice" and wrote a list, saying: "Yes, the poems collected in previous lives are slightly refined, worthy of enlightenment, with intense style, and sometimes difficult songs, titles and life articles. Under the candle, heroic words stand out from the crowd. Sincerely, it is appropriate to show it to the people on the list, not at will. List together to show selflessness. " Making the test poems public was intended to invite the masses to supervise and put an end to the unhealthy trend of employing people only to me, which was spread as a beautiful talk at that time. This move brought misfortune to Wen. He is judged entirely by words, and the list has been made public, which has already made the dignitaries dissatisfied. In addition, some people criticize current politics and expose corruption in listed poems. Wen Tingyun praised that "the sound is sharp and happy to spread the truth", which is even more taboo for dignitaries. Therefore, Prime Minister Yang Shou was furious and demoted Wen to Fangcheng Wei. When Ji sent him to Fangcheng, he said, "Drink green (record) to dispel grievances, not to mention yellow ribbons to sweep away dust." Wen was hit by this and was demoted again. He died of depression this winter. Biography of Talented Talents in Tang Dynasty said, "I died in the street". Unknown died shortly after arriving at Fangcheng, or before arriving at Fangcheng. A generation of talented people died of frustration, and a thousand years later, people regretted it. He is arrogant and despises powerful people. So, Dr. Ji Tang Fu sent him to Fangcheng and wrote a poem: "Although the phoenix is in danger, the parrot is tall but tired." At that time, powerful people could crowd out and suppress Wen, making his career and life bumpy, but he could not suppress Wen's talent. Wen finally became an immortal poet in literary history. Wen is a famous poet in the late Tang Dynasty, who is famous for his poems. Although most of Wen's poems are not of high value in ideological sense, they are unique in art. Poets in all previous dynasties have highly praised Wen's poems and are known as the originator of Huajian School. Wang Zheng's Preface to Poems of Longbi Mountain Residence was written by Li Bai, Wang Jian and Wen. "His prose is deep and secluded, and the sage and gentleman are unspeakable. The commentator takes Ting Yun as the only one." Zhou Ji's "Miscellaneous Poems of Jiecunzhai" says: "There are differences in words, but there are differences. Fei Qing said a paperweight, which has finally sounded into the clouds, which can be described as the best of both worlds. " Zhang Hui also said: "Fei Qing's writing is beautiful and faithful. Fei Qing has the deepest brewing, so his words are not angry or arrogant, and he is prepared to combine rigidity with softness. " "Needle and thread, the Southern Song people began to show traces, and the flowers were very vigorous. If you fly to Qing, you will be outside the spirit, and you can't ask for it. However, in detail, orthography has a context. " Liu Xizai's "Outline of Art" goes further: "Wen Feiqing's ci is exquisite." The position of prose in the history of ci is really very important. There are as many as 66 tender words in Hua Jian Ji, and it can be said that Wen was the first poet devoted to lyricism. Ci, a literary form, was really valued by people. Only when it reached Wen's hands, did the five pronouns compete with the poets in Song Dynasty, which finally made Ci a wonderful work in China's ancient literary world, and it still has a very wide influence. Wen's contribution to Ci will always be admired by future generations. Wen's poems were well written and highly praised by people at that time. The poem "The thatched cottage crows and the moon is full of frost" in A Journey to the Mountain is an immortal famous sentence. According to legend, Ouyang Xiu, a famous poet in the Song Dynasty, appreciated this couplet very much. He once wrote his own poem "Birds singing in the rain in Maodian, wild colorful spring in Banqiao", but it failed to exceed Shi Wen's original intention. According to the book of New Tang Dynasty, there are three volumes of Penglan Collection, Jinquanji 10, Poetry Collection, five volumes, Han Nan Zhen Manuscript 10, Han Shang Ming Collection 10, Duan and Yu Zhi. Unfortunately, its collection has not been handed down. Wen's poems only exist in Huajian Collection, Quantang Poetry Collection and Quantang Literature. Besides poetry, Wen is also a novel writer and scholar. According to the New Tang Book, there are three volumes of novel Gan Xunzi, Record of Tea Picking 1 Volume, Xue Hai Compilation1Volume. Unfortunately, they have all been lost, and now they can't find out the details. Especially the loss of Xue Hai 10 is a great loss in the academic history of China. If Xue Hai can be preserved, it will certainly make a great contribution to academic research and compilation. As a famous poet in the late Tang Dynasty and an important figure in the history of China's Ci, the loss of his poetry anthology is regrettable and a great loss in the treasure house of classical literature. Not only the collection of poetry and prose is lost, but also the important historical materials about the text have been lost, so it is difficult to know the details of the text now. The Biography of Talented Persons in Tang Dynasty is also reversed in time sequence and wrong. Although some experts have studied it, they can only know it roughly. Nevertheless, Wen still shines brilliantly in the history of literature, and his name is immortal.
Yu Li
(937-978) During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, the monarch of the Southern Tang Dynasty, Han nationality, reigned as (96 1 -975), with a heavy word, and his initial name was Jia Cong,No. Zhong Yin, a laity in Lianfeng. Ji Cheng in Longxi (now Jingning, Gansu) was born. Li Jing, the sixth son of Southern Tang Dynasty, succeeded to the throne in the second year of Song Dynasty (96 1). In the eighth year of Kaibao, the country broke the Song Dynasty and was captured to Bianjing, where he became a general and disobeyed orders. Later he was poisoned by Song Taizong. Although Li Yu doesn't understand politics, his artistic talent is extraordinary. Li Yu is good at calligraphy, painting, melody, poetry and writing, especially ci. The content can be mainly divided into two categories: the first category was written before the Song Dynasty, which mainly reflected the palace life and the love between men and women, and the subject matter was narrow; The second category is that after the Song Dynasty, Li Yu's memory of the past was full of his own feelings because of the deep pain of national subjugation. The achievements of his works in this period far exceeded those in the previous period, which can be described as "excellent works". The masterpieces of the ages, Youmei, Langtaosha and Nightingale all came into being at this time. Most of the ci works in this period are mainly sad, mainly describing the scene of dreaming back from afar and expressing infinite nostalgia for "the old country" and "the past" Li Yu occupies an important position in the history of China Ci, and is called "the Emperor of Ci through the ages". It also has a great influence on future generations. He inherited the tradition of Huajian poets since the late Tang Dynasty, but through the concrete and sensible personality image, he reflected some universal artistic conception in real life, promoted the creation of Ci, and expanded the field of expression of Ci. Li Yuwen is rich in writing, poetry, books and painting. His ci poems are mainly included in two major ci poems in the Southern Tang Dynasty (including the works of his father Li Jing). Li Yu is brilliant, skillful in painting, good at poetry and ode, and is a generation of poets who have been told through the ages. It is entirely accidental that Li Yu, who has no intention of fighting for power and profit, longs for seclusion. He is helpless, and he is also the king of national subjugation engraved on the historical archives. He hates that he was born into a royal family. Merits and demerits have become the track of history ... When he ascended the throne, the Southern Tang Dynasty paid tribute to Song Zhengshuo many times and settled in a corner of the south of the Yangtze River. In the seventh year of Song Kaibao (974), Song Taizu sent letters to the north many times, but he refused to leave. In October of the same year, Song Bing went south to attack Jinling. Next November, when the city is broken, the queen's flesh will come out naked, and she will be caught in Bianjing and sealed there, and she is not allowed to disobey her orders. Emperor Taizong ascended the throne and became the Duke of Longxi County. Taiping rejuvenating the country for three years (978), and Qixi was his 42nd birthday. According to the records of King Song, the beggars' sect was poisoned by morning medicine. Queen Wu was sealed and buried in Mangshan, Luoyang. He is good at painting and calligraphy, melody and poetry, especially in the Five Dynasties. In the early stage, most of his poems were about the pleasure and quiet life in the palace, with a soft style, but this is not the life he yearns for, but mostly emptiness and helplessness; The later ci poems reflect the pain of national subjugation, with expanded themes, profound artistic conception, sincere feelings, fresh language and great artistic appeal. Later generations compiled his and Li Jing's works into two major ci poems in the Southern Tang Dynasty. In the early days of his reign, the style of his poems was beautiful and soft, and he did not get rid of the habit of "flowers". After the national subjugation, during the house arrest of Lacrimosa every day, the king of national subjugation became the "Southern King" of the eternal ci circle (in the words of Qing Shenxiong's Ancient and Modern Thorns), and it was precisely that "the unfortunate poet of the country was lucky, and his words began to work when it came to vicissitudes". These late ci poems are desolate and solemn, with profound artistic conception, which laid the foundation of Su Xin's so-called "bold and unconstrained" school and played a role in the history of ci poetry. As Wang Guowei said in Ci on Earth, "Ci came to Li Houzhu and began to have a broad vision and deep feelings." As for the beauty and harmony of his sentences, it is unprecedented. The late Lord has a collection that has been lost. There are 46 words, of which only 38 words can be confirmed by previous works or others. Li Yu has made great achievements in art, the most famous words are Yu Meiren and Langtaosha Ling. He is good at calligraphy and painting. Regarding his calligraphy: Gu Tao's Qing Louis, Ceng Yun said: "The ancient master's good book is as vigorous as cold pine and frost bamboo, and it is called Jin Cuodao. If you write in big letters and don't write in silk, you can be satisfied. It is called' pinch of books' in the world. " As for his paintings, Guo's Painting Knowledge and Experience in the Song Dynasty said: "Li Yu, the queen of Jiangnan, only knows Qing and is good at painting and calligraphy. It is far better to taste the forest stone birds than the regular flow, higher than the accident. " Unfortunately, there are no calligraphy and painting handed down from generation to generation. The style of Li Yu's ci is divided into two periods with 975 as the boundary. His early ci style was beautiful and soft, and he didn't break away from the habit of "flowers". According to the content, it can be roughly divided into two categories: one is to describe the magnificent palace life and the affair between men and women, such as Bodhisattva Man and Ying Huan. Due to the great changes in life, his later poems made the king of national subjugation become the "southern king" in the eternal ci world (in the words of Qing Shenxiong's "Ancient and Modern Ci"), which is exactly "the unfortunate poet of the country is fortunate, in terms of it. These sad and tragic late ci poems with profound artistic conception laid the foundation of Su Xin's so-called "bold and unconstrained" school and became a great master in the history of ci poems. As for the beauty and harmony of his sentences, it is unprecedented. For example, Yu Meiren and Langtaosha made Wang Guowei think: "Wen Feiqing's words are beautiful; Wei Duanji's words, bone show also; Li Shiguang's writing is also beautiful. "Moreover, he also said," Ci has become a master's word and a scholar-bureaucrat's word. Zhou Jie Village is placed under Wen Wei, which can be described as reversing black and white. " This last sentence is aimed at what Zhou Ji said in "Miscellaneous Poems of Xiecunzhai": "Heshi is a beauty on earth, who is good at strict makeup and light makeup, and rude does not hide the national color. Fei Qing, strict makeup; End yourself and make up lightly; After the Lord, rude and confused. ".Wang believes that this kind of comment is in Yang Wen's suppression of Wei. There is also a view in academic circles that the original intention of Zhou Ji is that Li Yu is not as good as Wen Listening Cloud and Wei Zhuang in terms of neat words and sentences. However, as far as the vividness and fluency of ci poetry are concerned, the former is obviously more vigorous and natural, and "carelessly does not cover up the national color." Li Yu's ci got rid of Hua's frivolity. His words are unadorned, vivid in language, vivid in image, distinctive in personality and sincere in feelings. His works after the subjugation of the country have wider themes and deeper meanings, surpassing the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, becoming the pioneering works of graceful and restrained ci in the early Song Dynasty, and later generations respectfully called him "the sage of ci". Li Yu's Ci has inherited the tradition of Hua Jian Ci poets such as Wen and Wei Zhuang since the late Tang Dynasty, and was influenced by Li Jing and others, which promoted the creation of Ci. Its main achievements are as follows: ① Expanding the expression field of words. Li Yu's previous writings were mainly erotic and shallow in content. Even if it contains a little hug, it mostly adopts figurative techniques, which are hidden but not revealed. However, most of Li Yu's works are straightforward, pouring out his life and feelings of the country and expressing his true feelings. Therefore, Wang Guowei said, "When Ci came to Li Houzhu, its vision began to widen and its feelings deepened, so it became a musician's ci and a scholar-bureaucrat's ci. "(Shi Shuo Xin Yu) ② has a high generality. Li Yu's ci often reflects a certain realm of universal significance in real life through concrete and sensible personality images. There are many famous sayings, such as "The small building was easterly last night, so my country can't bear to look back at the bright moon in the middle of the month" ([Yu Meiren]), "When the water goes and spring comes, it's all in the world" ([Langtaosha]), "People naturally grow up and hate water" ([Meet each other]) and "Being far away from hate is like spring grass, and living more" ([Qingpingle]). ③ Language is natural, refined and expressive. His writing is not gorgeous, but touching; Not vague, but meaningful; Form a fresh and beautiful artistic feature. (4) originality in style. Hua and Southern Tang poets are generally good at euphemism, while Li Yu is good at euphemism. For example, Haodang in Yulouchun, Wu Ye Tune, Androgyny in Xiong Qi and Kuyin (see Tang Fu Thorn by Tan Xian), and If a pony is born in Yu Meiren (Zhou Jiru said by Nalan Xingde, "Flower words are like ancient jade, which are valuable but not applicable, but Song poems are applicable. "(Miscellaneous Notes of Lushui Pavilion) Li Yuji has been lost. There are forty-four words. Only 38 works can be confirmed. His veteran said that he had 30 volumes of anthology and 100 essays. Li Yuji 10 is included in Reading in the County Zhai, and Nan Tang 10 is included in History, Art and Literature of Song Dynasty, both of which have been lost. There are two main characters, 1 Volume South Tang, in Zhi Zhai Shu Lu to solve the problem. At present, there are 34 Li Yu's poems in Mohuazhai (1620) in the forty-eighth year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty, among which Looking at Jiangnan can be divided into two. Shao Changguang recorded another 65,438+0 poems in the post-Qing period, and Wang Guowei supplemented nine poems of the Southern Tang Dynasty in modern times, but there seem to be many problems. According to the opinions of most modern scholars, only 32 poems can be identified as Li Yu's. In Qing Dynasty, Liu Ji wrote Two Essentials of Southern Tang Dynasty, Tang Guizhang wrote Two Essentials of Southern Tang Dynasty, and Wang Zhongwen wrote Two Essentials of Southern Tang Dynasty. Zhan Antai's Li Jing Li Words has detailed annotations. For his deeds, see History of the New Five Dynasties, History of the Song Dynasty, Book of Southern Tang Dynasty written by Ma Ling and Lu You, and Chronicle of Two Masters of Southern Tang Dynasty written by Xia.
Liu Yong
(987? ~ 1053? China was a poet in the Northern Song Dynasty. The first name changed three times, and the word Jingzhuang was later renamed Yong and Ziqing. He was born in Chong 'an (now Wuyishan City, Fujian Province). In the first year of Injong (1034), he was a scholar. He has served as a regimental officer of Zhou Mu, a magistrate of Yuhang County, a supervisor of Xiaofeng Salt Field (Dinghai County, Zhejiang Province) and a judge of Sizhou. After the official came to the wasteland, Yuan Wailang was called "Liu Tuntian" in the secular world. Throughout the Tang and Five Dynasties, the style of ci was mainly poem, and there were only a dozen slow words. In the early Song Dynasty, it was a poem that poets were good at and used to. Zhang Xian, Yan Shu and Ouyang Xiu, who were a little later than Liu Yong, only tried to write the slow words 17, 3 and 13 respectively. Liu Yong's efforts to create slow ci fundamentally changed the pattern of the world dominated by poetry since the Tang and Five Dynasties, and made the two styles of slow ci and slow poetry keep pace. The system of Xiaoling is short, ranging from five or six crosses to two or three crosses, with limited capacity. However, the length of slow words is relatively large, ranging from eight or nine words to one or two hundred words. Liu Yong's longest slow word, Seven Stones, is 2 12. The expansion of the length system of slow words has correspondingly expanded the content of words and improved the expressive ability of words. Liu Yong was a poet who wrote and used the most tunes in the Song Dynasty. He has 2 13 words and uses 133 tones. Of the more than 880 tones used in the Song Dynasty, more than 100 was first used by Liu Yong. Word to Liu Yong, the system began to prepare. Sequence, introduction, proximity, slowness, monotony, disyllabic, trisyllabic and tetrasyllabic are increasingly abundant. The perfection of the formal system provides a premise for the development of Song Ci and the development of its successors in content. Without Liu Yong's exploration and creation of slow words, later generations of Su Shi, Xin Qiji and others may only be able to run around in the world of poetry, but it is difficult to create such brilliant chapters of slow words as "Water Carving Songs", "Niannujiao Red Cliff Nostalgia" and "Shui Long Yin Deng Healthy Yueting Pavilion". Liu Yong not only changed and developed the singing style of Ci from the music system, but also changed the aesthetic connotation and taste of Ci from the creative direction, that is, changed "elegance" into "vulgarity" and deliberately expressed the secular emotions of citizens' life in popular language. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Chen Shidao said that Liu Ci was "following the customs and being admired by the world" ("Poems of Houshan"), and Wang Zhuo also thought that Liu Ci was "shallow, unique, especially ignorant of books" ("Bi Ji Man Zhi", Volume II), which revealed the characteristics of Liu Ci facing the public. Dunhuang folk words in the Tang and Five Dynasties originally sang the voices of ordinary people and expressed their joys and sorrows. In the hands of literati, the content of ci is increasingly divorced from the lives of ordinary people, emphasizing the aesthetic taste of literati. Liu Yong was once a prodigal son in the city because of his frustrated career. He often haunts brothels and prostitutes' homes, and is quite familiar with the life and mentality of geisha and ordinary people living at the bottom of society. He often writes lyrics for geisha at the invitation of geisha and sings for the general public in teahouses, pubs and Goulanwa Temple. Therefore, he changed the creative way of literati ci, catered to and met the aesthetic needs of the public, and expressed their familiar figures and concerns with easy-to-understand language and acceptable expressions.
Li Qingzhao
(a.d.1084 ~1151year? ) China was a poet in Song Dynasty. No. Yi 'an Jushi, a native of Zhangqiu, Jinan, was an outstanding poetess in the early Song Dynasty, a master of graceful school, and was synonymous with graceful school. Li Qingzhao was born in a scholarly family. His father, Li, is proficient in classics and history and is good at prose. His mother Wang can also write. Influenced by her family, she was gifted at an early age. Li Qingzhao is familiar with poetry, ci, literature, books, paintings and music, among which ci is the highest achievement. Zhao Mingcheng, son of official assistant minister Tingzhi Zhao, is a textual research scholar. Li Qingzhao lived comfortably in her early years and was proficient in writing and music. After their marriage, he and Zhao Mingcheng devoted themselves to the collation of epigraphy of calligraphy and painting, and compiled The Book of the Stone. Nomads from the central plains, the family fled south. After Ming Cheng's death, most books and cultural relics were lost in the war, and they were wandering around alone, in an extremely miserable situation. It is said that Qingzhao has remarried, which is quite controversial by later scholars. There is no record about her life in her later years, except that she wrote The Classic of Beating Horse and its preface, and also took Mi Fei's ink to visit Mi Youren for an inscription. Li Qingzhao's words are euphemistic, fresh and sincere. The early ci mainly described the lives of young girls and young women, and wrote more about boudoir feelings, revealing the yearning for love life and the pain of lovesickness. In her later poems, she lamented her life experience and sometimes showed her nostalgia for the Central Plains to express her patriotic thoughts. Li Qingzhao's literary creation has a distinctive and unique artistic style, ranking first among graceful and restrained schools, which has a great influence on later generations and is unique in the field of ci, and is called "Yi 'an Style". She once wrote "Like a Dream", describing her happy life in Jinan as a girl: "I always remember the sunset in Xiting, and I don't know where to go when I am drunk. Always had a good time, but lost to the swimming pool deep in Zhu Feng. "Crossing the sea, crossing the sea, startled a pool of seagulls and herons." During the Song Dynasty, there was indeed a "West Pavilion" in the west of Jinan. Another poem, Like a Dream, tells the story of the hero's pity for flowers and then he wrote a poem, Like a Dream: "Last night, there was a sudden shower and wind, and I slept soundly. Ask the shutter man, Haitang is still there. Do you know that?/You know what? Do you know that?/You know what? It should be green, fat and thin. " /kloc-at the age of 0/8, Li Qingzhao married Zhao Mingcheng in Bianjing. Zhao Mingcheng was a student of Li Qingzhao and the son of Prime Minister Tingzhi Zhao. After marriage, the husband and wife have deep feelings and often write poems in newspapers. One year, on the Double Ninth Festival, Li Qingzhao wrote the famous "Drunk Flowers" and gave it to her husband who was an official outside: "The fog is thick and the clouds are light, and it will always be sad, and it will be refreshing to sell golden beasts. Double Ninth Festival, lying in bed, in the middle of the night, the cold on my body has just been soaked. Dongli drinks until dusk, and the light chrysanthemum fragrance overflows his sleeves. " Don't get carried away, the curtain rolls west wind, and people are thinner than yellow flowers. "Autumn boudoir loneliness, boudoir melancholy, vividly on paper. According to the record of the Cape Ring Record, Zhao Mingcheng was amazed after receiving it, unwilling to give in to the wind, so he stayed indoors, forgot to eat and sleep for three days and three nights, and wrote fifty poems. He incorporated this poem by Li Qingzhao into it and asked his friend Lu Defu to comment on it. Lu Defu played it over and over again and said, "Only three sentences are excellent." Zhao Mingcheng asked which three sentences it was, and Lu Defu replied, "Mo Tao is not charming, and the curtain rolls west, and people are thinner than yellow flowers. "A.D. 1 127 years, the northern Jin family invaded Bianjing, and Qin Zong was captured and fled south. Li Qingzhao and his wife also crossed the south of the Yangtze River. The following year, Zhao Mingcheng died in Jiankang (Nanjing). Li Qingzhao wandered alone in the south of the Yangtze River and spent his later years in loneliness and desolation. The poet suffered the death of his country, his family and his husband, and his lyrics were even more touching. For example, the famous "Sound Slow": "Looking for it is cold and lonely, sad and sad. It's the hardest to stop breathing when it's warm and cold at first. How can you beat him and be late? Guo Yan is very sad, but this is an old acquaintance. Yellow flowers were piled all over the floor, withered and damaged. Who can pick them now? Looking out the window, how can a person be dark? Indus is raining in Mao Mao, dripping at dusk. This time, what a sad sentence? "At the beginning of Nandu, Li Qingzhao also wrote a bold and unrestrained" Summer quatrains ":"Life is a hero, and death is a ghost. I still miss Xiang Yu and refuse to cross Jiangdong. He used Xiang Yu's unyielding death to counteract the humiliation of Hui Zong's Emperor and his son, and expressed this meaning incisively and vividly. Li Qingzhao works hard in poetry, can write and is better at ci. With the changes of life in the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty, his works showed different characteristics in the early and later periods. Li Qingzhao's early poems truly reflected her boudoir life, thoughts and feelings, and showed natural scenery and parting feelings. Such as "like a dream" two songs, lively and fresh, meaning beautiful. Du Nan's post-ci style is also very different from that of the previous period, turning into desolation and pain, expressing nostalgia and nostalgia when he was injured. Such as "Bodhisattva Man", "Die" and the slow word "Ode to Fishing Music", all have a strong yearning for the motherland. In her poems, she fully expressed her deep sadness in her lonely life. Such as "Wulingchun", "Slow Voice" and "Qingpingle". The pain of national subjugation is integrated with the personal miserable life, and the sadness and melancholy are rendered to the extreme. It can be said that this is an artistic summary of the suffering of the times and the unfortunate fate of individuals.
Qin Guan
(1049-1 100) China was a poet of the Northern Song Dynasty. The word space, swim less, nothing. Huaihai lay man Gaoyou people. Northern Song Dynasty writers. Song Shenzong Yuanfeng was a scholar for eight years (1085). He used to be Dr. imperial academy (lecturer of national university), secretary of provincial orthography and editor of National History Institute. Politically inclined to the old party, when Zhezong was in power, the "new party" was in power, demoted to state wine tax, took charge of Hengzhou, moved to Leizhou and died in Tengzhou. And Huang Tingjian, Chao, also known as "Su Men Four Bachelor", quite appreciated by Su Shi. Qin Guan is generous, free and easy, beyond words. At the age of 20, I wrote Fu on Fushan Weir. At the age of 24, he wrote "Riding alone to see Ruff", which was highly respected by the world. His prose is good at argument, and The History of Song Dynasty was rated as "literary and thoughtful". His poems are good at lyricism. Taosun Ao's Poetry Review said: "Qin Shaoyou is like a woman swimming in spring, but she is weak in the end." He was a famous graceful poet in the late Northern Song Dynasty. His poems mostly describe the feelings of men and women and express the sadness of career frustration. His words are skillful and meticulous, and his melody is harmonious and beautiful. Representative works include Que Qiao Xian (Bo Yun is clever), Wang Hai Chao (Mei Ying Shu) and Man Ting Fang (Mountain Brush). In "The Fairy of the Que Bridge", "If love lasts for a long time, it will be there sooner or later!" A famous sentence called "Turning Decadence into Magic" (see Selected Poems of Starting a prairie fire). In Man Ting Fang, "There is a setting sun outside, there are Western jackdaw numbers in the west, and the water flows around the lonely village" is called "naturally eloquent" (Chao Bu's words are quoted from "Notes on Gaizhai"). Zhang Yan's etymology said: "Qin Shaoyou's ci is elegant, energetic, beautiful, full of meaning, chewing without me, and knowing the taste for a long time." For details about his life, see History of the Song Dynasty, Volume 444. He is the author of 40 volumes of Huaihai Ji, Huaihai Ci (also known as Huaihai Jushi's Long and Short Sentences), Persuading Good Records and Anti-Travel Ji. He also edited "Yangzhou Poetry" and "Gaoyou Poetry". His Silkworm Book is the earliest extant monograph on sericulture in China. He is also good at calligraphy. Learn from Zhong and Wang in lower case, and be charming, vigorous and lovely. The cursive script has the flavor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. He really learned from Yan Zhenqing. In the fourth year of Jianyan (1 130), Qin Guan was posthumously awarded the "Bachelor of Zhilong Tuge" by the Southern Song Dynasty court. Gaoyou Wenyou Terrace, Qin Guanyue Terrace, Qin Youtie Stone Carvings, Yangzhou Yunshan Map, and the "First Scene of Huaidong" Stone Carvings have been preserved to this day.