1. 1 investment in construction projects
The so-called investment in engineering construction projects generally refers to the total cost of a certain engineering construction, that is, the sum of the planned reproduction of fixed assets and the one-time costs formed by the corresponding intangible assets and working capital. It mainly consists of investment in purchasing equipment and tools, investment in construction and installation projects and other engineering construction investments.
1.2 investment control
The so-called investment control is a series of work to achieve the established investment amount of construction projects as much as possible. Its basic goal is to prevent the established investment from being broken, or to make the breakthrough as small as possible under inevitable circumstances.
2 the basic principles of investment control
Investment control of construction projects is one of the important contents that every investor cares about. As far as project construction is concerned, investment control should run through the whole process of project construction. Judging from the current investment control situation, the investment scale has been effectively controlled through the examination and approval of project proposal and investment estimation in the feasibility study stage and the implementation of the project legal person responsibility system.
In order to effectively control the investment of engineering construction projects, in addition to applying the general principles of cybernetics, we should also adhere to the following basic principles:
2. 1 dynamic control
Due to the long construction period of a construction project, there are many social, economic, natural and other interference factors in the process of project implementation, so the actual investment is higher than the estimated investment, which requires continuous investment control, that is, dynamic control. No investment control measures can be done once and for all. Once the original contradictions and problems are solved, new ones will appear. Therefore, the investment controller should analyze the reasons for the deviation according to the comparison between the planned value and the actual value of the investment, and take targeted measures.
2.2 combination of active control and passive control
Passive control is passive control of activities to reduce deviation. The basic characteristics of this control are: if the actual value is not deviated from the planned value or the deviation is within the allowable range, the system activities will still run as they are; Once the actual value deviates from the planned value or the deviation exceeds the allowable range, corrective measures will be taken.
Active control is an activity to reduce deviation, which is manifested as active control. The difference between passive control and passive control is that the key point of control is to comprehensively analyze the possibility and degree of various interference factors and system target deviation before the deviation occurs, that is, after the system target is determined, and take preventive measures to avoid the occurrence of interference or reduce the degree of interference, so as to avoid or reduce the deviation of system target as much as possible.
For the investment control system of construction projects, due to the long control period, the possible target deviation in each control period is large, and the consequences of target deviation are also serious, so it is difficult to ensure the realization of system objectives only by passive control. On the other hand, it is impossible to use only active control in the investment control system of construction projects, because no matter what preventive measures are taken, it is impossible to guarantee that the system will not be disturbed and the system objectives will not deviate. Therefore, in the actual investment of construction projects, active control is always combined with passive control.
2.3 the whole process control
The implementation stages of construction projects include design preparation stage, design stage, construction stage, preparation stage before use and warranty stage. In the process of construction project implementation, on the one hand, the accumulated investment increases slowly in the design preparation stage and design stage, increases rapidly after entering the construction stage, and tends to be flat in the later stage of construction. On the other hand, the possibility of saving investment decreased rapidly from 65,438+000% in the design preparation stage and design stage, and decreased to about 65,438+00% in the initial stage of construction, and then the change was quite stable. This shows that although the actual investment of construction projects mainly occurs in the construction stage, the possibility of saving investment mainly lies in the early stage of construction.
Therefore, the so-called whole process control requires investment control from the design preparation stage, and investment control runs through the whole process of construction project implementation until the end of the project. On the premise of defining the whole process control, the importance of pre-control should be emphasized in particular. The earlier we control, the better the effect of investment control and the greater the possibility of saving investment.
2.4 omni-directional control
The investment of engineering construction project consists of land price, construction and installation engineering fee, supporting fee and upfront fee. Total control means to control all these expenses, not only individually, but also from the whole project.
3 Analysis of the reasons for out-of-control investment
The phenomenon that the construction project budget exceeds the budget, the budget exceeds the budget, and the final accounts exceed the budget is called investment out of control. There are many reasons why the investment is out of control. As far as the project itself is concerned, the specific reasons are as follows:
3. 1 The preliminary construction work is not deep enough, and the project decision is not scientific enough.
In recent years, due to the emphasis on feasibility study and technical and economic evaluation, the pre-construction work has made progress compared with the past. However, projects that are hastily launched without feasibility study still happen from time to time, which leads to the lack of scientific decision-making in some construction projects. Controlling project investment and improving investment efficiency are often empty words. Although some construction projects have done feasibility studies, the contents and data are not true and become a mere formality, which makes the project investment out of control from the beginning.
3.2 Lack of effective constraints on the design, the phenomenon of design exceeding the standard is serious.
Engineering design is a technically complicated work, and some modifications or changes are inevitable and sometimes necessary in the implementation process, which may become an important way to save investment. However, in practice, some design modifications or changes are due to the requirements of the construction unit, some are due to the rough design in the early stage or improper handling of functions and structures, and most of the results are beyond the standard, increasing investment. The reason for this phenomenon is that the design unit mainly bears the technical responsibility, basically does not bear the economic responsibility, and there is no strict regulation on the quota design.
3.3 Investment estimation and design estimation (pre-calculation) are not allowed by themselves.
This is mainly manifested in two aspects: first, the lack or omission of the project often leads to poor consideration of the preliminary work, supporting facilities and special technical measures; Secondly, the static method is still used to compile, and factors such as rising prices of materials and equipment, price index, increased labor costs, interest and risks are not considered; Sometimes it is considered, but it is far from the actual situation. This makes investment estimation and design estimation (budget) lose the function of controlling investment.
3.4 The construction contract is too simple, and the management (supervision) of the construction unit is poor.
The construction project has a long cycle, and many interference factors will be encountered during the project implementation, some of which are the responsibility of the construction unit and some of which are the responsibility of the contractor. In practice, it is not uncommon for some construction units to overestimate or buck-talk, and take advantage of loopholes to increase costs. Relevant personnel of some construction units are not familiar with the supervision business and are not clear about their responsibilities, so they are often in a passive position.
3.5 Investment control is arbitrary and lacks strict working procedures and scientific methods.
Even if the construction supervision project is implemented, it mostly stays in the stage of checking the work price and controlling the payment of the project. This is far from active control and dynamic control, so it is impossible to nip in the bud. Instead, they often settle accounts afterwards and pay "tuition fees" repeatedly. The above reasons can be summarized into two aspects: first, the investment target is unreasonable, and second, the whole process of project implementation is not well controlled.
? 4 Project investment control measures
The investment control of engineering construction projects is one of the important tasks of economic construction, and it is also one of the important contents that every investor cares about, which plays an important role in the country's economic construction and development. In the past 20 years of reform and opening up, while China's economic construction has made brilliant achievements, the investment control of engineering projects has also made remarkable achievements.
Practice has proved that to control the investment of construction projects well, not only professionals with high professional quality should realize all-round and focused control of the whole process, but also measures should be taken from the aspects of organization, technology, economy and contract.
4. 1 organizational measures
(1) By establishing a reasonable project organization structure, the division of investment control personnel, tasks and functions is implemented in the project management team.
(2) Entrust or hire relevant consulting units or experienced engineering economic personnel to do a good job in project cost control and management;
(3) Actively implement the bidding system for engineering design, construction and material procurement.
4.2 Technical measures
(1) Make a technical and economic demonstration of the design scheme and select the best design scheme;
(2) Actively carry out quota design;
(3) Do a good job in auditing the budget and pre-tender estimate of engineering construction drawings;
(4) adopting new technologies, new processes and new materials to reduce consumption and improve work efficiency;
4.3 Economic measures
(1) Prepare the fund use plan, and determine and decompose the investment control objectives;
(2) engineering survey;
(3) Review the project payment form and issue the payment certificate;
(4) Conduct investment tracking control in the construction process, and regularly compare the actual investment expenditure value with the planned target value; Find the deviation, analyze the reasons for the deviation and take corrective measures;
(5) Do a good job in the analysis and prediction of investment expenditure in the process of project construction, and submit reports on project investment control and its existing problems to the owner regularly or irregularly.
4.4 Contract management
(1) Keep construction records and save all kinds of documents and drawings, especially those marked with actual construction changes. Pay attention to the accumulation of materials, provide basis for correctly handling possible claims, and participate in handling claims.
(2) Participate in the modification and supplement of the contract and pay attention to its impact on investment control.
4.5 Information management
Collect the investment plan, investment consumption, completed tasks and data information of people, materials and materials in the construction market on a regular basis, and make comparative analysis of investment on a regular basis.
5 Optimal design and investment control of engineering construction projects
Judging from the current investment control, the investment scale has been effectively controlled through the examination and approval of project proposal and investment estimation in feasibility study stage and the implementation of project legal person responsibility system. As before, the phenomenon of bottomless investment and marathon has been basically eliminated. Through the quota design in the design stage, the phenomenon that the design budget exceeds the investment estimate has been basically controlled. In the construction stage, the project budget investment has been reasonably determined and effectively controlled through the full implementation of bidding and construction supervision. Through the audit of the project settlement and final accounts by the cost consulting service department and the audit department, the unreasonable part was eliminated, and the investment at this stage was properly controlled. However, how to effectively control the investment by optimizing the design has not been widely valued.
5. 1 Influence of optimized design on investment of construction projects
5. 1. 1 The design scheme directly affects the investment.
The project construction process includes three stages: project decision-making, project design and project implementation. The key to investment control lies in the decision-making and design stages. After investment decision-making, the key lies in the design. According to the research and analysis, the design fee generally only accounts for less than 1% of the whole life cost of a construction project, but it is the fee below 1% that has a great impact on the investment. In the design of a single project, the choice of its architectural and structural scheme and the selection of building materials have great influence on the investment. According to statistics, under the condition of satisfying the same function, the technical, economic and reasonable design can reduce the project cost by 5% ~ 10%, or even reach 10% ~ 20%. For example, a multi-storey frame structure workshop (4 floors) of a wireless power plant, the design unit takes the conventional design as the independent foundation. Due to the large load of the multi-storey workshop, the single size of the independent foundation is large and the buried depth is deep. Two comprehensive buildings with similar functions, structure, area and foundation form, one of which has many decorative columns and decorative lines due to the facade effect, resulting in a difference of 65,438+10,000 yuan, which is really wired in the pen, and the investment has been disturbed.
5. 1.2 Design quality indirectly affects investment.
According to statistics, among many causes of engineering quality accidents, design responsibility accounts for 40. 1%, ranking first. Due to the lack of optimal design, the function settings of many building products are unreasonable, which affects the normal use. Some design drawings are of poor quality, and various professional designs are contradictory, resulting in construction rework and shutdown; Some of them cause quality defects and security risks, which bring huge losses to the country and people and cause huge consumption of investment. The Ningbo Bridge accident that shocked the whole country is a typical example in this respect.
5. 1.3 design scheme affects recurring expenses
Optimal design not only affects the one-time investment of the project construction, but also affects the recurrent costs in the use stage, such as energy consumption, cleaning, maintenance and repair costs of HVAC and lighting. There is a certain inverse relationship between one-time investment and recurrent cost, but by optimizing design, we can try our best to find the best combination of them and minimize the whole life cycle cost of project construction.
5.2 Some suggestions for optimizing design
5.2. 1 The competent department should strengthen the monitoring of optimized design.
In order to ensure the optimization of the design work, it can be enforced by the competent government department first, and the design results can be comprehensively reviewed before implementation. As one of the supporting documents of the Regulations on the Quality Management of Construction Projects, the Interim Measures for the Examination of Construction Drawings and Design Documents has been promulgated and implemented by the Ministry of Construction [2000] No.41,and its implementation will provide an important guarantee for controlling the design quality. However, the review stipulated in the Measures mainly focuses on the qualification of design units, design fees, construction procedures, implementation of specifications, promotion and application of new materials and technologies. Lack of review requirements for the economic and functional rationality of the scheme. Therefore, while implementing the measures, the competent department of construction should increase personnel and review the work to conduct a comprehensive review of the design results.
(2) Strengthen the management of design market, strictly regulate the design market through qualification management, personnel registration, design bidding, drawing review and other links to reduce black market design.
(3) Make use of the functions of the competent department to summarize and popularize standard specifications and standard designs, and publish reasonable technical and economic indicators and assessment indicators, so as to provide good services for optimizing the design.
5.2.2 Accelerate the popularization of design supervision.
The implementation of optimized design work can not meet the requirements of social development only by government supervision, and design supervision has become a necessity for owners. Through design supervision, we can break the single situation that design units control themselves. Therefore, while doing a good job of government supervision, the competent department should establish the examination and approval conditions for the qualification of design supervision units as soon as possible, strengthen the training, assessment and registration of design supervision talents, and formulate the responsibilities and charging standards for design supervision. On the other hand, administrative means ensure the breadth of design supervision and provide conditions for the socialization of design supervision.
5.2.3 Establish necessary design competition mechanism.
In order to ensure fair competition in the design market, design and operation should also adopt the way of bidding.
(1) Establish a legal design bidding agency;
(2) Local authorities should formulate corresponding laws and regulations, and must invite qualified projects for bidding;
(3) The owner shall have clear functions and investment requirements for the proposed project, and prepare complete bidding documents; (4) When inviting tenders, necessary qualification examination shall be conducted on the qualifications and reputation of the tendering units;
(5) Establish a sound bid evaluation organization and a reasonable construction bid evaluation method to ensure fair competition among design units and limit the arbitrariness of the owner in the project.
In order to improve competitiveness, design units should link design quality with personal interests in internal management, and urge designers to strengthen economic concepts through directors, chief engineers and cost engineers, unify technology and economy and control the design process.
5.2.4 Improve the corresponding laws and regulations.
The promotion of optimized design should also be guaranteed by certain laws and regulations. At present, there are Contract Law, Construction Law, Bidding Law and Regulations on Quality Management of Construction Projects to regulate engineering construction, but these are all based on the whole of engineering construction, and the specifications in design are not specific enough. Therefore, in order to better supervise and manage the design work, we should establish and improve corresponding laws and regulations, such as design supervision, design bidding, design market and price. On March 3rd, 2000, the People's Government of Jiangsu Province promulgated the Measures for the Administration of Survey and Design of Construction Projects in Jiangsu Province, which is a law to strengthen the management of survey and design of construction projects and standardize the behavior of survey and design of projects in Jiangsu Province.
5.2.5 Pay attention to the comprehensiveness of optimized design.
It is a comprehensive problem to control the investment of construction projects through optimal design, and investment saving cannot be emphasized unilaterally. Correctly handling the unity of opposites between technology and economy is the key link to control investment. In design, we should not only oppose the tendency of one-sided emphasis on economy and neglect of reasonable technical requirements, so that the project can not achieve its function, but also oppose the phenomenon of attaching importance to technology, ignoring economy and conservative and wasteful design.
Designers should use the principle of value engineering to analyze the design scheme, aiming at improving the value, taking the functional analysis as the core, taking the system concept as the guidance and taking the overall benefit as the starting point, so as to truly achieve the optimal design effect.
? 6 conclusion
The investment control of engineering construction projects is one of the important tasks of economic construction, and it is also one of the important contents that every investor cares about, which plays an important role in the country's economic construction and development. As far as engineering project construction is concerned, investment control runs through the whole process of project construction. In practical work, government departments, construction units and construction units should work together to control the investment of engineering construction projects. The investment control and supervision of construction projects should not only take measures from the aspects of organization, technology, economy and contract. , but also do a good job in optimizing the design, so as to achieve all-round and focused control of the whole process, reduce investment risks and improve the utilization rate of funds.