During the first scientific and technological revolution (65438+60' s), the establishment of British bourgeois rule accumulated a large amount of capital through overseas trade, slave trade and colonial plunder. The further implementation of enclosure movement led to the large-scale development of workshops and handicrafts with wage labor and accumulated certain production technology. /kloc-In the middle of the 0/8th century, Britain became the largest capitalist colonial country in the world, and its foreign market expanded rapidly.
The second scientific and technological revolution (65438+70s) witnessed the establishment of the capitalist system in the world. Capital accumulation and the wanton plunder of colonialism accumulated a lot of money, and natural science made a breakthrough. The emergence of the world market and the formation of the capitalist world system have further expanded the demand for commodities.
In the third scientific and technological revolution after World War II (1940s and 1950s), capitalism promoted the welfare system and state monopoly capitalism, stabilized the political situation, made a major breakthrough in scientific theory in the early 20th century, and formed a certain material and technical foundation. The direct driving force is the urgent demand for high technology in countries after World War II and the war-this is different from the previous two.
The main impact on China
The first scientific and technological revolution was 1, which greatly improved productivity and promoted the consolidation and extensive establishment of the capitalist system; 2. Great changes have taken place in the social class structure, and society is increasingly divided into two opposing classes; 3. Great changes have taken place in the socio-economic structure, and the process of urbanization has begun; 4. Change the world pattern: the East is subordinate to the West; 5. With the development of free capitalism, colonial aggression entered a period dominated by export commodities; 65,438+0; Launched two Opium Wars, making China a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society; 2. The emergence of modern industry (the emergence of Chinese national capitalism); Advanced China people began to learn from the west?
The second scientific and technological revolution was 1, which promoted the rapid development of productive forces; 2. Further adjustment of production relations: monopolies and monopoly organizations have been formed, and major capitalist countries have entered the stage of imperialism; 3. The powers stepped up their efforts to carve up the world, and the capitalist world system was finally formed; Colonial aggression entered the leading period of capital export; The gap between the east and the west has further widened. 4. The imbalance of political and economic development has intensified and the pattern of world power has changed; Struggles and conflicts between major powers have intensified. The proletariat has grown, and the workers' movement has gradually reached its climax. 1. The great powers continued to launch a series of wars of aggression against China, setting off a frenzy to carve up China. China was completely reduced to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. 2. China's national capitalism has developed initially. 3. The rise of the people's national salvation movement in China (such as the Reform and Reform Movement, the Boxer Rebellion and the Revolution of 1911).
The third scientific and technological revolution 1 greatly promoted the development of social productive forces-the change of means to improve labor productivity; 2. It has promoted the change of social economic structure and social life structure-the proportion of tertiary industry has increased. People's daily life such as food, clothing, housing and transportation has changed; 3. It has promoted the adjustment of the international economic structure-the links between different regions are closer; Strengthen national capitalism and scientific and technological competition; The economic gap between developed and developing countries has widened. For developing countries, this is both an opportunity and a challenge.
After the founding of New China, China's science and technology have also been further developed. With the reform and opening up, advanced foreign science and technology have been introduced and fruitful results have been achieved in the field of science and technology. Opportunities and challenges coexist.
Different influences of three industrial revolutions (scientific and technological revolutions) on China.
(1) The first scientific and technological revolution: On the one hand, Britain, France, the United States and other countries that took the lead in the industrial revolution strongly demanded the opening of raw material producing areas and commodity sales markets to the outside world, pushing them to launch two opium wars against backward and closed China at that time. China began to become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal country, and economically became a vassal of the western capitalist economy. On the other hand, the industrial revolution has greatly strengthened the links all over the world. Under the guidance of western capitalist industries, China's westernization industry and national capitalist industry gradually rose in coastal areas, China produced a capitalist mode of production, and China's modernization process got off to a difficult start.
(2) The Second Industrial Revolution: On the one hand, after the Industrial Revolution, with the concentration of capital and the emergence of "excess capital", western colonialists stepped up their efforts to export capital to China, which set off a frenzy to carve up China politically, and China faced an unprecedented national crisis. On the other hand, the political movements in China, such as the Reform and Reform Movement and the Revolution of 1911, have come and gone, which objectively affected China's absorption and transformation of the achievements of the scientific and technological revolution and lost an important opportunity to catch up with the trend of the world scientific and technological revolution.
(3) The third scientific and technological revolution: On the one hand, due to the hostility and blockade of the western camp led by the United States to socialist China after the war, and the interference of a series of "Left" errors in domestic politics and economy, China once again missed the trend of the world scientific and technological revolution, which affected China's modernization and overall improvement of its comprehensive national strength. However, different from the previous two industrial revolutions, even under the extremely difficult international and domestic background at that time, scientists in China have made great scientific and technological achievements in the fields of atomic energy, space technology and molecular biology, and the people of China have also made their own contributions to the world's scientific and technological development. Especially after the reform and opening up, China opened its doors and actively introduced and absorbed the world's advanced science and technology and management methods, thus catching up with the trend of the world's scientific and technological revolution and greatly promoting China's modernization.
9. What does the rapid third scientific and technological revolution mean to China? How should China respond?
The rapid scientific and technological revolution is both an opportunity and a challenge for our country. At present, international competition is becoming increasingly fierce. The essence of international competition is the contest of comprehensive national strength based on economy and science and technology. Whether China can gain an advantage in the development of science and technology and enhance its comprehensive national strength on the basis of economy and science and technology will ultimately determine its international position. The third scientific and technological revolution provides an opportunity for China to achieve leapfrog development. If China can keep up with the trend of scientific and technological revolution, it will occupy a favorable position in the future world pattern; Otherwise it will be controlled by others.
Countermeasures: ① China's third strategic goal is to basically realize modernization in 2050, which should be the era of information technology and knowledge economy. This requires us to implement the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education and the strategy of sustainable development, vigorously develop new sciences, and actively develop emerging industries and high-tech industries such as information, bioengineering, new energy, new materials and environmental protection. In particular, it is necessary to speed up the process of informationization, combine industrialization with informationization, promote informationization and knowledge with industrialization, and promote industrialization with informationization and knowledge to realize the leap-forward development of productive forces. (2) Transform traditional industries with high-tech and advanced and applicable technologies, improve the technological level and equipment level of these industries through technological transformation and equipment renewal, and strive to improve the overall quality and international competitiveness of traditional industries. ③ Develop knowledge-based economy, build a national innovation system, improve the ability of knowledge innovation, technological innovation and institutional innovation, strive to improve the scientific quality of the whole nation, and cultivate and bring up a large number of outstanding scientific and technological talents.