Geological resources and environment refers to all substances in the geological environment that are useful to human beings under certain technical and economic conditions except mineral resources. Including groundwater, geological relics, geological landscape and so on.
Geological environment administration refers to the management of social affairs in geological environment protection and governance activities by land and resources management departments and their staff within the scope of geological environment protection management functions entrusted by the State Council, in accordance with relevant laws and regulations. Through management, prevent, control and slow down the development of geological environment in a direction that is not conducive to human survival activities, and prevent and control the harm and destruction of various geological factors and processes to human survival, production and life; Encourage mankind to make rational use of geological environment, so as to achieve the purpose of developing economy to meet human needs without exceeding the allowable limit of the environment.
The supervision and management of geological environment refers to the functions of geological environment protection and the supervision and management responsibilities of development and utilization undertaken by the land and resources management department. Mainly including regional geological environment, urban geological environment, mine geological environment protection and geological disaster prevention; Organize monitoring, prevention and control of geological disasters and protection of geological relics; Manage the exploration and evaluation of hydrogeology, engineering geology and environmental geology according to law; Monitoring and preventing over-exploitation and pollution of groundwater; Protect the geological environment; Determine the origin of paleontological fossils, standard geological sections with important value and other geological relics protection areas.
The supervision and management of regional geological environment refers to the supervision and management of geological environment protection in the area designated by physical geographical units or social political and economic units. Its purpose is to adapt regional development and construction activities to the rational utilization of resources, protect and improve the quality of geological environment, and serve regional sustainable development.
Investigation, evaluation and prediction of regional geological environment are the basis and premise of regional geological environment supervision and management. It is necessary to fully understand the overall planning of regional social and economic development, investigate and evaluate the regional resources, delimit the regional geological environment functional zones, determine the main regional environmental geological problems, demonstrate the sustainable development ability of development and construction activities, make geological environment prediction and risk analysis, determine the regional geological environment capacity, and put forward the rational utilization and prevention plan of geological environment.
The supervision and management of regional geological environment, involving a wide range, strong comprehensiveness and high service level, must be implemented in the whole process of regional planning, construction and management. The establishment of regional geological environment management system includes: regional geological environment protection planning, relevant policies and regulations, countermeasures, monitoring and forecasting information system and related management systems.
Supervision and management of urban geological environment The intensity of land development in urban areas is the greatest, and the geological environment changes significantly. Due to geological conditions and unreasonable development and utilization of geological environment, environmental geological problems are prominent, and some of them have constituted geological disasters, which have become an important constraint factor for urban development.
The supervision and management of urban geological environment should run through the whole process of urban planning, construction and management. Generally speaking, six key tasks should be done well: ① Evaluation of crustal stability in urban areas; ② Evaluation of foundation stability; ③ Water supply conditions and water resources protection; (4) Evaluation and monitoring of geological conditions for external disposal of municipal waste; ⑤ Investigation and evaluation of geological landscape resources and building materials; ⑥ Evaluation, monitoring and prediction of urban geological disasters.
To strengthen the protection of urban geological environment, we must first formulate corresponding supporting laws and regulations on urban geological environment management, and make it clear that urban planning should be based on rational development and utilization of geological environment; Major engineering construction projects must carry out geological environmental impact assessment; To determine the scale of urban development, we must fully consider the possible capacity and carrying capacity of geological environment; The relevant departments shall take effective control and protection measures in a timely manner for the rectification opinions and forecast information of geological environmental problems and geological disasters.
Supervision and management of mine geological environment The supervision and management of mine geological environment mainly includes: ① Formulating and perfecting laws and regulations on supervision and management of mine geological environment, and conducting supervision and management according to law; (2) According to the characteristics of mine production, formulate management measures for mine geological environment impact assessment, and integrate geological environment exploration, evaluation, management and supervision into the whole process of mine exploration, design, construction and production; (3) The environmental impact assessment reporting system shall be implemented for new mines; Measures to prevent and control pollution and other geological disasters must be designed, constructed and put into use at the same time as the main project; ④ Take measures to strengthen the comprehensive development and utilization of "three wastes" in mines, and gradually realize the recycling of tailings, gangue and mine water; ⑤ Establish a network of mine geological environment monitoring stations to make predictions and put forward disaster prevention measures in time; ⑥ Establish and improve supervision and management institutions.
The basic contents of geological disaster prevention and management mainly include the following aspects: ① compiling and organizing the implementation of geological disaster prevention and control planning; (two) the preparation of the administrative region's annual geological disaster prevention plan, the delineation of dangerous areas and supervision and management; (three) urban construction and engineering project construction, geological hazard risk assessment must be carried out before applying for construction, and the examination and approval procedures for construction land can only be handled after the evaluation results are confirmed by the land and resources management departments at or above the provincial level; (four) to organize the monitoring and forecasting of geological disasters, formulate control plans and organize their implementation; ⑤ Be responsible for the prevention and control of geological disasters, and undertake the quality supervision and management of exploration, design, construction and supervision units; ⑥ Conduct geological disaster responsibility appraisal and dispute mediation.
Geological relic refers to the precious and non-renewable geological natural heritage formed, developed and left behind by various internal and external dynamic geological processes in the long geological history of earth evolution. Protected geological relics are the precious wealth of the country, and no unit or individual may destroy, excavate, trade or transfer them in other forms. The protection of geological relics is a part of environmental protection, and the principle of "active protection and rational development" should be implemented. The administrative department of land and resources of the State Council shall supervise and manage the protection of geological relics throughout the country. The administrative department of land and resources of the people's government at or above the county level shall, with the assistance of the administrative department of environmental protection at the same level, supervise and manage the protection of geological relics in this area.
Geological relics protection Geological relics protection is divided into the following seven categories:
Typical stratigraphic sections, stratigraphic sections of bio-fossil assemblage zones, lithologic and lithofacies construction sections, typical geological structural sections and structural features that have important scientific research value for tracing geological history; Ancient humans, vertebrate paleontology, microfossils, ancient plants and other important paleontological fossils with important scientific and cultural values for the evolution of the earth and biological evolution and their producing areas; Unique geological landscapes such as karst, Danxia, loess, Ya Dan, granite peaks, seasonal sandstone, peak forest, volcano, glacier, meteorite, singing sand and coast with great scientific research and ornamental value; Rocks, minerals, precious stones and their typical producing areas with special research and conceptual value; Hot springs, mineral springs, mineral mud and traces of groundwater activities with unique medical and health care functions or scientific research value, as well as waterfalls, lakes and strange springs with special geological significance; Typical earthquakes, ground fissures, collapses, settlements, collapses, landslides, mudslides and other geological disasters with scientific research significance; Other geological relics that need to be protected.
Division of Geological Relics Protection Zones For geological relics with international, domestic and regional typical significance, national, provincial and county-level geological relics protection zones, geological relics protection zones, geological relics protection points or geological parks may be established, hereinafter collectively referred to as geological relics protection zones.
Classification standard of geological relics protection areas;
National level: ① geological relics that can provide important geological evidence for major geological historical events or evolution stages in the evolution process of a large area and even the whole world; (2) Typical sections, fossils and places of origin with international or domestic regional stratigraphic (structural) correlation significance; ③ Geological landscapes or phenomena with international or domestic typical geoscience significance.
Provincial level: ① geological relics that can provide important geological evidence for the evolution stage of regional geological history; (2) Typical sections, fossils and producing areas with regional stratigraphic (structural) correlation significance; ③ Geological landscapes with representative or high historical, cultural and tourism value in geoscience zoning and classification.
County level: ① Typical sections, fossils and producing areas with scientific research value in the county; ② Geological landscape or geological phenomenon with characteristics in a small area.
Geoparks and their classification Geoparks refer to geological relic development areas with special scientific significance, rare natural attributes, elegant aesthetic appreciation value and a certain scale and distribution range. It combines natural landscape and human landscape, and has ecological, historical and cultural values. It is a place to provide people with high scientific grade sightseeing, holiday rest, medical care, scientific education, culture and entertainment. At the same time, it is also a key protected area of geological relic landscape and ecological environment and a base for geological science research and popularization. Therefore, geological parks are an important form to protect geological relics, popularize geoscience knowledge to the public and promote the sustainable development of local economy. Geoparks can be divided into three levels, namely, national, provincial and municipal.
Paleontological fossils refer to biological and active remains formed in the prehistoric geological history of human beings, including plants, invertebrates, vertebrates and other fossils and their remains. It is a verification of the history of the earth and a scientific basis for studying the origin and evolution of organisms. Paleontological fossils are different from cultural relics. They are important geological relics and precious non-renewable natural heritage in China. It has comprehensive value: ① it provides valuable physical evidence for studying the living habits, reproduction methods and ecological environment of animals and plants at that time at home and abroad; ② It is of inestimable value to study paleogeography, paleoclimate, earth evolution and biological evolution in geological period; (3) To explore and study a large number of death and extinction events of life on earth, and provide rare entities and fields; ④ Some special and special fossils, by themselves or after processing, have extremely high aesthetic appreciation value and collection value. Therefore, in a certain sense, they are also an important geological tourism resource and tourism commodity resource.
The state gives priority to the protection of the following paleontological fossils and their producing areas: ① Type specimens of named fossil species; (2) Preserving intact or relatively intact rare ancient vertebrate fossils; ③ Fossils that are rare in China or have special significance for biological evolution and classification; (4) Important paleontological fossils appear in large scale or concentration.
The management system of paleontological fossil exploitation is the core content of the "Measures for the Management of Paleontological Fossils" issued and implemented by the Ministry of Land and Resources in 2005 by Order 12. 13. Considering the strong professionalism of paleontological fossils, the Measures for the Administration of Paleontological Fossils establishes a management system for the excavation of paleontological fossils, and combines expert review with post-event filing, that is, if scientific research institutions and institutions of higher learning excavate paleontological fossils in national-level paleontological fossil protection zones due to the needs of scientific research, teaching and popularization, the Ministry of Land and Resources will organize expert review of paleontological fossils; The administrative departments of land and resources of the people's governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government shall organize experts to conduct evaluation when excavating paleontological fossils in provincial paleontological fossil protection zones or outside provincial paleontological fossil protection zones. At the same time, it is required to report the list of all paleontological fossils obtained by mining to the land and resources management department of the county-level people's government for the record within 30 days after the end of mining activities.
The difference between paleontological fossils and cultural relics fossils is different from cultural relics, mainly in the following aspects:
(1) In terms of attributes, paleontological fossils refer to biological relics and active relics formed in strata due to geological processes during geological periods, including plants, invertebrates, vertebrates and other fossils and their remains. They are non-renewable natural heritage formed by long-term geological processes. Cultural relics are the remains of human production and life.
(2) The time span of paleontological fossils is a "prehistoric" geological period. The time span of cultural relics refers to "since human history".
(3) In terms of protection methods, due to the differences between paleontological fossils and cultural relics in natural attributes and preservation conditions, paleontological fossils pay more attention to the protection of the place of origin in addition to protecting the entity, such as establishing a protected area, which provides scientists with opportunities to study biology, life and buried environment. Cultural relics focus on physical protection and museum protection.
(4) In scientific research, the study of cultural relics belongs to social science, while the study of paleontology fossils belongs to natural science, the former belongs to archaeology and the latter belongs to paleontology.
(5) For the purpose of scientific research, paleontological fossils are important evidence of the historical evolution and biological evolution of the earth, and cultural relics are witnesses of human civilization and social development.
Entry-exit management system of paleontological fossils Entry-exit management of paleontological fossils is a necessary link to effectively stop the loss of paleontological fossils abroad. In order to crack down on all kinds of activities of smuggling and selling paleontological fossils, the Measures for the Administration of Paleontological Fossils promulgated by the Ministry of Land and Resources 13 decree stipulates that the Ministry of Land and Resources shall issue an exit certificate if it is necessary to transport paleontological fossils out of the country for scientific research, teaching, popular science exhibitions, etc. The agency designated by the Ministry of Land and Resources is responsible for the inspection and re-inspection of paleontological fossils temporarily entering and leaving the country; If the inspection and re-inspection are consistent, the Ministry of Land and Resources shall issue an exit certificate.
Geological environment monitoring network Geological environment monitoring is an important basic work for effective implementation of geological environment protection and management. It has become a very necessary and urgent basic and public welfare work to improve the geological environment monitoring network, ensure its normal operation and provide quality services. The construction of geological environment monitoring network focuses on cities, important economies, major engineering areas, mines and areas threatened by geological disasters, takes groundwater level, water quality and geological disasters as the main monitoring objects, and takes investigation, planning and design, adjustment and construction, daily monitoring and maintenance, information data processing, comprehensive evaluation, information management and release as the main lines, and finally forms a network with meteorological, hydrological, marine, earthquake and environmental protection functions.
Geological disasters and groundwater monitoring should be paid attention to in geological environment monitoring; Pay equal attention to groundwater resources and environmental function monitoring; Professional monitoring of geological disasters is combined with group prevention and treatment. The monitoring results are oriented to the government, serve the management and protection of geological environment, and provide basic support for major national decisions; Facing the society, providing information services for disaster prevention and reduction, and ensuring the sustainable development of social economy; Promote the combination of investigation, evaluation and monitoring. Investigation and evaluation provide background conditions for monitoring, and monitoring provides basic support for investigation and evaluation, forming three monitoring networks and two information systems:
Three monitoring networks: taking the national geological environment monitoring network as the leader, the national geological environment monitoring system is formed: groundwater environment monitoring network; Professional monitoring network of geological disasters in important areas; Group monitoring and prevention monitoring network in geological disaster-prone areas.
Two information systems: through the construction, perfection and integration of geological environment basic database, groundwater environment monitoring database, progressive geological disaster monitoring database and sudden geological disaster monitoring database, a GIS-based early warning and decision support system and a network-based monitoring information hierarchical management and publishing system are established.