The basic methods of psychological diagnosis mainly include psychological diagnosis, which means that under the guidance of biology, psychology and social medicine, doctors determine its nature and degree, and use psychological methods and techniques to evaluate patients' psychological obstacles to help clinical diagnosis of diseases. What are the following basic ways to share psychological diagnosis?
The basic method of psychological diagnosis is 1. The basic methods of psychological diagnosis are commonly used in various disciplines, including observation, measurement, product analysis, intake conversation and comprehensive analysis.
1, observation method:
Observation is a method to systematically observe and check the object to be studied with one's own organs or with the help of scientific observation instruments and devices in order to obtain the information needed for research.
1) observation method is divided into natural observation method and control observation method.
2) Observation contents include: appearance, behavior, language features, thinking content, cognitive function, emotion, inspiration and judgment.
3) The implementation of observation method includes: observation steps and matters needing attention.
2. Measurement method:
The measurement method of psychological diagnosis is to determine and measure psychological phenomena or behaviors by quantitative means according to certain rules.
1) the classification of psychological measurement:
According to the function, it is divided into: intelligence test, personality test, neuropsychological test, etc.
According to the test methods: questionnaire, homework, projection, etc.
2) The examination process includes: implementation steps, explanation of examination results and matters needing attention.
3, product analysis method:
Product analysis is an analytical method to effectively evaluate patients' psychological level and state by collecting patients' works (including paintings, manuscripts, sculptures, etc.). ) and combined with clinical symptoms and other data to analyze the product.
Product analysis method is divided into natural product analysis method and control product analysis method.
The process is divided into: product analysis, analysis results approved by patients and matters needing attention.
When using product analysis method, we should consider:
1, product analysis method classification
2. Product analysis
3. The product analysis results should be recognized by patients.
4. Preventive measures
4. Intake dialogue method
Intake conversation is a kind of conversation method to obtain patients' background information, goals and expectations through problem-centered conversation.
Its operation steps are divided into: determining the topic of conversation, determining the form of questioning, listening carefully, controlling the direction of conversation, classifying the content of conversation, standardizing the end of conversation and matters needing attention.
5. Comprehensive analysis method
Comprehensive analysis is a method to diagnose patients by synthesizing all kinds of information.
There are two basic methods of psychological diagnosis.
Reception for the first visit (taking in the conversation and matters needing attention)-reference points for determining the content and scope of the conversation-what principles should be grasped in selecting the content-collecting and sorting out relevant information-differential diagnosis-cause analysis-setting consultation objectives-evaluating consultation objectives-determining consultation scheme-implementing consultation scheme-evaluating consultation effect.
Section 1 Reception and Data Collection and Arrangement
First of all, show the demeanor that a consultant should have: dress neatly, sit correctly, and have a calm expression (you can't smile with a straight face)
Maintain a normal social distance: about1.5m; Maintain a normal consulting posture: don't look directly at the other person's eyes, but glance at the other person's eyes or expressions.
Second, simply ask the helper what kind of help he wants, don't force him directly.
Indirect questions, such as, "I wonder what I can do for you." "What do you want us to do?"
Directly force questions such as: "If you have any questions, say it!" "What can I do for you? Go! " "What's the matter? What's the problem? Go! " "What's the matter, go ahead!
Third, simply ask the helper what kind of help he wants, and then clearly show his attitude and explain to the helper whether he can help. In the reception process, the principle of confidentiality should be explained, and the exceptions to confidentiality should be explained; After indicating that psychological help can be provided to the client, the nature of psychological consultation should be briefly explained to the client immediately. Psychological counseling ensures what the seeker knows, how to conduct psychological counseling, what problems psychological counseling mainly solves and what problems it cannot solve.
It should be explained to visitors that psychological counseling is a process in which psychological counselors help visitors solve various psychological problems. The word "assistance" shows that the success of the consultation depends to a great extent on the attitude and actions of the people who ask for help.
In addition, it should be noted that consultation is a process. Some problems cannot be solved by one or two conversations, sometimes there are twists and turns or even repetition, and some problems are even difficult to solve perfectly. It is also necessary to explain the rights and obligations of the helpers, and negotiate with the helpers to determine what kind of negotiation method to adopt.
Four, the first reception should pay attention to the following contents:
1, avoid nervousness: skillfully operate the steps; Conditional can increase the probation period.
2, language expression (avoid using dialects), when using technical terms, should explain its connotation and extension.
3. Repeatedly explain the principle of confidentiality: once the consultant leaks, the helper has the right to resort to law.
4. Explain the limitations of psychological measurement.
5, pay attention to manners: do not smoke, do not do unnecessary "subconscious" actions.
V. Determine the reference point for the content and scope of the conversation.
(1) Help content provided by helper
(2) Questions observed by the consultant during the reception of the first visit.
(3) Counselors can find problems according to the preliminary analysis of psychological evaluation results.
(4) Meeting objectives issued by superior consultants for further diagnosis.
(5) If there is more than one item in the talks, they shall be dealt with separately.
Sixth, determine the way of asking questions: Under normal circumstances, open questions should be used instead of closed questions. However, under special circumstances, semi-open questions (or restricted open questions) can also be used. Sometimes closed-ended questions can be used to confirm the existence of some reality.
7. Listening: Listen attentively and wholeheartedly; Don't interrupt the conversation of the helper casually; Don't insert your own comments casually; Pay attention to whether the conversation is reasonable; Grasp the key points in time
Eight, control the content and direction of the talks skills:
6 1 interpretation: repeat and explain what the helper said, and then ask another question by the way.
6 1 Interrupt: Take a break during the conversation. You can't force a helper to stop talking when he is chattering with emotion or confusion. Yes: please smoke, please pour water, please take something, or change the subject and continue our conversation. You can stop when the time is up and come back next time.
6 1 emotional reflex: the psychological counselor consciously stimulates the helper to turn the conversation to a certain kind of problem. Try not to use the first meeting.
6 1 guidance: a new topic is extended from the original topic.
Nine, in the talks, the consultant can only hold a non-critical attitude. Understanding is the most neutral and needs no judgment.
"Understanding" only means that we have a positive view of the regularity or inevitability of his behavior or emotion, but we still have reservations about its social effects and other consequences.
Ten, distinguish and identify the conversation.
1. Degree difference: distinguish emotions (or thoughts) from behaviors.
2, the authenticity of the content
The basic methods of psychological diagnosis mainly include three observation methods.
Observation method refers to the method of observing others' or their own behaviors purposefully and systematically through visual or electronic camera equipment, obtaining corresponding information, and making evaluation and judgment on this basis.
(A) the types of observation methods
According to the specific observation purpose, content and means, observation can be divided into different types. According to the way of observation, observation can be divided into direct observation and indirect observation (such as through cameras and video recording equipment). ); According to whether researchers participate in visitors' activities, observation can be divided into two forms: natural observation and controlled observation.
1. Natural observation is the most basic and common method in psychological evaluation. It is convenient and flexible, and has very important practical value in clinical diagnosis and curative effect judgment. Because this form of observation is to observe the natural performance of visitors, visitors will not be influenced, interfered or controlled by the outside world, but will be in a special state of mind and body, thus ensuring the observation results in the real state.
For example, a student is considered to have attention deficit, but through actual observation, it is found that the student can concentrate on the subjects he is interested in and watch cartoons he is interested in for a long time. Therefore, the observation results do not support that the student has attention deficit. Although the natural observation method is very effective, the evaluator must observe in the natural living environment of the visitors, which must consume a certain amount of time and energy, so there are certain difficulties in the specific implementation.
2. Control observation method, also known as simulation observation method, refers to the evaluator setting a certain situation and controlling the conditions of visitors, and observing the behavior changes of visitors in this situation. Controlled observation is often used in behaviors related to anxiety. For example, in the avoidance behavior test, a visitor with a certain phobia will be allowed to approach the objects he fears (such as snakes, mice, spiders, etc.). ) or in the same room with his fear object, the evaluator will observe the distance between the visitor and the fear object and the time together.
In order to prevent visitors from being disturbed when they find themselves being observed, one-way glass observation rooms are often used. Simulation observation is superior to natural observation because it is relatively economical. In the simulation observation, the evaluator can quantify the target behavior before and after the intervention, so it is very useful in the evaluation of the intervention effect. In addition, because visitors are under standard conditions, the observed results are comparable and, in a sense, more scientific.
(2) the main content of observation
The main content of behavior observation varies according to the purpose, and generally includes the following aspects:
1, appearance, that is, dress, behavior, expression.
2, physical appearance, that is, fat, thin, tall, deformed and other special body shapes.
3, interpersonal style, such as generous or embarrassed, active or passive, easy to contact or difficult to contact.
4. Speech, including expressive ability, fluency, pertinence, conciseness and redundancy.
5, movements, such as too little, moderate, excessive, weird movements, stiff movements.
6. Interests, hobbies and attitudes towards others and yourself shown in communication.
7. Perception, understanding and judgment.
8. coping with difficulties.
In particular, an important feature of observation is to collect nonverbal information, and all aspects related to nonverbal communication should be given enough attention. Intentional gestures, movements, body postures, facial expressions, and unintentional speech patterns, such as rhythm and speed changes, all express the same or different information as words. This information provides important clues for psychological evaluation.
(C) advantages and disadvantages of observation method
As a basic method of psychological evaluation, observation runs through the whole process of evaluation and plays a very important role in evaluation. Its advantages mainly include the following aspects.
First, the data collected by observation method is more comprehensive. As long as the evaluator is good at insight and capture, it is possible to find problems and useful information clues from observation. All these can create conditions for further thinking through the phenomenon and analyzing its essence.
Secondly, the results obtained through observation are more realistic and the data reliability is high, which is the basic method to collect the original data. By observing and systematically recording the specific process of the occurrence and development of certain behaviors, the evaluator can obtain the most original information. This is the basis of further psychological diagnosis, consultation and treatment.
Third, observation is an important means to verify the effect of psychological diagnosis consultation. The correctness of psychological diagnosis and the effect of psychological consultation can be verified by many methods, but scientific observation is an important way to test the effectiveness of diagnosis.
Compared with other methods, observation also has many limitations:
First, observation can only be aimed at the explicit behavior of individuals, and it is difficult to study the implicit psychological processes of individuals through observation, such as cognitive evaluation, attitude and emotion, which are often of great interest to psychological counselors.
Second, the explicit behavior of individuals may be the result of the interaction of many factors, often with certain contingency, so the observation results are not easy to repeat. If the frequency of interesting behaviors is low, it takes a lot of time and energy to apply observation.
Third, observing some private behaviors will be very difficult and may be immoral. Moreover, the effectiveness of the observation results depends on the evaluators' observation ability, judgment ability and information screening ability.