Jiangning District is saddle-shaped, with high ends and low middle, open terrain and beautiful mountains and rivers. The heights of the mountains are all below 400 meters above sea level (the altitude mentioned below refers to high altitude), which is a typical hilly and plain landform. The normal terrain is low hills, hills, plains, etc. Many rivers and reservoirs walk in it.
Low mountains and hills: Jiangning's low mountains and hills cover an area of about 30,570 hectares, and nearly 400 low mountains are unevenly distributed in various streets, which can be divided into northeast and southwest areas. The main part of the mountains in the northeast region is northeast, turning from Tangshan to the east and nearly east-west. The mountains are continuous and steep, and the rocks that make up the mountains are mostly Paleozoic strata, with few Mesozoic strata. Rock folds and faults are developed, and igneous intrusions are exposed. This mountain belongs to the western extension of Ningzhen Mountain Range. The mountains in southwest China are majestic and the peaks are towering, but the rocks that make up the mountains are generally older than those in northeast China, belonging to Mesozoic and Cenozoic continental sedimentary strata, and some of them are completely accumulated by volcanic eruption.
Due to perennial weathering and denudation, some mountains become shorter year by year, forming gentle slopes, and some form piedmont accumulation layers, hills or valleys. Almost all hilly areas are covered with vegetation, including evergreen coniferous forest, deciduous broad-leaved forest, bamboo forest, mixed forest of arbor and shrub, artificial tea forest or grassland.
Tangshan: Tangshan is located in the west of Tangshan Town and the south of Shanghai-Nanjing Expressway. The long axis of the mountain is in the northeast, extending for 5 kilometers, the widest point in the short axis direction can reach 1.5 kilometers, and the highest peak is called Tuanzijian, which is 292.3 meters high. The mountain consists of middle-upper Cambrian thick dolomite, lower Ordovician thick limestone and gray dolomite. Here is a dome-shaped short-axis anticline in geological structure, and Jiaojian is located at the core of this anticline. There are abundant geothermal resources at the east and west ends of Tangshan, which have been developed and utilized. Many caves have been found on the northern slope of Tangshan, among which Hulu Cave covers an area of about 300 square meters. It is famous for 1993' s discovery of an ancient human skull and a tooth fossil in the cave, and has now been developed into a tourist attraction.
Empty mountain: it was called Yanmen Mountain in ancient times. The Song Dynasty's "Ding Jing Jiankang Zhi" records: "The mountains are connected, like the North Wild Goose Gate, because of its name." Tang Li Bai's poem "Green Water Towards the Wild Goose Gate" refers to this mountain. Kongshan is located in the north of Gu Quan Administrative Village in Tangshan Street, with its main peak at an altitude of 34 1.9 m, Boom Mountain at an altitude of 169.5 m in the north, Tudi Mountain at an altitude of 238.9 m in the south, Ximengtou Mountain at an altitude of 266.4 m in the east and Paishan Mountain at an altitude of126 m in the west. A relatively complete set of Paleozoic strata is exposed in Kongshan Mountain, which was once the field practice base of some universities in East China and Central China. The high-quality limestone resources exposed in this mountain are important chemical raw materials and raw materials for manufacturing cement, which are being developed and utilized.
Qinglong Mountain: Qinglong Mountain is located in the northeast of Jiangning. Across Dongshan and Tangshan streets. In the Tang Dynasty, Li Bai wrote a poem "Seeing the Dragon at the Pier", which described the mountain. Also known as Castle Peak, the Book of the Southern Tang Dynasty says, "Li Yu, the first to hunt Castle Peak". The mountain is in the northeast direction and extends parallel to Huanglong Mountain, with a total length of 14 km. There are 20 peaks over 200 meters, with the highest peak as high as 277 meters. The mountain consists of Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian and Triassic limestone, argillaceous limestone, sandstone and shale. The depression between Qinglong and Huanglong Mountain was formed by long-term weathering and erosion of soft mud shale. High-quality limestone is mainly produced in the northeast end of Huanglong Mountain and Qinglong Mountain, and thin coal seam is produced in sandstone shale interlayer of Longtan Formation of Upper Permian.
Zutangshan: Zutangshan is located in the north of Zutang Administrative Village in Guli Street. It was called Youqi Mountain in ancient times, and it was named after the construction of Youqi Mountain Temple in the third year of Daming in the Southern Dynasty (459). In the early years of Zhenguan in the Tang Dynasty, Fa Rong: (Lai Rong) Zen master gained enlightenment here and became the first founder of the Buddhist tauren school. Therefore, this mountain was renamed Zutang Mountain, also known as Huayan Mountain. The total area of this mountain is about 360 hectares. The main peak, Furong Peak, is 255.9 meters high, and the mountain is mostly composed of Jurassic volcanic breccia, tuff, agglomerate and amphibole andesite. At the southern foot of Shanxi Province, the first and second main tombs of the Southern Tang Dynasty, namely the Second Mausoleum of the Southern Tang Dynasty, were excavated in the early days of New China. There is also a kaolin deposit in the south mountain waist of Zutang, Shanxi.
Jishan: Jishan is located 2 kilometers west of Dongshanqiao Town, with a main peak height of 235.2 meters. The rocks are all composed of diorite porphyrite, which is an ultra-shallow volcanic intrusion. A large magnetite-poor deposit was found at the top of diorite porphyrite, and albite also coexisted with magnetite.
Niushou Mountain: Niushou Mountain is located on the north side of Zutang Mountain in Guli Street, across Tiexin Bridge in Yuhuatai District. In ancient times, it was called Niutou Mountain, with two peaks in the east and west, which was named after the shape of a bull's head (the west peak was incomplete due to mining). Also known as Tianque Mountain. The total area of the mountain is about 500 hectares, and the main peak is 242.8 meters high. The mountain consists of Jurassic pyroxene andesite, volcanic breccia and tuff. In the past, there were many places of interest on this mountain, including the famous ancient temple Hongjue Temple. Since ancient times, this mountain has been rich in pine, bamboo, tea (the famous Tianque tea) and orchids, especially in late spring when peach blossoms are in full bloom and cymbidium and azaleas are everywhere, so it has been known as the "head of spring cattle" since the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
Yuntai Mountain: Yuntai Mountain is located in Hengxi Street, southwest of Jiangning. This mountain is named after the ancient Yuntai Temple. The mountain is northeast, with a total area of about 720 hectares, and the main peak height is 3 19. 1 m. Magnificent mountain, composed of Triassic HuangMa Qing Formation sandstone and Jurassic diorite porphyrite. There are Yuntaishan pyrite mine and the tomb of the anti-Japanese martyrs in southern Shandong. In the Song Dynasty, the Book of Records of the Six Dynasties was quoted as saying: "There are huge stones in the north of Yuntai Mountain, such as lying in a hollow, which can seat dozens of people. It's nine feet high, with pebbles on it, and it's called a stone drum. " Today, it has disappeared. Two kilometers south of Yuntai Mountain is Hen Mountain, with an altitude of 273.4 meters, which is also rich in pyrite resources.
Hengshan Mountain: Hengshan Mountain is located at the junction of Jiangning, Lishui and Dangtu provinces, south of Jiangning Hengxi and Tongshan. Hengshan Mountain is also known as Hengwang Mountain and Hengshan Mountain. According to "Taiping Fu Zhi", "Wu was cut again in the Spring and Autumn Period, and Hengshan was here, hence the name." According to the "Dangtu County Records", "Zuo Chuan is Hengshan, and the balance is everywhere." Because the main peak is arched, the sun can shine on it as soon as it comes out, so it is named sun arch, commonly known as tugboat ditch, with an area of about 1835 hectares. The mountain rocks are sandstone of Xihengshan Formation in Jurassic. This mountain consists of 62 mountains, large and small, with boundless green and standing in rows like a barrier. These mountainous areas are rich in bamboo and wood, medicinal materials, wild animals and birds. At present, there are state-owned forest farms in mountainous areas. Since the 1950s, trees have been planted and the forest coverage rate has reached 80%.
Fangshan: Fangshan is located in the middle of Jiangning, on the east bank of Qinhuai River. The mountain is square and stands alone, and the top of the mountain is flat in the distance, so it is called Fangshan. It is also like a square seal, also known as Yin Tianshan. With a total area of about 650 hectares and a height of 208.6 meters, most of the mountain rocks are tertiary olivine basalt, agglomerate and volcanic breccia. It is a famous extinct volcano in Nanjing. It is the product of magmatic activity in Himalayan period of Pliocene in Late Tertiary. One rotation, two eruptions, forming two sets of basalt. The crater and neck are filled with pyroxene porphyrite. The lower part of volcanic rock is fine sandstone of Mesozoic Cretaceous Chishan Formation, which is a good sand material for mold. From June 5th to February, 2007, Fangshan was officially assessed as a provincial geological park by the provincial geological park evaluation committee.
Tu Shan: Tu Shan is located in the north of dongshan town, on the east bank of Qinhuai River. The total area is about 30 hectares and the height is 62. 1 m. The mountain consists of sandstone and conglomerate of Jurassic Xiangshan Group. According to the Records of Danyang, Xie An, a Taifu (Prime Minister) in Taiyuan in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, imitated the old tryst in Dongshan, and built a photo studio in Tushan, where bamboo forests flourished. The world is called Xiao Dongshan, also known as Dongshan. According to historical records, Xie Anzeng and Xie Xuan fought a decisive battle in Dongshan and won the "Battle of Feishui". Dongshan was once one of the "Forty Scenes of Jinling" in Qing Dynasty, and it was named "Autumn Moon in Dongshan". 1983 was named Dongshan Park.
Loess hilly land: Loess hilly land is mainly distributed between the north and south mountains, with an area of about 8 1, 6 10 hectares. The terrain is hilly and gentle slope, and the hill surface fluctuates greatly, with a height of10 ~ 40m. The length and width vary from 1 to several kilometers, and it is almost covered by Quaternary yellow clay, commonly known as Huangtugang. The top of the mountain is flat, and terraces are scattered between the top of the mountain. From top to bottom, the field surface gradually increases into a fan shape.
Plain along the Yangtze River: It is banded along the middle and lower reaches of Qinhuai River, banks of Qixiang River and Jiuxiang River and along the Yangtze River. The total area is about 45206 hectares. Qinhuai River Plain is located in the middle of Jiangning, including Hushu, Chunhua, Dongshan, Moling, Lukou, Guli and other streets, covering an area of about 30,700 hectares. Most of the plains are flat and 6-8 meters high. Occasionally, there are lonely low mountains, such as Fangshan and Shangyi Mountain. The plain along the river is mainly distributed in the area along the river in the west of Jiangning. It is located between the natural embankment of the Yangtze River and the hilly land on the east or south side, and it is distributed in a strip shape or exposed in the Yangtze River in an island shape. Flat terrain, mostly below 5 meters above sea level, the lowest point is only 2.2 meters. Soil-forming farming in plain areas along the Yangtze River is relatively late, usually in hundreds or decades, with neat rural planning and criss-crossing rivers. Plain area is the main planting area of crops. The rivers in China mainly include Qinhuai River and Yangtze River. Qinhuai River is the longest river in this area, located in the middle of the territory, running through the north and south, entering the river through Yuhuatai District of Nanjing, with dense tributaries, and irrigating more than half of the farmland in Jiangning District. The western part of the territory is adjacent to the Yangtze River, with a coastline of 22.5 kilometers and a water surface of 3,667 hectares. The main rivers flowing into the Yangtze River are Convenience River, Jiuxiang River, Qixiang River, Jiangning River, Longmu River and Tongjing River. The main lakes in China are Baijia Lake, Liuyang Lake, West Lake, Egret Lake, Nanshan Lake and Ganquan Lake.
The northwest of Jiangning is close to the Yangtze River, and most rivers in the territory flow to the northwest and enter the Yangtze River. The river is divided into three small water systems. First, there are Convenience River, Jiuxiang River, Qixiang River, Banqiao River, Jiangning River, Longmu River and Tongjing River to the north of Qinglong Mountain and Tangshan Mountain and to the west of Niushou Mountain and Tiantai Mountain, which are water systems along the Yangtze River. Second, between Qinglong Mountain, Tangshan Mountain, Niushou Mountain, Tiantai Mountain and Hengshan Mountain, it is the Qinhuai River system, which flows northwest into the Yangtze River through Qinhuai River. Third, south of Tiantai Mountain and Hengshan Mountain, including parts of the former Yang Xiaodan, water flows to the southeast and flows into Shijiu Lake, that is, Shijiu Lake water system.
Yangtze River: The Yangtze River passes through the west of Jiangning and flows through Jiangning, with a total length of 22 kilometers and a water surface of 3,666.67 hectares. The Yangtze River is rich in water resources, which has a great relationship with Jiangning's economic construction and people's life. There are docks along the river, such as Shang He Port, Tongjing Estuary, Xinjizhou and Xianrenji, which can be used for berthing ships. The sluice built by Qinhuai Xinhe near the Yangtze River can drain water, lift water and resist drought, which plays a key role in ensuring the bumper harvest of more than half of the farmland in Jiangning District. Jiangning has built a water lifting project with a daily output of 300,000 tons of tap water along the Yangtze River, which ensures the sufficient supply of industrial and domestic water in Jiangning City.
Qinhuai River: Qinhuai River, whose real name is Longzangpu, was called Huaishui in Han Dynasty. In Li Bai's poem Farewell to the Duke of Jinling, there is a saying that "the six generations are more overlord, and the ruins see the capital". Today, the name of Qinhuai River has appeared in the poem "Li Lexiu Qunying" between Qinhuai. Qinhuai River, the largest river in Jiangning, runs through the north and south with dense tributaries, irrigating 34,700 hectares of farmland in Jiangning District, accounting for more than half of the farmland area in Jiangning District. This river has two sources: Dongyuan Jurong River, which comes from Baohua Mountain, 30 kilometers north of jurong city. After gathering Chishan Lake, it enters Hushu Street in Jiangning District and joins Nanyuan in Northwest Village. Nanyuan Lishui originates from Donglu Mountain, which is 0/0 km southeast of Lishui District, and flows through Tongshan, Lukou, Moling and Longdu in Lishui and Jiangning. After the two sources meet in Northwest Village, they bypass the south and west sides of Fangshan, turn to Dongshan and Heding Bridge in the northwest, and then flow into the Yangtze River through Qinhuai New River. The two main rivers are 1 10 km long, and Jiangning is about 80.5 km long, which is the main river of Qinhuai River. The main tributaries in Jiangning are Tangshui River, Suoshu River, Xiexi River, Yuntaishan River and Niushou Mountain River, with a total length of * *167.8 km ... Qinhuai New River is an artificial flood discharge river with a total length of 18km, a river width of 130 ~ 200m and a flood discharge of 800 m/. Sluices are built in the estuary for flood discharge, drought resistance and shipping.
Qixiang River: The source is Tangshan and Kongshan in Jiangning. In the past, it was named after it flowed through seven towns, including Tang Meng and Bei Meng. The river runs east-west in Tangshan, then turns north, and flows into the Yangtze River through Zhang Qiao and Xi Du in Sheshan Township, Qixia District, Nanjing. Jiangning is about 1 1 km long, which is an important flood discharge irrigation channel in Tangshan street.
Jiuxiang River: Its source is Tangshan Street in Jiangning District, and it flows into the Yangtze River via Shibuqiao in Qixia District, Nanjing in the north. According to legend, this river was dug in the Qin Dynasty and was called Suoshi River in ancient times. The downstream of this river is an important waterway for transporting grain and stones in Ming Dynasty, also called Grain River. Before the founding of New China, the river was mainly used for irrigation and drainage of tens of thousands of acres of farmland in nine towns, so it was renamed Jiuxiang River. The total length is about 10 km, and Jiangning is about 6 km long. In addition to flood discharge and irrigation, the downstream is also the main waterway for transporting stones.
Banqiao River: Its source is Niushou, Jishan and other mountains, and it enters the river near Dashengguan in Yuhuatai District, Nanjing. Total length 15km, about 3km in Jiangning. Originally known as Banqiaopu, 19 10 was renamed. Because the river channel is narrow and silted, it is only used for irrigation on both banks.
Jiangning River: It was called Nanpu in ancient times, also known as Jiangning Pu. Its source is Tianma, Radish Mountain, Niangniang Mountain and Yangjiashan in Jiangning, Anhui, and it joins the Yangtze River near the estuary of Jiangning Street. Jiangning is about15km long, and irrigates about 4666.67 hectares of farmland in Jiangning. From the section below Jiangning market town, you can take a boat in summer.
Longmu River: It was called Mulongpu in ancient times. Ding Jing Jiankangzhi in Song Dynasty said: "Old fragrant wood floats on it, and the natives welcome it to build a pavilion, named Mu Long Ting". After "wood" was misrepresented as "animal husbandry", it got its name today. It originated in Tongjing and entered the Yangtze River through Long Mu Town. The total length is about 4 kilometers.
Tongjing River: Its source is Tongjing Town, which flows westward into the Yangtze River. The total length is 2.8 kilometers.
Reservoirs: There are dozens of reservoirs in Jiangning, and the larger ones are Zhaocun Reservoir, Hongxing Reservoir, Gongtang Reservoir, Guli Reservoir, Baijia Lake, Dong Jiao Reservoir, Shecun Reservoir, Huanglongnian Reservoir, tan shan Reservoir, Tangshan Reservoir and Anji Mountain Reservoir. Most reservoirs play an important role in flood control and drought relief, farmland irrigation, aquaculture and people's domestic water use, and a few reservoirs have also been developed into scenic spots and become tourist attractions. There are 290 species of vertebrates in Jiangning District, which are mainly divided into poultry and livestock, wild animals, birds, reptiles, fish and insects. Precious animals include Chinese sturgeon, Chinese alligator, roe deer, badger, pangolin, turtle, saury, shad and eel. Among them, Chinese sturgeon and Chinese alligator belong to national first-class protected animals. There are 65,438+0,000 species of woody plants and medicinal plants in Jiangning District, among which Cedar, Cypress, Ginkgo, Maple, Jingui, Yin Gui, Zelkova, Changium smyrnioides, Prunella vulgaris, Isatis indigotica, Platycodon grandiflorum, Atractylodes lancea, Stemona Stemona, Bupleurum and Ligustrum lucidum are more precious.