First, the physical environment requirements of large commercial buildings
(1) Requirements for temperature and humidity.
The indoor ambient temperature of large commercial buildings generates a lot of heat due to the operation of equipment and human activities, so the design of air conditioning and ventilation is very necessary. In the ventilation design of large commercial buildings, it is necessary to analyze the indoor and outdoor temperature changes and design them in combination with the temperature changes, so as to maximize the role of air conditioning and ventilation.
The meaning of air humidity refers to the total content of water vapor in the air. When the humidity of the environment is controlled at about 50% ~ 60%, the human body can maintain the stability of its own evaporation process, so air circulation is particularly important at this time. The content of water vapor in the air will not only affect the thermal sensation of human body, but also affect the overall quality of air to some extent.
(2) Air quality requirements
Because the air outside the building will be full of hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, nitric oxide, dust and other pollution gases to a certain extent, air should be filtered in the air conditioning and ventilation design. Indoor air pollution in buildings is mainly carbon dioxide, organic volatile gases and flue gas. In large commercial buildings, dust concentration and carbon dioxide concentration were once the main indicators of indoor pollution gas control. In 1989, the American Air Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Association issued the definition of qualified air quality: there is no concentration in indoor air that reaches the harmful level recognized by the relevant authorities, and more than 80% people in such an air environment do not mean that they are dissatisfied with the air environment. Due to the variety of commercial buildings, the basic requirements for their internal air quality are also different, so the air conditioning and ventilation system is also designed accordingly.
Second, the specific design of air conditioning and ventilation
In order to analyze the air conditioning design of commercial buildings, this paper mainly takes the air conditioning and ventilation design of a large commercial building supermarket as an example. This paper analyzes the design of air conditioning and ventilation from the aspects of the form of air conditioning and ventilation system, automatic control of air conditioning, design of food area and warehouse area, and application of the concept of energy saving and emission reduction. The local air conditioning and ventilation scheme of the supermarket is as follows:
(A) the form of air conditioning and ventilation system
The ventilation and air conditioning design of large supermarkets needs to adopt low-speed one-way air duct all-air ventilation system, and the comprehensive air treatment equipment should choose combined ventilation and air conditioning units. The airflow is organized in the form of upward transportation and downward return. The standard air conditioning unit is equipped with a coarse-effect filter and a coarse-medium-effect filter section is designed to effectively filter the viable particles needed by bacteria, thus improving the overall cleanliness of indoor air. In the office area of the supermarket, the air conditioning system is mainly fan coil units, and the office area is provided with an air conditioning system separately. The duty room, fire center and garbage disposal room need to operate all day. These areas mainly use split air conditioners or multi-connected air conditioners.
In the design of ventilation and smoke exhaust, according to the regional distribution of supermarkets, it is necessary to adopt an air conditioner in the form of integral combination of two fans, and the fresh air and exhaust air should be dynamically balanced. In the specific operation process, the fresh air ratio should be adjusted according to the changes of indoor load or climatic conditions. Air conditioning air conditioning system adopts the form of single fan combination, using indoor mechanical exhaust and unorganized exhaust. The above is the analysis of the main forms of air conditioning and ventilation system in supermarkets. The specific design of food area and wind food area is as follows.
(2) Air conditioning automatic control system
The fresh air pipeline, exhaust pipeline and return air pipeline of all-air air conditioning air system are all equipped with electric air valves and temperature and humidity sensors. Return pipe mainly installs electric two-way valves. The air-conditioning autonomous control system has set up a variety of operation modes, which can effectively control the electric water valve, fan and electric water valve, thus making the overall operation of the air-conditioning system more effective and stable. Generally, the setting of supermarket area mainly adopts fan-coil three-speed wind speed switch, electric two-way valve and temperature controller. The air volume is set by a three-speed switch, and the electric two-way valve is started and stopped by a thermostat.
(3) Ventilation design of food area
In large supermarket buildings, the internal areas can be divided into two categories, one is food area and the other is non-food area, and the air conditioning and ventilation design for these two categories is different. When designing air conditioning and ventilation in food area, we should pay special attention to the following points: First, it is not advisable to set air ducts or vents above the cold storage area. If it is designed, it will be very prone to condensation, which will affect the cold storage effect of food. Secondly, in areas with low specific requirements for temperature, air conditioning is difficult to play a role, so a separate machine can be used for air conditioning and ventilation in this area.
(4) The specific ventilation design of the warehouse area
Generally, the warehouse area needs to be ventilated 2 ~ 4 times per hour to ensure the timely circulation of air in the warehouse area, control its temperature, humidity and air quality, and ensure the drying of articles. Followed by the receiving passage, the main air conditioning ventilation design of the receiving passage is consistent with the warehouse area, and it needs to be ventilated 2 ~ 4 times per hour to ensure the consistency between the warehouse and the receiving passage. The garbage disposal room also needs the design of air conditioning and ventilation. Because the air quality in the garbage area needs to be guaranteed continuously and timely, it needs to be ventilated 4 ~ 6 times per hour. For the area between cartons, in order to save cost and achieve ideal ventilation effect, direct outdoor circulation can be adopted. For split air conditioners in warehouse area or split multi-connected air conditioners with refrigeration process, fire central area, freezing room, water pump room, refrigeration compressor, etc. Ventilation should be done 7 times per hour.
(V) Air conditioning and ventilation design for energy saving and emission reduction of commercial buildings
Air conditioning and ventilation control in building construction is not limited to the influence of different temperature changes on people's physical comfort. Based on the overall control of air conditioning, this paper studies different environments such as humidity and heat, and analyzes the overall debugging and setting of air conditioning in this case. Through investigation and analysis, this method can save energy by 30% without changing the overall comfort of human body, and then meet the energy-saving requirements of the overall design. In addition, due to the nature of the air conditioning and ventilation system of large commercial buildings, it is a meticulous and huge project. According to the design, it is impossible to achieve ventilation effect and keep the air conditioner at the maximum load at the same time in the actual operation process.
For large commercial buildings, ventilation design and management system has always been a major project related to people's livelihood. In the specific design and use process, we should not only be convenient, reasonable and comprehensive, but also save energy and reduce emissions. Relevant management departments need to strengthen leadership and organization, establish a sound inspection mechanism, and actively carry out ventilation and air conditioning design according to this principle. With the development of economy, people's living standards are gradually improved, which puts forward new requirements for building comfort, especially for large commercial buildings.
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