Bridge landscape design in China has always been concerned by the government and the older generation of bridge scientists. As early as 1950s, special classes for architects, artists and bridge engineers were started around the landscape construction of Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge, and the bridge types, towers, viewing platforms on both sides of the bridge, bridge railings, lamps, sculptures and other hard landscape elements were repeatedly compared and designed. Until today, Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge has become a major landscape and city symbol of Wuhan with its unique landscape, intriguing details and complete and beautiful bridge posture. (refer to the Chinese website of architecture)
During the 20 years from the reform and opening up to the beginning of this century, 224,000 permanent highway bridges have been built in China. So many bridges should provide a broad stage for landscape design. However, the functional tradition of bridge construction makes people ignore the landscape or have a strong desire for it. In the late 1990s, Xiamen Haicang Bridge, designed by Xiamen Gaoge Road and Bridge Landscape Design and Research Center, was considered as the forerunner of introducing landscape and environmental beautification design into the bridge. While we are gratified, we also feel a little late. Later, the company successively undertook landscape planning and design work such as Wuhan Junshan Bridge, bridges and interchanges in Hubei section of Beijing-Zhuhai Expressway, Yiling Yangtze River Bridge in Yichang and Hangzhou Bay Bridge in Ningbo. Judging from the overall effect of the completed bridge, the bridge after landscape design does have a better look and feel and fewer regrets. Xiamen Gog Road and Bridge Landscape Design Research Center has made great contributions to the development of bridge landscape design in China.
Architects in China's bridge design department played an important role in bridge landscape construction in 1950s and 1960s. After the reform and opening up, bridge construction activities have increased dramatically. Due to the lack of architects in the bridge design department, the landscape design work has been restricted, and the bridge landscape has failed to keep up with the requirements of society. The symbolic significance of the bridge, the influence of the bridge on the construction of socialist two civilizations and the role of the bridge as an infrastructure supporting the economy make local governments or investors more interested in the construction of the bridge landscape, which is the main reason for the advanced social consciousness.
Generally, engineers and architects participate in bridge design abroad or in Hong Kong and Macao. For example, two years ago, the Highways Department of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region held an international bridge design competition to solicit the design scheme of Stonecutters Island Bridge, and 16 design teams actively participated, including many world-renowned bridge engineers and architects. China's road and bridge design and management departments should improve the mechanism and encourage the combination of professional design departments and landscape design units, so as to attract more architects, landscape architects, environmental artists and sculptors to participate, so that the bridge can reflect the harmony and optimization of landscape and technology, economy and function at the beginning of decision-making, thus improving the inherent "quality" of landscape ontology.
There are still some misunderstandings in bridge landscape design. One is the "packaging" design method of bridge landscape. There is a traditional understanding in society or bridge design field that landscape design is only the packaging after bridge design. It is a misunderstanding that bridge design is divorced from bridge landscape design. Bridge landscape design should be involved in the early stage, and architects should participate in the design work in the stage of bridge site survey, and comprehensively consider the bridge, regulation structure, approach dike and lead type to make it an organic whole. In addition, architects should also compare the bridge site schemes from the aspects of politics, economy, technology and environmental protection, and put forward the bridge type assumption from the perspective of landscape, or the structural specialty should conduct landscape demonstration on the proposed bridge type scheme as the basis for decision-making or deepening the scheme.
The second is the phenomenon of "pseudo-bridge type" in bridge landscape design. There is the blind pursuit of "fashion of the times" by the construction management department, and there is also the unprincipled peak of the bridge designer. For example, the bridge with beam-slab structure, with additional suspension cables or arches, makes the bridge form completely out of harmony with the structure. This design method, which violates the basic principles of bridge design, is another misunderstanding in bridge landscape design.
Modern bridges are no longer purely for the purpose of satisfying functions. The huge span, strong physical expression and extraordinary scale of the bridge have an impact on the urban or earth landscape. Bridge landscape design should not only keep the tradition of function, structural technology, morphological aesthetics and material texture research, but also keep a keen eye on new landscape problems arising from social development in order to adapt to the higher requirements of the vibrant motherland for environmental quality.
2. New trends and new methods of bridge landscape design.
2. 1 The English name of the bridge landscape is Bridgescape, which is defined as the art of designing bridges by American bridge landscape scientist Frederick Gottemoeller. Gottemoeller divided the bridge landscape into six parts: linear design, modeling design, plane layout design, color design, texture design and decoration design. Gottemoeller also expounded the design creation from the aspects of semiotic application, historical and cultural expression and technical aesthetic characteristics in bridge landscape design, trying to unify the bridge function, aesthetics, culture and technology. [Note 1] Gottemoeller's research on bridge landscape design and its contents focuses on the ontology landscape of the bridge. This also represents the traditional understanding of bridge landscape design in China's bridge industry and construction industry. But the bridge is not isolated from the environment, and its landscape is always accompanied by landscape and urban landscape, and sometimes its composite landscape is more obvious. For example, the landscape of Sydney Bridge and Sydney Opera House has become the symbol of Sydney and even Australia. Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge has always been the pride of Wuhan. The accompanying effect of landscape is essentially the harmony and organic of landscape in the environment, including both natural and human environmental factors. Therefore, the bridge environmental landscape should become an important aspect of bridge landscape design and research.
The end of the 20th century is the era when China's environmental consciousness awakens. With the sustained and rapid development of China's national economy, a series of problems, such as land desertification, the Yellow River cut off, water pollution, the Yangtze River flood and the destruction of historical and cultural environment by urban construction, make us realize that human beings should live in harmony with the environment while realizing their self-worth. 1999 The Beijing Charter promulgated by the 20th World Congress of Architects clearly stated that harmony and respect for the environment should be the basic principles of all architectural activities. Emphasizing environmental landscape in bridge landscape design is an echo of this background and an important measure to maintain the sustainable development of landscape. Reflected in the bridge landscape design is the harmonious research between the bridge landscape and the landscape scale of the earth or city, the suitability of the bridge landscape to the landform, the respect and gestation of the bridge landscape to the cultural environment, and the protection of the natural original landscape of the construction site by the bridge construction. These contents cannot be tolerated by traditional bridge landscape science.
2.2 Bridge Night Landscape There is an essential difference between bridge night landscape and bridge traffic lighting. Of course, we can't deny that functional lighting has a certain effect on night landscape. It can be said that bridge night landscape is an organic combination of lighting science and bridge art, an inevitable requirement for urban landscape diversification after social material civilization reaches a certain height, and a comprehensive embodiment of social material civilization and spiritual civilization construction. The night landscape of the bridge expands the landscape expression of the bridge, displays the charm of the bridge around the clock, and is an extension of the space and time of the bridge.
There are two backgrounds for the proposal of bridge night landscape. One is the development of China's power resources from "poor" to "rich" in 1990s, which is its material basis. Secondly, the strategic position of the bridge in the urban pattern makes the bridge night landscape an important part of urban lighting. In the waterfront where the bridge is located, its broad vision is the focus of urban landscape expression, and the night landscape of the bridge plays an important role in expressing the depth of field and spatial level of urban night landscape. This is the social reason why the bridge night landscape is concerned.
Although the design of bridge night landscape has some similarities with the design of architectural night landscape, its huge volume and banded pattern make the night landscape have its own laws. For example, the night landscape of a bridge is often a bright area, and the climax of bridge art such as bridge tower, abutment and pier can form a bright spot. This night landscape pattern combining point, line and surface can better reflect the personality and essential beauty of the bridge. The author has seen many bridges bright and dark, with uniform illumination, which not only erodes the characteristic space and volume of the bridge, but also wastes energy.
The lighting and color of bridge night landscape not only have the characteristics of soft landscape, but also are important hard landscape components of bridge deck. The information conveyed by lighting modeling may also be an important aspect of the concept expression of bridge landscape. For example, lamps with regional style can reflect the pursuit of culture in the bridge landscape. The night landscape design of modern architecture puts forward the concept of integration of architecture and lamps [Note 2], so should the night landscape of bridges. Whether decorative lamps, such as street lamps, or concealed lamps, such as floodlights, should be considered at the beginning of bridge design and integrated with the bridge landscape to avoid lamps becoming a burden on the landscape after the bridge is completed.
2.3 bridge landscape CI CI is the abbreviation of enterprise identification, which means enterprise identification system. This concept was put forward by Baehrens and deutscher werkbund in 1905. It was introduced to China in the late 1980s. The main meaning of CI refers to the unified design of corporate culture and business philosophy, using the overall performance system (especially the visual performance system) to convey the corporate marketing concept to the public, so that it can have consistent recognition with the enterprise and form a good corporate image. CI consists of MI (mental identity-mental identity), BI (behavioral identity) and VI (visual identity). CI in a narrow sense refers to VI, which transforms abstract semantics such as enterprise activity norms into visual symbols such as signs, standardized words and standardized colors through various visual communication media, and shapes the unique visual image of enterprises. In CI, the design of visual recognition system is the most contagious, easily accepted by the public, and has the characteristics of novelty and integrity. Today, competitive intelligence has formed a complete theoretical and practical system, and there are many successful examples. This concept extends to the organization of urban landscape elements, namely "urban CI" [Note 3]. City CI is a set of CI methods and theories grafted into urban planning and design, which is called city image recognition system. The author thinks that bridge landscape elements can also use the landscape organization design method of city CI to form a complete and unified visual image.
Marks and logo patterns: including diversified comparative designs of marks and logo patterns; Size requirements of marks and patterns determined according to the bridge scale; Appropriate logo and logo design (different types such as square fit, circular fit and even oval fit can be considered). The bridge sign can be a bridge tower, abutment, bridge head or other components with landscape facade effect.
Logo color: you can use the city logo color, or you can determine it according to the environment and culture of the city. The selected colors should have quantitative standards, match with the color design of signs and patterns, and be combined with anti-corrosion painting of bridges.
CI design of bridge landscape elements: including flower beds, seats, railings, billboards, telephone booths, bus stops, pedestrian overpasses, trash cans, indicator signs, lamps attached to the bridge, as well as ground pavement, manhole covers, architectural sketches and so on. Its design should be characterized by uniform logo colors and logo patterns. Bridge landscape elements can be designed by evidence method.
The contents of bridge landscape CI are basically covered by bridge science, architecture and urban design, but these contents are scattered in various professional jobs. The innovation of bridge landscape CI is to extract and sort out the scattered factors that affect the image and carry out unified design organization. Therefore, the idea of integrating the components of bridge image put forward by bridge landscape words is of methodological significance for shaping the overall image of the bridge; Although the operation and implementation of bridge landscape CI is a new topic in bridge construction and management, the achievements of bridge landscape CI contain many factors that can be finalized and quantified, which will contribute to the management and implementation of bridge landscape.
3. Conclusion
Bridge landscape design is a higher requirement for bridge environmental quality under the condition of sustained and high-speed economic development in China, and its essence is the spiritual pursuit triggered by the high development of material civilization. Therefore, governments at all levels advocate and admire bridge landscape construction as a spiritual civilization construction activity that embodies urban characteristics, regional culture and the style of the times, which provides a broad space for bridge landscape design and puts forward new requirements for bridge design. The bridge design department should strengthen the talent and technical preparation for landscape. First, it should conform to the trend of the times. Second, it should be in line with international standards, so that our bridge design can go global.
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