(1) Paranoid personality disorder Paranoid personality disorder, also known as paranoid personality, occupies a certain proportion in social life. According to the data of Shanghai adolescent health survey, paranoid personality disorder accounts for 5.8% of all personality disorders, with more males than females. Patients often project their hostility and inner conflicts on others, showing the indifference and alienation of interpersonal relationships. They often want to find hostility and malice behind other people's harmless or even friendly actions and show suspicion. This unwarranted suspicion will inevitably lead to resistance or attack from others, which in turn just confirms my initial suspicion.
Characteristics of paranoid personality disorder: 1. Oversensitive. In the absence of sufficient basis, I expect that I will be hurt and destroyed. Second, suspicious. Doubt the loyalty and honesty of friends or colleagues without confirmation, often misunderstand the unintentional, non-malicious or even friendly behavior of others as hostility or contempt, resulting in a distorted experience, or have insufficient basis to doubt that they will be used or hurt, so they are too vigilant and defensive; Third, strong jealousy. From mild comments and ordinary events, we often see the tendency of humiliation and threats, and often think that we have become the victims of other people's plots. Fourth, cognitive ability is not strong. Never forgive ridicule and humiliation, be overly sensitive to criticism or frustration, and hold it in your heart for a long time. 5. Unwilling to trust others. The reason is unreasonable fear that others will use their trust to fight back against themselves. Sixth, unreasonable inferiority. It is easy to feel despised, and immediately respond with harsh words and fight back. Seven, strong subjectivity, too conceited. If there are setbacks or failures, blame others and always think you are right. Eight, divorced from reality, argumentative, hostile, stubborn pursuit of personal unreasonable "rights" or interests. Nine, ignore or don't believe the objective evidence that is inconsistent with your own cognition, so it is difficult to change the patient's mind with truth or facts. As long as four of the above nine characteristics are met, paranoid personality disorder can be diagnosed clinically.
(2) Schizophrenic personality disorder Schizophrenic personality disorder is a common personality disorder in daily life and some psychological counseling clinics. According to the survey data of adolescent mental health in Shanghai, schizophrenic personality disorder accounts for about 29% of the total number of patients with personality disorder, with more males than females.
The characteristics of schizophrenia personality disorder: first, the relevance of concepts. I'm nervous about linking things that have nothing to do with me for no reason. Second, excessive social anxiety. For example, when strangers are present, they show extreme anxiety. 3. Strange beliefs and ideas, or behaviors inconsistent with cultural background. For example, I am particularly fascinated by strange functions such as clairvoyance, telepathy, "the sixth sense officer" and "others can understand my feelings". I am too obsessed with fantasy, acting strangely and withdrawn, and my purpose of action is not obvious or invalid. Have witchcraft beliefs, etc. 4. Strange, abnormal or special behavior or appearance. Such as strange clothes, disheveled appearance, improper behavior, unconventional, unclear purpose, etc. Fifth, the words are weird. Such as digression, improper words, improper simplification, unclear expression, etc., but it is not caused by cultural level or mental retardation. For example, I always have illusions and hallucinations and often see people who don't exist. Seven, lack of warmth, indifferent expression. It is difficult for others to establish a deep emotional relationship, lack a profound or vivid emotional experience, and even lack the necessary warmth and consideration for their loved ones. Indifferent to praise or criticism, neither pleasant emotional experience nor angry emotional expression. Eight, eccentric behavior, almost always alone. Active communication with people is limited to the necessary contact in life and work, and there are no intimate friends and confidants except ordinary relatives. Nine, after puberty, I am not interested in the opposite sex, I don't want to fall in love, I don't want to get married. As long as it meets five of them, it can be diagnosed as schizophrenia personality disorder.
(3) Anti-social personality disorder, also known as immoral personality disorder, is characterized by lack of moral emotion. Ignore social ethics, codes of conduct and obligations, have no sympathy and are indifferent to the feelings of others. This kind of person is intelligent, but his behavior is thoughtless and he doesn't consider the consequences. He often causes attacks, impulses and atrocities because of minor stimuli. Irresponsible for their actions, never guilty, unable to learn from experience and lessons, unrepentant when committing another crime, and incorrigible after repeated education. He seems to be eloquent, but he gives people an unreasonable and specious feeling. No matter what happens, he always defends himself and blames others This is a personality disorder characterized by behavior that does not conform to social norms.
Characteristics of antisocial personality disorder: There are evidences of conduct disorder before the age of 65,438+0 and 65,438+08, such as truancy, being expelled from school, being suspended from school for more than one time due to misconduct, being detained by public security, lying many times (not to avoid corporal punishment), habitual smoking and drinking, stealing many times, participating in public relations and financial activities many times, provoking or fighting many times, violating family rules or fighting many times. But there is no problem with intelligence, which is generally above average intelligence level. 2. No obvious mental illness. There are no irrational manifestations that are usually considered as symptoms of mental illness, and there are no thinking obstacles such as hallucinations and delusions. No real history of suicide. 3. No sense of responsibility. Often do not assume financial obligations, such as defaulting on debts, not raising children, not supporting parents, are unreliable people, disloyal to friends, disloyal to spouses, have no regrets, have no sense of shame, and do harm to people. 4. It has a strong hiding ability. People who meet for the first time have a good impression, but they don't respect the facts. For example, they often lie, use pseudonyms, cheat others to obtain personal interests or happiness, have anti-social behavior but lack appropriate motives, and are casual when telling the truth, even if they lie, they will be caught. 5. Irritable and aggressive, such as repeatedly fighting or attacking others. 6. Sick egoism. They are extremely selfish, psychologically immature and incapable of love and attachment. 7. Not sensitive. Indifference to the safety of oneself or others, lack of sympathy, indifference to important events. 8. Lack of real insight. When you encounter something, you are irrational and you can't know the essence of the problem. 9, no response to the general interpersonal relationship. They often make imaginative or annoying behaviors; Indifferent to the care and kindness given by others. 10, unable to maintain lasting work or study, job-hopping many times, unable to maintain a long-term relationship between husband and wife. Sexual life is frivolous and casual. Its way and object are not commensurate with me. 1 1. Life is irregular and has no stable purpose. Action without plan or impulse, such as making an unplanned and aimless trip in advance; Antisocial personality disorder usually appears in adolescence. Not later than twenty-five years old.
There is an impulsive or explosive personality disorder in antisocial personality, which is characterized by explosive reaction to things, obvious impulsive, unpredictable and capricious emotional changes in behavior and mood, and inability to adhere to any action without immediate reward (reward). Such people often change careers and drink too much. The other is called passive aggressive personality disorder, which is manifested in passive confrontation with social constraints and requirements, strong resistance to family rules and school rules, deliberate procrastination, slacking off, doing nothing all day, and being used to hiding inner resentment and hatred. For the things assigned to them, they promised to face to face, only to be passive to Nuo Nuo and Nuo Nuo, but they tried their best to delay perfunctory things in their hearts, often deliberately making excuses to make things worse, and they refused to change their minds, knowing that they often ended in failure at the expense of others and could not learn from them.
(4) Avoidant personality disorder Avoidant personality, also known as avoidant personality, is characterized by withdrawal, psychological inferiority, avoidance or inability to cope with challenges. From the perspective of modern psychology, people who yearn for seclusion in the wilderness and don't eat human fireworks may belong to avoidant personality. But in modern society, it is difficult for hermits to find a quiet paradise, so they often close their hearts, do not have close contact with others, and only seek self-security. It is worth noting that it is not morbid to long for a meaningful loneliness and escape from the world for a while. On the contrary, people who really have avoidant personality dare not go deep into their own hearts. Their avoidance is compulsory, blind and irrational. This is also a common psychological symptom of patients with avoidant personality disorder.
Avoidant personality is characterized by 1 and fragility. It is easy to be hurt by others' criticism or disapproval. 2. Lack of friends. There are no good friends or intimate friends (or only one) except close relatives. Don't get involved in other people's affairs. Unless you are sure that you are very popular, you generally don't like to interfere in other people's affairs. 4. Behavior withdrawal. Always try to avoid social activities or jobs that require interpersonal communication. 5. Psychological inferiority. Always silent in social situations, afraid of being laughed at and not answering questions. 6. Sensitive and shy. Afraid of showing embarrassment in front of others. 7. Fear of difficulties. You always exaggerate the potential difficulties, dangers or possible risks when you do something ordinary that is not in your routine. As long as the above four characteristics are met, it can be diagnosed as avoidant personality.
(5) Dependent personality disorder Dependent personality disorder is a common personality disorder in daily life. It mainly appears in children or some adults. Dependent personality has an excessive desire for closeness and belonging, which is compulsive, blind and irrational and has nothing to do with real feelings. A person with dependent personality would rather give up his personal interests and outlook on life, as long as he can find a backer, he can always get the warmth of others. This lifestyle of dependent personality makes him more and more lazy and fragile, lacking autonomy and creativity. Because of compromise everywhere, the patient with dependent personality disorder will feel more and more depressed, which makes him unable to do anything for himself or have any personal hobbies.
Characteristics of dependent personality disorder 1, no opinion. You can't make decisions in daily affairs without a lot of advice and assurances from others. 2. Feel helpless. Let others make the most important decisions for themselves, such as where to live and what career to choose. 3. A feeling of being abandoned. Knowing that others are wrong, I also agree, because I am afraid of being abandoned by others. 4. No independence. It's hard to make a plan by yourself, and it's hard to do your own thing by yourself. 5. Excessive tolerance. Willing to do low-level or unwilling things to please others. 6. Fear of loneliness. When you are alone, you feel uncomfortable and helpless, or try your best to escape loneliness. 7. It's hard to accept separation. When the intimate relationship ended, I felt like I was about to collapse. 8. Vulnerability. Criticism or disapproval can easily hurt you. As long as the above five manifestations are satisfied, it can be diagnosed as dependent personality.
(VI) Narcissistic personality disorder Narcissistic personality disorder is a special personality disorder. The research on its related phenomena is still developing, and the boundary between it and a series of concepts such as self-esteem, self-confidence, other love and unrequited love is still very vague. So there is no consistent standard for the diagnosis of narcissistic personality disorder.
Narcissistic personality disorder 1 characteristics, can not accept criticism. The reaction to criticism is anger, shame or shame (although it may not show up immediately). I like bossing others around and letting others serve me. 3. Too arrogant. Exaggerate one's talents and hope to get special attention. 4. Overconfidence. I firmly believe that my worries are unique in the world and cannot be understood by some special people. 5. daydreaming. Have crazy fantasies about infinite success, power, honor, beauty or ideal love. 6. I am the only one. I think I should enjoy privileges that others don't have. 7, vanity, eager for long-term attention and praise.
(7) Performance personality disorder is also called drama personality disorder or hysteria personality disorder. This is a personality disorder characterized by excessive emotion or exaggerated words and deeds to attract others' attention.
The characteristics are: ① the expression is as exaggerated as acting, and the emotional experience is superficial; ② suggestive and easily influenced by others; ③ Self-centered and pretentious. Forcing others to meet his needs and will, giving others embarrassment or strong dissatisfaction if they are not satisfied, treating others as a means to achieve their own goals, and playing various tricks to make others yield, such as willfulness, importune, lying and cheating, flattery, courtship, etc. Without considering others at all and judging others by their own likes and dislikes, it is difficult to maintain good interpersonal relationships without a fixed pattern of making friends. 4 eager for praise and sympathy, feelings are easy to fluctuate; The reaction is often excessive, and "making a fuss" often gives people the impression of being superficial, false, pretentious or moaning. ⑤ Seek excitement and participate in various social activities too much; 6. I am very concerned about whether I am conspicuous or not, and try my best to express myself by words and deeds to attract others; Exaggerated words, expressions or actions are often used to attract the attention of others (just like trying to attract the audience when acting), even at the expense of physical injury (self-harm or suicide), regardless of personal dignity. ⑦ Mood is changeable, and judge whether it is good or bad completely according to personal feelings; 8 words are exaggerated, mixed with fantasy plots, and emotional instability.
(8) obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
This is a personality disorder characterized by strictness and perfection. The characteristics are as follows: ① Everything should be perfect and step by step. It seems that the world I face is uncertain, and there are too many accidents and accidents. I use my own "law" to fight it. I stick to the rules, follow the rules, do things by the rules, stick to the rules, be rigid and stubborn, and have a rigid special style. Often like to count, prefer symmetry, have a tendency to witchcraft, and associate accidental superficial phenomena with their own interests. 2 unreasonably insist that others should do things in strict accordance with his way, otherwise they will be very unhappy and uneasy about doing things for others; 3 indecisive, often delaying or avoiding making decisions; Self-doubt about ability, pure motivation, etc. When something happens, I feel nervous, as if I am facing a major test. (4) Often feel insecure, repeatedly consider whether the plan is appropriate, and repeatedly check and check for fear of negligence and mistakes; Sacrifice efficiency and economy for safety. ⑤ Sticking to details, even the summary of life should be "programmed". If you don't follow certain rules, you will feel uneasy or have to redo it; ⑥ After finishing a job, people often lack pleasant and satisfactory experience, but tend to regret and feel guilty; ⑦ Pursuing perfection. Self-criticism, nitpicking, but lack of self-confidence. Be strict with yourself, indulge in duties and obligations and moral norms, have no hobbies, be cautious and stingy, and lack friendship.
The above eight types are the characteristics of common typical personality disorder types. In real life, we can see mixed and transitional forms.
Causes of personality disorder: The causes of personality disorder are still unclear. Most scholars believe that, like other psychological disorders, there are many factors, and the factors that form personality disorders are not single, but may be formed by the interaction of biological, psychological and social and cultural factors.
1. Biological genetic factors. Psychologists have made an interesting study on the genetic influence of personality disorder: through the study of genealogy, it is found that the incidence of the disease among relatives of patients with personality disorder is directly proportional to the distance of blood relationship, that is, the closer the blood relationship, the higher the incidence. Most experiments also show that identical twins have higher coincidence rate in personality disorder, negligence and crime than fraternal twins. The study on the coincidence rate between the adopted person's morbid personality and his biological parents also shows that, because the adopted person was separated from his biological parents very early, although he is not influenced by his biological parents, if his biological parents have personality disorder, the adopted children also have a higher morbid personality rate. This shows that genetic factors have played a certain role.
2. Pathophysiological factors. Although there are no anatomical and physiological pathological changes in the nervous system of patients with personality disorder, it is generally believed that they have some imperfections in the innate quality of the nervous system. Psychologist Ken Ho? Hal has made a very valuable study on the situation that people with personality disorders often lack anxiety and guilt. The results show that in the classical conditioned reflex experiment, the degree of skin electrical response activity of patients with personality disorder is lower than that of patients with non-personality disorder. In the same work, it is found that patients with personality disorder make the most mistakes, while patients with non-personality disorder make the least mistakes, which proves that patients with personality disorder do not have the expected anxiety. Hal also measured the static and neurological responses of patients with primary and secondary personality disorders and normal people, including heartbeat, skin electrical response and breathing. The results show that patients with personality disorder have lower autonomic response to static and nerve stimulation than normal people, which further proves that patients with personality disorder often lack anxiety, so they can't learn from experience. This shows that personality disorder exists in certain nervous system function, but generally there is no pathological change of nervous system morphology.
3. Acquired living environment and social factors. This is the external cause of personality abnormality, and it is a very important factor, sometimes even the main factor. Some scholars believe that abnormal emotional reactions and behaviors of patients with personality disorders are acquired in childhood, that is, in the process of growth. In childhood, through simple observation and imitation, we can get many emotional reactions and behaviors, including some socially maladjusted behaviors, which will be consolidated through conditioned reflex mechanism.
The formation of personality disorder is usually caused by the above reasons, but in each specific medical record, the importance or proportion of each reason is slightly different. Common clinical descriptions divide personality disorders into three groups. The first kind of behavior is weird, including paranoid personality disorder and schizoid personality disorder. The second group showed strong and unstable emotions, including plague, narcissism, antisocial and aggressive personality disorder. The third group showed neuroticism and withdrawal, including avoidant and dependent personality disorder.
Diagnostic criteria for personality disorder "China Classification and Diagnostic Criteria for Mental Disorders Second Edition";
First, the symptom standard should meet the following three items: 1. There is a special behavior pattern: there are obviously different attitudes and behaviors in emotion, alertness, impulse control, perception and thinking mode. 2. The special behavior pattern is long-term and persistent, and is not limited to the onset of mental illness. 3. Its special behavior pattern is universal, which leads to its social maladjustment.
Second, the severity standard: meet one of the following two items: 1. Social or professional functions are obviously impaired. 2. Subjectively feel pain.
Third, the course of disease standard: it begins in childhood, adolescence or early adulthood, and is now 18 years old or older.
4. Exclusion criteria: Personality disorder is not caused by the following diseases: 1, serious physical disease; 2. Brain organic diseases; 3. Mental illness: such as schizophrenia and affective psychosis; 4. Severe or catastrophic mental stimulation.
Treatment of personality disorder: There is no good treatment at present, but it should be corrected with a cumulative attitude.
First, drug treatment: Although drugs can't improve personality structure, it is not useless to improve some symptoms as symptomatic treatment. Benzodiazepines can be used for patients with obvious anxiety, and antiepileptic drugs can be used for fulminant personality disorder with EEG changes. Lithium carbonate is effective for those who are impulsive or aggressive. Second, psychotherapy: behavioral therapy based on mental support therapy, or controlling and improving their deviant behavior by participating in activities organized by therapeutic groups (also called therapeutic societies). Psychosurgical treatment: temporal lobe resection or stereotactic surgery can improve the performance of some personality disorders, but the indications should be strictly controlled. Practice has proved that planned and systematic education and exercise and proper labor are beneficial to people with personality disorders, and punishment is rarely effective. Improving quality and environment is the main measure to prevent personality disorder, and it is also a very arduous and long-term work.