1, pronunciation
Pronunciation: refers to the pronunciation of a Chinese character. Rhyme creation should pay attention to the rhyme and tone of words. Pronunciation is based on modern Chinese Pinyin.
Rhyme: refers to the phonetic vowel of a Chinese character.
Tone: refers to the phonetic tone of a Chinese character. Four tones and light tone, ***5 tones, corresponding to five tones. How many times have you read this word and tuned it? Speak softly and set the word to 0. So the tones are divided into 1, 2, 3, 4, 0. If "Lin" and Pinyin is the second sound of "Lin", the word "Lin" is adjusted to 2.
Tone has high and low relativity. For example, tone 3 is higher than 1 and 2; Below 4. Therefore, tone 2 and tone 3 have high and low duality.
Tone direction: refers to the tone direction of a Chinese character. Tone 1, 2 up; Tone 3 is two-way, can go up and down; Tone 4, flat 0.
2. Sentence steps
Sentence step: refers to the basic section of a poem with no more than 3 words. Divided into one step, two steps and three steps. For example, the sentence "Don't go up again". (Lin's Meet Chicheng), the sentence steps are: ink symbol/Zen volume/heat/Gordon, which are two steps, two steps, one step and two steps respectively.
The meaning of sentence step is different from that of section in ordinary grammar. Simple words with more than 3 words, grammatically not allowed to break words, are 1 word; In rhyme, in order to reflect the authenticity of reading, control the length of sentences, realize the beauty of architecture and allow word breaking, we will continue to divide sentences into three words. For example, "Aisingiorro" is four words, more than three words, grammatically it is 1 word, but the sentence steps are divided into two: Ai Xin/Jueluo.
Auxiliary word step: the abbreviation of auxiliary sentence step refers to the sentence step that expresses semantics with symmetry (see below) and forms a sentence in grammatical sense with it. For example, "I also know that your innocence can't make the pool clean, but your innocence can only make you eliminated." (Lin's Lotus Dew) "I also know" is an auxiliary step, "Your naivety can't make the pool clean, but your naivety can only make you eliminated" are two symmetrical poems.
Step sound: refers to the pronunciation of the last word of a sentence.
Rhyme: refers to the rhyme of the last word of a sentence.
Speed of speech: refers to the tone of the last word of a sentence. According to the tone, the pace corresponds to 1, 2, 3, 4, 0, ***5 tones. Like intonation, the speed of speech also has high and low relativity, and the second and third steps have high and low duality.
Tone direction: refers to the tone direction of the words at the end of the sentence. The tone direction of the sentence step is the same as that of the word at the end of the sentence.
Footstep: refers to the sequential connection of the footsteps of a sentence from the beginning to the end (refers to the line segments connected in coordinates. The same below). The step diameter of the word step is a point, which is the same as the tone of the word. What is the tone of the word and the path of the step? Such as "I", the key is 3, and the step is 3. If "successful", the tones are 2 and 1 respectively, then the step is 2- 1 line. For example, in sewage, the step size is 1-3- 1.
Step: refers to the step-by-step direction of a sentence. The step direction of the word step is the same as the step direction. When the tones of two words are the same, the step direction is the tone direction of the words. The step direction of three-character step usually refers to the sound line direction of the last two words. Most three-character meridian steps have two steps, namely, the previous step and the latter step. Such as "sewage": the first two words "sewage", the tone from 1 to 3, the previous step up; The last two words are "underwater", the tone is from 3 to 1, and the last step is downward.
Step size: refers to the number of words contained in a sentence step size. If "on the lotus leaf" is three words, then the step size is three. The step size must not exceed 3.
Sentence step structure: refers to the word formation of a sentence step.
Quasi-symmetrical sentence step: refers to the symmetrical way of two opposite sentence steps, in which the sentence step structure of one sentence step is composed of the sentence step structure of the opposite sentence step and an auxiliary word. Such as "can" and "can't": "no" is an auxiliary word. The sentence structure of "neng" and "ke" is the same. "Can't" and "Can" are the same kind, and the relative sentence step is quasi-symmetric sentence step. "Can't" can be used as a sentence step connection, but can't; It can also be subdivided into two sentence steps, not/can. The quasi-symmetric sentence step auxiliary word can only be one word, otherwise it will become two steps, which will cause great differences in the number of sentence steps and sentence length between the two sentences, affecting the beauty of rhythm and architecture.
3. Poems
Poetic style: refers to a line when a poem is arranged in rows; The part of a poem that is equivalent to a line whether it is arranged in a line or not. A poem is grammatically different from a complete sentence. A poem is sometimes a complete sentence; Sometimes it is part of a sentence.
Sentence length: refers to the number of words contained in a poem.
Sentence path: refers to a verse sentence connected in step-by-step order.
4. Symmetry
Complete symmetry: refers to the combination of relative poems, stanzas or stanzas with the same number of steps, the same sentence length, the same structure, the same step size and the same part of speech, and the rhythm, pace, path and direction conform to the prosodic norms (see below). Some are completely symmetrical couplets, and some are similar to couplets. For example, "there are many kinds of success, and inaction is always the same." (Lin "Chatting with Teacher Ma Shixiao") Two sentences: The sentence step is, success/diversity/alternative, inaction/commonality/vulgarity; The two sentences have the same number of steps, both of which are 3; The sentences are the same length, all 7; "Success" and "omission" in the two sentences are opposite, with the same structure, step size of 2 and the same part of speech. Steps are 2 and 4 respectively, steps are 3-2 and 2-4 respectively, and step to the next one. "Duo" and "Zong" are opposite, with the same structure, the step size is 1, the part of speech is the same, the number of steps is 1 and 3 respectively, and the number of steps is also 1 and 3. "Alternative" and "popular" are opposite, with the same structure, step size of 2, the same part of speech, rhythm and pace of 4 and 2 respectively, step path of 4-4 and 2-2 respectively, and step to the next one; The pace, path and direction of each sentence conform to rhyme and meter, are completely symmetrical, and also conform to the rules of couplets, which are called couplets.
Symmetry norms come from the norms of couplets. The main difference is that the level of words is changed to the tone of words, and the coordination of tone, step and step does not affect the aesthetic feeling of metrical style, but also enhances its adaptability. Some rules of antithetical sentences do not require symmetry. Symmetry, like couplets, also allows self-alignment in relative sentences. For example, "jump into a clear stream and merge into a big river, which will always be bright." (Lin's "Lotus Dew") Two sentences: The sentence step is, leap forward/Qingxi/confluence/river, forever/far/bright/bright; Sentence steps are all 4, and sentence length is all 8. The former sentence "Leap forward/clear current" and "converge to the great river" form a self-pair with the latter sentence "forever/far" and "bright/bright" respectively. The structure, step size, part of speech, rhyme, pace, step diameter and step direction of sentence steps all conform to rhythm and meter, and are completely symmetrical.
Approximate symmetry: refers to the combination of relative poems, stanzas or stanzas with the same number of steps, the same sentence length or similar, the same step size and the same part of speech, and the rhythm, pace, path and direction conform to the prosodic rules. For example, "your innocence can't make the pool innocent, but your innocence can only make you eliminated." (Lin's "Lotus Dew") Two sentences: the sentence step is that you/innocent/can't/make the pool/innocent, you/innocent/can only/make you/disappear, and the third relative step "can't" is opposite to "can only", which is a symmetrical sentence step with different steps, 2 and 3 respectively; The fourth step "make the pool water" and "make you" are opposite, with the same structure, but different steps, 3 and 2 respectively. Therefore, these two sentences can only be approximately symmetrical, although others conform to the complete symmetry specification.
Symmetry of steps: refers to poems, stanzas or combinations of stanzas with the same number of steps and the same or similar sentence length, whose rhythm, pace, path and direction conform to the rules of rhyme and meter. For example, "the night/gave me/black eyes, but I/used him/looked for/looked for light." Two sentences: the first sentence is four steps, and the second sentence is four steps. The sentence length is 10, which is close to 8. The pace, pace, pace and direction conform to rhyme and meter, and the number of steps is symmetrical.
Sentence length symmetry: refers to a poem, a stanza or a combination of stanzas, with the same sentence length and the same or similar pace, and the rhythm, pace, path and direction conform to the rules of rhyme. For example, "If you can/drink a glass of wine/hold your head high/go all out, don't be negative/beautiful/climb up again." (Lin "Meet Chicheng") Two sentences: the sentence length is 7, and the number of steps is 4. Rhythm, pace, step diameter and step direction conform to rhyme meter. These two sentences are symmetrical in sentence length and steps.
The symmetry of step and sentence length can show that a poem conforms to the norms relative to any poem in the poem. For example, "born in darkness, born on sewage, not by me;" I am very lucky to be born on the lotus leaf. " (Lin's "Lotus Dew") The first section: "Being born on sewage is not for me" is symmetrical with "Being born on lotus leaves is my luck"; "Born in darkness" is a single sentence, which meets the standard compared with other poems "Born in Sewage". The symmetry between the number of steps and the length of a sentence does not require whether the structure, step size and part of speech of the sentence steps are the same. Prosodic norms are mainly based on the following rules:
First, the changing law of beauty. The same rhyme is awkward, the same tone is tasteless, the same sentence length is dull, the same sentence diameter is monotonous, and the change produces aesthetic feeling. Second, the law of rhythmic beauty. Rhythm produces rhythm, and rhythm produces beauty. The third is to repeat the law of beauty. Repeat to produce rhythm. Fourth, the law of symmetrical beauty. Symmetry produces repetition and architectural beauty. Fifth, the law of rhyme and beauty. Rhyme produces repetition and rhythm.
According to the above rules and traditional poetry norms, combined with the needs of the refinement of language creation and vernacular creation, the following rules of metrical * * * are used as the norms of rhyme: three characters are different, three steps are different, three sentences are different, sentences rhyme, poems are symmetrical and poems are unlimited. Its specific meaning is as follows:
1, specification of characters: three characters are different.
Three-character difference: three-character rhymes are different and three-character tones are different. Three words have different rhymes, that is to say, the rhymes of three hyphens can't all be the same rhyme or all be the same rhyme. If two adjacent words rhyme or rhyme the same, then the third word connected with them must rhyme differently, and the difference is big enough. The tones of these three words are different, that is to say, the tones of the three connected words cannot all be the same or in the same direction. If two adjacent words have the same tone or direction, the third word connected with them must have a different tone.
2, sentence step specification: three steps are different
Three steps are different: it refers to three steps with different rhymes and three steps with different tones; Try to change the rhythm step by step, the rhythm is high or low, and the pace is different. Three steps have different rhymes, that is to say, the rhymes connected with three steps cannot all be the same or the same rhyme. If two adjacent steps have the same rhyme or the same rhyme, they are connected. The third step must be different in rhyme, and the difference must be big enough. The three steps are different, that is to say, the steps of three consecutive steps cannot all be the same, nor can they all be in the same direction. If the steps of two adjacent steps are the same, the steps must be different, which can be remedied in turn, and the third step connected with it must be adjusted in different directions; If the steps of two adjacent steps are in the same direction (referring to different directions), the steps can be opposite and harmonious, but the third step connected with it must be adjusted in different directions. Three steps are different, and naturally step by step is different.
3, poetic norms: three different sentences
Three sentences are different: it refers to three different paths, that is, the paths connected by three sentences in a poem cannot be exactly the same. If the sentence paths of two adjacent sentences are exactly the same, the third sentence connected to it is the same as the first two sentences for at most two consecutive steps, and the third step must be changed with the greatest difference.
4. Rhyming standard: the sentence rhymes
Sentence rhyme: The rhyme standard of fingering is basically the same as that of traditional poetry, which is mainly divided into inter-sentence rhyme, first sentence rhyme, intra-sentence rhyme, transliteration and total bet. However, rhyming words and rhymes are based on modern Chinese Pinyin.
5, structural norms: poetry symmetry
Symmetry of verse: In addition to auxiliary steps, rhyming verse and the combination of stanzas must conform to one of complete symmetry, approximate symmetry, step number symmetry and sentence length symmetry.
6, length specification: the length of the poem is not limited.
There is no limit to the length of a poem: the length of rhyme is determined by its internal needs, and there is no limit to the length. Because the sentences in rhyme conform to the symmetry specification, rhyme is at least composed of two sentences, and two sentences are the simplest rhyme.
Three-character difference, three-step difference and three-sentence difference are all metrical norms in rhyme sentences, so metrical norms can be summarized as follows: metrical rules in sentences, rhyming sentences, symmetrical poems and poems with unlimited length. Gu Cheng's two poems "Generation" were written by Gu Cheng unconsciously using the standard of rhyme.