Chrysanthemum plays an important role in the world cut flower production. Cut flowers should have neat patterns, flower diameter of 7- 12 cm, bright colors, no pests and diseases, dark green leaves, straight stems, height above 80cm and long water retention period. Cut chrysanthemum can be planted underground, with the plant spacing of 12- 13 cm and the row spacing of about 15cm. There are 50 plants per square meter, which need to be supported by nets to keep the plants upright.
Chrysanthemum can promote and inhibit cultivation. In the season with long sunshine time, from 17 to 9: 00 the next morning, the daily sunshine time is 10 hour. When the bud becomes colored, it will stop shading and bloom early. In the season of short sunshine, the daily dosage is less than 14 hour, which can control the flower bud differentiation and delay the flower supply time. [Edit this paragraph] Morphological characteristics Dendranthemamorifolium, a cultivated species of chrysanthemum in Compositae, is a valuable ornamental flower cultivated by long-term artificial selection, also known as artistic chrysanthemum, also known as abalone chrysanthemum. There are more than 1000 varieties. Perennial herbs. Plant height is 20-20-200cm, generally 30-90 ㎝. The stems are light green or brown, mostly erect branches except cliff chrysanthemum, and the base is semi-lignified. Simple leaves alternate, oval to oblong, with serrated edges. The head is terminal or axillary, and one or several flowers are clustered. The ligulate flower is female, and the tubular flower is bisexual. Tongue-shaped flowers are divided into four categories: flat, spoon-shaped, tubular and irregular, with rich colors, including red, yellow, white, ink, purple, green, orange, pink, brown, snow blue and light green. Tubular flowers have developed into "laurel petals" with various colors, such as red, yellow, white, purple, green, pink, multicolor and intermediate colors.
Inflorescences vary in size and shape, with single and double petals; There are flat and spherical; There are long flocs, short flocs, flat flocs and rolled flocs; There are hollow and solid ones; There are straight, drooping, diverse styles and complex varieties. According to the flowering period, there are early chrysanthemum (blooming in September), autumn chrysanthemum (1 October to1month), late chrysanthemum (1February to the next year1month), August chrysanthemum, July chrysanthemum and May chrysanthemum. But after the gardener's hard cultivation and changing sunshine conditions, there are also May chrysanthemums that bloom in May and July chrysanthemums that bloom in July. According to the flower diameter, those with flower diameter 10 cm or more are called chrysanthemums, those with flower diameter 10-6 cm or less are called zhongju, and those with flower diameter less than 6 cm are called Xiao Ju. According to the type of valve, it can be divided into three types: flat valve, pipe valve and spoon valve. Species taxonomic name: Chrysanthemum morifolium
English name: Flos Chrysanthum (chrysanthus) or chrysanthus.
Alias: Chrysanthemum, Autumn Chrysanthemum, September Chrysanthemum, Nissin, Jiuhua, Huanghua, Ding Chrysanthemum, Xiaojin, Chrysanthemum, Chrysanthemum and Chamomile. Because it blooms in late autumn and has a strong fragrance, it is called "Late Brilliant" and "Leng Xiang".
Classification: Compositae, Chrysanthemum.
Sometimes it is also the general name of all flower varieties in Compositae.
Compositae is the largest family of seed plants, with 25,000 ~ 30,000 species, and there are many kinds of flowers, second only to orchids.
There are more than 30 kinds of chrysanthemums, and 17 kinds are native to China, mainly including: wild chrysanthemum, chrysanthemum, chamomile, chrysanthemum, chrysanthemum and so on. [Edit this paragraph] There are more than 30 species of chrysanthemums, and 17 species are native to China, mainly including wild chrysanthemums, chrysanthemums, chrysanthemums and so on. It is a perennial herb. I like cold, cold, growth temperature 18-2 1℃, underground roots are drought-tolerant, and waterlogging is the most taboo. I like loam with high terrain, deep soil layer, rich humus, loose and fertile soil and good drainage. It can grow in slightly acidic to slightly alkaline soil. And Ph6.2-6.7 is the best. As a short-day plant, it grows nutritionally under the long sunshine of 14.5 hours every day. Darkness above 12 hours per day and night temperature of 10℃ are suitable for flower bud development. [Edit this paragraph] Propagation and cultivation propagation
Chrysanthemum is propagated by cutting, rameting, grafting and tissue culture.
(1) Cutting can be divided into shoot cutting, twig cutting and leaf bud cutting. Cutting buds, cutting plant foot buds in autumn and winter for cutting. The criterion for selecting buds is to stay away from plants and have full buds. Remove the lower leaves, plant them in flowerpots or bed inserts in greenhouses or greenhouses according to the plant spacing of 3-4 cm and the row spacing of 4-5 cm, keep the room temperature at 7-8℃, and plant them outdoors after spring warming. Softwood cutting, which is the most widely used method, is usually carried out in April-May, with cuttings of 8- 10 cm as cuttings, which take root at the temperature of 18-2 1℃ for about 3 weeks, and then colonize for about 4 weeks. Insert the bed in the open field, the medium element is sand, and the bed should be shaded. All-optical spray bed is inserted without shadow. Leaf bud cutting, cutting a leaf with axillary buds from branches, is only used to propagate rare varieties.
(2) Before and after Tomb-Sweeping Day, the plants were dug up, separated by roots according to their natural forms, and planted in other pots.
(3) Grafting In order to make chrysanthemum grow strong, it can be used to make "Dianthus" or big chrysanthemum, and Artemisia annua or Artemisia annua can be used as rootstock for grafting. Artemisia seeds are sown in a greenhouse in late autumn, or raised in a hotbed in March. When the seedlings are 3-4 cm high in late April, they are moved to pots or planted in fields, and grafted in sunny days in May-June.
(4) Tissue culture Using tissue culture technology to propagate chrysanthemum has the advantages of fast propagation, many seedlings, no virus, and maintaining variety characteristics. The basic culture medium is MS, with appropriate amount of plant hormones, pH5.8. Shoot tips, tender stems or flower buds of chrysanthemum are used as explants, which are cut into small pieces of 0.5 cm for inoculation. The temperature of the culture room is 25℃+65438 0℃. 8 hours a day, the light intensity is 3000-4000 lux. After 1-2 months of culture, seedlings can be induced.
cultivate
(1) The cultivation and management of potted chrysanthemum can be roughly summarized into three ways.
One-step rooting culture method
This method is often used in the Yangtze River, Pearl River Basin and Southwest China. That is, cutting in May. Pot plants in June, stop pinching in early August, strengthen fertilizer and water management to promote their growth in September,10-1flowering. There are five ways to pot chrysanthemum in different places: putting it in pots after cutting has the advantages of less root damage, positive color and long flowering period, but it is more labor-consuming; Plant the pot in a crock, cultivate the cuttings in a crock surrounded by three tiles, and dig out the pot when the flower buds are colored. This method is more labor-saving than the former, but it is easy to damage the roots when digging seedlings, and the quality of flowering period and flowers is not as good as the former; In-situ planting and pot-covering method, the cutting seedlings are planted on high ridges, placed in large-hole pots at the beginning of July, so that the seedlings extend out of the pot holes, soil is added in stages, and underground roots are cut off when developing colors; Pot grafting method: sow Artemisia annua seedlings in March, graft chrysanthemum on Artemisia annua seedlings in May, and then manage according to pot cutting method. In this way, the plants are strong, the flowers are big and the flowers bloom early, but it takes a lot of labor. Through ground planting and pot grafting, the cultivated Artemisia annua seedlings were planted in the border in March, grafted in May, and moved into the pot when the buds were colored. Its advantages are convenient management, strong plantability and large flowers. The disadvantage is that the root injury is heavier.
Two-stage root culture method
This method is widely used in Northeast China, and also applied in Jiangxi and Hunan. From May to June, after transplanting the stems, the seedlings are put into a pot after survival, and soil is added to the depth of the pot 1/3- 1/2. Stop pinching from late July to early August. After the lateral branches grow along the edge of the basin, adjust the height of the plant by the method of disk branches, fix the branches to make them evenly distributed and cover the upper part, and soon the roots will grow on the branches pressed by disk. When the branches grow to a certain height, they can be adjusted again and then fertile soil can be added. By this method, the chrysanthemum has neat and beautiful appearance, short plants, plump leaves, stout branches, large flowers and long flowering period. Because it takes root on the branches, it is called secondary root cultivation.
Three-stage root system culture method
Common cultivation methods in north China. It takes 1 1 year from winter stalk insertion to flowering in the next year. Beijing Yiju experts summarized the following four stages, namely, overwintering, primary election in late autumn and winter, cutting seedling and strong foot bud; Spring sowing: in mid-April, divide the seedlings into pots without adding fertilizer, put the common rotten leaves on the pots, fix the plates in summer, and promote the growth of foot buds by removing cores. When the foot buds unearthed in mid-July reach about 10cm, the seedlings with sound development and full buds are selected to be planted in pots and raised in autumn. In mid-July, the selected strong seedlings were moved into a pot with a diameter of 20-24 cm, and 0. Pour the chrysanthemum seedlings out of the small pot with a mound, plant them with the new buds as the center, cut off the redundant tillers, add soil to the depth of the original seedlings, and compact them. After changing pots, new plants and mother plants grow at the same time. After the new plants thrive, the old plants are cut down along with the soil. After cutting off the female parent, loosen it, fill it with common culture and add 20%-30% decomposed compost. By this time, the pot was already 80% full of fertile soil. 1 week later, the new roots of the third section came out, and the new and old sections formed strong roots. During the whole cultivation process, change pots 1 time, fill soil twice, and plant take root three times.
(2) Cultivation and management of modeling chrysanthemums, that is, performing artistic processing on chrysanthemums to form specific patterns.
Cliff chrysanthemum
Generally, Xiao Ju varieties are selected. One end of a bent bamboo piece is inserted into a pot, and the other end is fixed on a frame, so that plants can grow along the bamboo piece and form a 45-degree angle with the ground, and are bound once every 2-3 knots. The main branches are allowed to grow, and the side branches are repeatedly cored until the end of September. After sprouting, peel the buds several times and move them to a big pot for maintenance. Cliff chrysanthemum generally has a main branch about 1.5 meters long, which is placed beside the stone and on the rockery. The branches are drooping and there are many flowers, which are quite distinctive. For example, cutting must be carried out in July-August in advance, and the daily light consumption in August-March of the following year should be increased to more than 14 hour to inhibit the emergence of flower buds in that year. Because cliff chrysanthemum plants need more water and fertilizer to grow, they should be fully supplied.
1-2 years carefully cultivated large flower varieties with strong branches and soft branches, each plant can open dozens to thousands of flowers, suitable for exhibitions and halls. Power is cultivated by cutting. Extra-large chrysanthemums are generally grafted with mugwort and cultivated in long sunshine for 2 years. The key points of cuttage cultivation are as follows: In September, healthy foot buds with a length of 5- 10 cm are dug and inserted in shallow pots, and then moved into pots with a diameter of 12 cm to overwinter indoors. Moved into the big basin the following year 1 month. When the seedling has 7-9 leaves, leave 6-7 leaves for coring. Leave 3-4 lateral branches on the upper part, then leave 4-5 leaves on each lateral branch, and repeat coring. Planting plants after warm spring, coring every 20 days 1 time, and stopping at the beginning of August. Plant insert 1 thin bamboo, the trunk is fixed, and 4-5 bamboo poles are inserted around to tie the side branches. Moved into the big basin in early September. After beginning of autumn, we strengthened the management of water and fertilizer, and often peeled and peeled. When the diameter of the bud reaches 1- 1.5cm, make a flat-topped or hemispherical bamboo ring with bamboo pieces and tie it firmly to each post, and then tie it evenly to the pen ring with thin lead wire to continue maintenance. Chrysanthemums cultivated in this way can produce hundreds of flowers per plant.
Taju (Shi Xiangjin)
Chrysanthemums with different patterns and colors were grafted on Artemisia annua with a height of 3-5 meters. The main branches of the rootstock were not cut and allowed to grow, and the lateral branches were grafted layer by layer, which was dry and revolutionary. All kinds of flowers bloom at the same time, colorful and spectacular. When selecting scion varieties, attention should be paid to the coordination of flower pattern, color, flower size and the similarity of flowering period, so that the whole plant can be harmonious.
Table chrysanthemum
Plants are short and have large flowers, which can be decorated with halls and several cases. It has the advantages of small floor space, short growth period and long viewing time. There are three main points in chrysanthemum cultivation: variety selection, timely seedling raising and hormone treatment. Short varieties with big flowers, plump patterns and thick leaves should be selected for Taiju, such as Lv Yun, Green Peony, Qi Shuai and Dancer under the Lamp. The suitable time for cutting seedling is August-September. When the root system is strong, move it into a pot with a diameter of 10 cm, apply sufficient fertilizer after 1 week, then gradually increase the fertilizer concentration, and stop applying fertilizer when the flower buds are transparent. Don't pour too much water every time. After the cuttings survive, they are treated with 2% chlormequat B9(N-2 methylaminobutyric acid) water solution, and treated every 10 day until the color appears, which can achieve dwarfing for 4-5 times.
(3) Cultivation and management of cut chrysanthemum
Cut chrysanthemum ranks first among the "four cut flowers" in the world, accounting for about 30% of the total.
The annual supply of chrysanthemum cut flowers and the output of fresh cut flowers must reach a balance every year. There are spring chrysanthemum, Xia Ju, autumn chrysanthemum and winter chrysanthemum (cold chrysanthemum) cultivated conventionally, and there are many varieties. In the month when chrysanthemums don't bloom, the supply problem is solved by artificially delaying the flowering period. The flower bud differentiation and flowering of chrysanthemum are related to the number of leaves, plant height, sunshine and temperature. Flower bud differentiation needs to grow to about 10 leaves, the plant height is more than 25 cm, and it takes 45-60 days to bloom. Generally, the flower buds of autumn chrysanthemum and winter chrysanthemum differentiate rapidly in short days (10-15 days), but not in long days. However, the flower buds of Xia Ju varieties can be differentiated under the condition of long-term old photos.
Under conventional cultivation conditions, Xia Ju's latest flowering varieties in Guangzhou are June Yellow, June White, Guifeihong and so on. However, due to the high temperature in summer and strong daily use, these varieties should also be placed in the shade when they bloom. The earliest flowers of autumn chrysanthemum are Zaohuang, Zaobai, Baixiezhao and Huangnijin, which usually bloom in late June of 1 1 or early October of1. July, August, September, June, 5438+ 10, artificial lighting or shading, temperature and humidity adjustment, etc. It can make the autumn chrysanthemum blossom ahead of time and delay the flowering in Xia Ju, so that the production of cut flowers can be balanced in batches throughout the year. For artificial lighting, generally, 65438 000-watt or 60-watt bulbs are hung at 65438 0 meters above plants, and the lighting area of each lamp is 4 square meters. There are three methods of lighting and shading: one is intermittent or short-term lighting, that is, adding 0.5- 1 hour in the dark, and the other is dark treatment for several hours during the day (shading during the day); Third, add light in advance in the morning and evening to increase the sunshine hours, or shade to extend the dark time. Beihai chrysanthemum exhibition
The most important thing is to choose fertile sandy loam with good drainage. There are about 6,000 cut flowers per mu in the auxiliary field, that is, 8-9 plants per square meter. Leave 5 branches per plant, pick the heart 20 days after planting, peel off the lateral buds frequently, and peel off the buds in time at the budding stage. About 30,000 cut flowers can be harvested per mu. Common diseases include brown spot, black spot, powdery mildew and root rot. The pathogens of the above diseases are fungi, which are caused by high soil humidity and poor drainage and ventilation. Therefore, it is advisable to choose a place with good ecological conditions for cultivation, pay attention to drainage, remove diseased plants and leaves, and burn residual roots. Potted soil should be disinfected with 1: 8 formalin solution, and bordeaux solution, 80% wettable zineb solution or 50% wettable thiophanate solution should be sprayed during the growth period. Pests include aphids, red spiders, inchworms, crested tigers, grubs, liriomyza sativae larvae and so on. , you can kill manually.