The "318" tragedy described in this paper is another massacre of China people by imperialists and feudal warlords after the "5 30" tragedy, and its direct trigger is the 312 Dagukou incident. On March 1926 and 12, in order to help Feng Yuxiang's revolutionary national army be destroyed by Feng Yuxiang, the Japanese navy sailed into Dagukou and shelled the national army. The national army fired back and the Japanese ship was forced to retreat to Tanggu. After the Dagukou Incident, in March of 16, Japanese imperialism reconciled Britain, the United States, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain and other countries, and put forward various unreasonable demands to the Duan government on the pretext that the national army violated the "Xin Chou Treaty", and concentrated the troops of various countries near Tianjin to prepare for armed attack. Japanese and other imperialist countries openly violated China's sovereignty, which aroused the strong indignation of the people all over the country. On March 17, representatives of some schools and organizations went to the State Council to petition, but government guards stabbed several representatives with bayonets, which made the masses even more angry. On March 8, 2008, the people of Beijing gathered in front of Tiananmen Square to protest, and then petitioned in front of the administrative organs. Duan ordered the guards to shoot at the petitioners and chased them with broadswords and iron bars, killing and injuring more than 200 people and creating the "March 18th" patriotic massacre. Liu Hezhen and others are victims.
In the afternoon of March 18. Mr. Lu Xun is writing Rose II without Flowers in Xisantiao Apartment. He was so angry at the bad news that he deliberately marked the time at the end of the article and called March 18 "the darkest day since the Republic of China." On March 25th, teachers and students of Women's Normal University and people from all walks of life in Beijing solemnly mourned the martyrs of Liu Hezhen, Yang Dequn and Lu Xun. Mourning the martyrs who died, indignation at reactionary crimes and longing for future battles are intertwined in Lu Xun's heart. /kloc-in April, 2000, he was full of blood and tears, and wrote a touching and immortal work in memory of Liu Hezhen.
This article first appeared in the 4th issue of Yusi Weekly (April 1926), and was later compiled into the miscellaneous collection "The Continuation of Huagai Collection" by the author.
Edit this profile of Liu Hezhen.
Liu Hezhen (1904- 1926) is a female from Nanchang, Jiangxi.
Liu Hezhen was born in a poor family, and has developed a hard-working, studious and enterprising character since childhood. 19 18 Autumn, she was admitted to Nanchang Women's Normal School with excellent results. On the eve of the May 4th Movement, influenced by revolutionary ideas, she often read progressive books such as New Youth, and realized that new women were shouldering the heavy responsibility of transforming the old China and the old system, and actively engaged in anti-imperialist and anti-feudal practices. After the May Fourth Movement broke out, she ignored the obstruction of the school, organized classmates to give speeches in the streets and boycotted Japanese goods, and began her revolutionary career.
At that time, Nanchang female teachers had strict school rules. Together with her progressive classmates, she contacted Nanchang Students' Federation and set up a self-governing fund for female teachers and students. The school was forced to cancel the unreasonable school rules, and Liu Hezhen, one of the leaders, was punished for "recording a big mistake". 192 1 year, Liu Hezhen continued to lead his classmates to openly declare war on feudal forces and launched the Jiangxi Women's Hairdressing Movement. Female teachers soon set off the climax of hair cutting, and more than 100 people had their hair cut in three or two days. The school authorities thought that she was "the first person to advocate haircut, which was immoral" and ordered her to drop out of school. In the winter of the same year, Liu Hezhen and others initiated and organized a progressive group "Jueshe" in Nanchang, and edited Time Culture Monthly and Women Teachers Weekly.
1In the autumn of 923, Liu Hezhen came to Beijing from Jiangxi, was admitted to the National Beijing Women's Teachers College, and was promoted to the English Department of Women's Normal University. During her studies, she often went to Peking University to attend Professor Li Dazhao's sociology, feminist history and other courses, which were widely circulated after returning to school. She is also a loyal reader of Lu Xun's works. Because of her progressive thinking, excellent grades, and being good at uniting her classmates, she was deeply respected and trusted by her classmates and was elected as the president of the Student Autonomy Association of Women's Normal University.
Yang Yinyu, president of Women's Normal University, tried his best to maintain feudal ethics, causing dissatisfaction among progressive teachers and students. 1June, 924,165438+1October, the movement of expelling Yang broke out, which was a famous trend in women's normal universities in the history of women's movement in China. Liu Hezhen, president of the Student Autonomy Association of Women's Normal University, is the main organizer and participant of this trend. Entrusted by her classmates, she drafted the Declaration of Dismissal of Yang, and wrote an article to expose the shameless denial of reactionary scholars, which was well-founded, powerful and restrained. Directed by Zhang, the director of education, Liu Baizhao led the military police to break into the school, hired 100 female thugs to beat the students, and forced them to leave the school without electricity, water and cooking. On August 10, the Ministry of Education issued an order to close the Women's Normal University.
After the closure of Women's Normal University, with the support of famous professors such as Lu Xun, classes continued in Zongmao Hutong, Xicheng. More than 20 people, including Zhang and others, jointly sued the local procuratorate. The northern revolutionary movement is getting more and more nervous. Duan and other government officials fled Beijing in succession, while Zhang and Zhang also fled to Tianjin. After a hard struggle, the Women's Normal University returned to the former site of Ma Xu Street, and the students marched back to school from Zongmao Hutong. February 1 1 officially started classes. Under the auspices of Liu Hezhen, more than 300 people held a meeting to celebrate the victory of the struggle.
On March 1926 and 12, Japanese warships sailed for Dagukou to provoke, and then assembled the great powers to issue an ultimatum to the China government and make unreasonable threats. People from all walks of life in Beijing are extremely indignant about this. Liu Hezhen said: "If you resist the power from the outside, you must have a gun to get rid of the traitor from the inside." : "If the warlords fail, education will be bad. I will be a teacher after the warlord is defeated. "
/kloc-at 8 o'clock in the morning of March, 0/8, Professor Lin Yutang received a phone call from Liu Hezhen, requesting permission to suspend classes for one day in the name of the student self-government association. On this day, Liu Hezhen was ill and vomited from time to time. She mobilized and organized her work regardless of her illness. She distributed the pennants to the students, delivered a short and passionate speech, then held high the school flag and led the team to set off. Students from Women's Normal University came to Tiananmen Square, but the National Assembly has not yet been held. The bloody clothes of the delegates who petitioned the day before hung on the rostrum. After the meeting, more than 2000 people began to demonstrate at noon 12, with Liu Hezhen as the commander of the women's division brigade.
The guards in front of the government in Tieshi Hutong were armed with guns, and several soldiers were pointing to those holding the school flag. Aim the evil gun at Liu Hezhen. The gun went off and a premeditated massacre began. Suddenly, Liu Hezhen was shot several times and lay in a pool of blood. Zhang and Yang Dequn hurried to help. She said, "You should leave quickly. I can't do it. Leave me alone. " Still so gentle about my classmates. A row of bullets shot out, and Zhang and Yang Dequn fell beside her. Fierce soldiers rushed over and struck Liu Hezhen with wooden sticks. ...
The martyr Liu Hezhen died at the age of 22.
After attending Liu Hezhen's memorial service, Mr. Lu Xun wrote a letter in memory of Liu Hezhen. Recall this "always smiling and affable" student; Mourn for "China youth who died for China"; Praise "the bravery of women in China". Liu Hezhen martyr is a good daughter of the Chinese nation and the pride of Beijing Normal University!
1? Ideological content
The central content of this article is mainly to comment on the "March 18th" tragedy.
Reading this text, it is not difficult to grasp the full text as long as we analyze several aspects described and summarize Lu Xun's thoughts and feelings expressed in each aspect. The author makes a thorough analysis of the reactionary forces, patriotic youths and so-called "mediocre people" in the middle. The reactionary forces include Duan government (or "authorities") and several so-called scholars and literati (or "malicious idlers" and "gossipers"), and of course, Eight-Nation Alliance, those who punished students and murderers at home and abroad, but the focus of this paper is mainly Duan government and gossipers. For patriotic youth, Lu Xun highlighted and mentioned "more than forty young people were killed" by Yang Dequn and Zhang He, and then expanded some of them to include hundreds of casualties, and then expanded some of them to petitioners. Lu Xun also called them "innocent idlers" in the middle.
The author's position, viewpoint and attitude are very clear. He angrily accused Duan government of killing patriotic youth, denounced shameless rumors of slaves and literati, mourned and paid tribute to other young people who were killed. On the one hand, he warned patriotic youth to pay attention to the way of struggle, on the other hand, he praised the courage of "China youth who died for China" and inspired people to "March forward more bravely".
What is the direction and goal of "going forward bravely"? The author doesn't say it directly in this article, which can be understood from the author's criticism and accusation of the dark society. "I just feel that the world I live in is not human", and the world is "inhuman". The author said sadly, "When will this world end?" He is saddened by the "decline" of our nation, the silence of the declining nation, the desire for "outbreak", the call for "outbreak", the use of "bloody war" to destroy the dark forces and open up a new world.
2? general idea
The full text consists of seven parts, which have been marked by the author. These seven parts are an organic whole. The first and second parts explain the reasons for writing something for Liu Hezhen, the third and fourth parts are the main body of Memorial, and the sixth and seventh parts discuss the significance of this petition movement to the future. This is the structural framework of the article. Through this structural framework, we can see the internal thinking of the article: the starting point of the article is the origin of writing this article, that is, why to write this article, and then describe Liu Hezhen's life story and death; On the basis of narration, we go further, sum up the lessons of the "March 18th" tragedy, and point out the significance of this tragedy to the future. The following is a detailed introduction.
(1) About the source of the article (the first and second parts of the text). There are two steps: the first step is to say "the necessity of writing something" to commemorate the victims; Besides, in order to make mediocre people not forget, people should remember this blood debt.
By combing these two parts, we can understand the author's writing intention and see the profundity of the author's thoughts. Why did the Chinese nation become a "declining nation" at that time, and why can this inhuman world continue? Lu Xun knew that the reason was that there were too many mediocre people in China, and their conscience was still alive. Tragedy also made them feel sad, but as time went on, in just two weeks, everything became irrelevant. To save China, we must first change the numb souls of ordinary people. Lu Xun decided that his mission was to save the souls of the weak and awaken the people.
Starting from the origin of writing is a common idea. Why do you say so much about the origin of characters, which is why the ideas in the first and second parts always revolve around this point? It can be seen that the author used the topic of the origin of writing to summarize the development in all aspects within two weeks after the tragedy. In terms of patriotic forces, the school held a memorial service, and Cheng Jun deeply missed Liu Hezhen. It can be seen that the righteous forces did not succumb to the arrogance of the Duan government, and they still mourned the victims who were falsely accused of being "thugs"; In terms of reactionary forces, it mentioned "the insidious arguments of several so-called scholars and literati"; For the citizens in the middle state, they outlined their indifference, leaving only "reddish blood and indifferent sadness" in their hearts. The phrase "maintaining this inhuman world" is a summary of the political situation at that time. What's more, Lu Xun also frankly told the readers about his emotional experience in the past two weeks, great sorrow, great sorrow, great anger and great anger, which created a rich lyrical atmosphere for the full text.
(2) About the deeds of martyrs (the third, fourth and fifth parts of the text). First, in chronological order, from peacetime to murder. Killing is divided into two steps, from the general situation of the crime to the details of killing.
Further discussion on the relationship between the third, fourth and fifth parts will help us to further understand.
The third part is about Liu Hezhen, her sense of justice, responsibility and rebellious spirit. It's natural for such a young man with blood to "happily" petition. The so-called "being used by others" is not worth refuting, which makes people feel contemptible and hateful about the bad habits of gossip. When the author wrote about Liu Hezhen, she repeatedly mentioned that she was "always smiling and gentle". The implication is that there are such "thugs" in the world? The fifth part describes the process of murder in detail, and the irrefutable evidence proves that Duan is the real sadist.
(3) The meaning of the petition (the sixth and seventh parts of the text). When it comes to the significance of petition, most people just affirm and praise it, but the profound point of Lu Xun's thought lies in not blindly affirming it, but summing up lessons and reminding young people to improve their methods of struggle.
We can realize that Lu Xun is indeed a mentor and friend in the face of mass struggle. He has neither simple affirmation nor praise, nor too much negation, and takes tragedy as meaningless sacrifice to pour cold water on it. Starting from the law of "the history of human bloody battles" and the reality that old China had no legitimate right to struggle, he calmly summed up the lessons of blood and warned the combatants to change the way of struggle. The thinking changes from the negative side to the positive side, so that the end of the article will not fall into depression, which can inspire people to go forward bravely and gather in the high cry.
Lu Xun discussed the significance of this incident to the future and summarized it as "the bravery of women in China". This is also related to the ideas in the third and fifth parts. With the liberation of women, Lu Xun's understanding of women in China has been proved by facts.