Women in Shanghai can be roughly divided into two types: local women and foreign women who are integrated into Shanghai. Relatively speaking, women who enter Shanghai from other places are atmospheric, open-minded and of high quality. Especially now, a large number of international female talents flow into Shanghai, and local women in Shanghai will be eliminated and lose their value if they don't improve themselves in time. Real Shanghai women will continue to promote social development and urban progress, and play their decisive role in various fields.
In the early days of China, the situation of Shanghai women should be similar to that of now, and our Mr. Xu Guangping should belong to the second category. She is a person who combines herself with Shanghai better.
She sublated the "vase-like" brand image of Shanghai women, without the "strong woman" behavior of those who have stayed in school, full of energy and serious face, and without the characteristics of "advertising woman" popular in our present era; But there is room for her to breathe freely, the gentleness, charm and ability of women, and the unique yearning and pursuit of Shanghai women for life.
consistent
Xu Guangping, pen name Matsui, was born in Panyu, Guangdong. 1898 February 12 (January 22nd, 24th year of Guangxu reign of Qing Dynasty) was born in a ruined bureaucratic family in Guangzhou. 19 18, Xu Guangping entered Tianjin Zhili No.1 Women's Normal School. 19 19, Xu Guangping participated in the May 4th patriotic movement and served as the editor-in-chief of Wake World Weekly, the journal of Tianjin Women's Patriotic Association. She has expressed many views on women's issues.
1923, Xu Guangping was admitted to the Chinese Department of National Beijing Women's Normal School. Under the education and inspiration of Lu Xun, her thoughts have been constantly improved. As the director-general of the Student Union, she became the backbone of the student movement in women's normal university. She fought side by side with others, wrote a lot of fighting articles, and exposed and criticized the dark rule of Duan government. At this time, Xu Guangping also enthusiastically supported Lu Xun's creation and research work, often helped Lu Xun proofread and copy manuscripts, and actively contributed to Mangyuan magazine founded by Lu Xun.
19251June 12, Xu Guangping published an article "Companion" under the pseudonym of "Lin Ping" in the supplement B of the National Newspaper edited by Lu Xun, praising Lu Xun for "giving humanity light and strength with warm love and great works" and making "the future world bright".
1In August, 926, Lu Xun left Beijing to teach at Xiamen University, and Xu Guangping went south in the same car, and served as the discipline director of Guangdong Provincial Women's Normal School in Guangzhou. 1927 1 month, Lu Xun also came to Guangzhou, where he was the dean of the literature department of Zhongshan University in Guangzhou, and Xu Guangping was the teaching assistant. On April 15, Guangzhou reactionaries carried out a counter-revolutionary massacre. Blood and rain enveloped Guangzhou city. Lu Xun resigned angrily from Sun Yat-sen University, and Xu Guangping, who was inseparable from him, drifted with him. ...
Shanghai xinsheng
1927 10, Lu Xun and Xu Guangping officially began to live together in Shanghai. After 20 years of self-confinement in an old-fashioned marriage cell, he finally escaped. For Lu Xun and Xu Guangping, this is the most brilliant move in their lives. 1934 In the Mustard Garden, which was given to Xu Guangping in February, Lu Xun's Ten Years in the Same Boat * * * is a portrayal of their love life.
1927101On October 3rd, Lu Xun and Xu Guangping arrived in Shanghai. In fact, for Shanghai, Lu Xun never liked it, and coming here was just a helpless choice. Maybe he will never think that it is this city he has always disliked that accommodates the happiest time in his life. Here, compared with the chaos in other places, he obtained a relatively peaceful creative environment. He devoted himself to writing and continued to expose the dark society with a dagger-like pen. Before that, Xu Guangping actually had his own job. Xu Guangping wanted to teach in a university, but considering that Lu Xun sat at his desk day and night, he could not do without a good helper, so he gave up his application and wholeheartedly supported Lu Xun's writing. In this way, on the one hand, she takes care of her family, on the other hand, she also engages in some social activities. But after arriving in Shanghai, she felt that she should provide more environment and opportunities for Lu Xun's creation. So, in order to support and help Lu Xun, Xu Guangping resolutely resigned from all his work and took on the responsibility of taking care of her husband and educating her children. This role change is not too difficult for Xu Guangping at this time. On the contrary, she also learned a lot of determination and belief in facing life from Lu Xun in this process. Since then, she has not only taken good care of Lu Xun's diet and daily life, but also searched for relevant information for Lu Xun in her spare time, and copied manuscripts and translated works with Lu Xun. A very specific data can illustrate Xu Guangping's contribution: with the full support of Xu Guangping, Lu Xun's works in the later period of 10 are far more than those in the previous 20 years. To commemorate Xu Guangping's obscure hard work, Lu Xun sometimes deliberately used pseudonyms such as "Xu Xia" and "Xu Ya" when publishing his own translations. Lu Xun often said to Xu Guangping, I want to do something good for China to be worthy of you. In the years of white terror and war disaster, Xu Guangping stood firmly with Lu Xun and spent those difficult years together.
During his stay in Shanghai, Lu Xun took time off to accompany Xu Guangping to Hangzhou for his honeymoon, and took the opportunity to visit another "Lu Xun" in Hangzhou. Fake Lu Xun's admiration and imitation made Lu Xun both moved and sad, and his initial anger eventually turned into pity. By the West Lake, Lu Xun and Xu met a young painter Tao who was sketching. Tao Yuanqing gave Lu Xun his newly published personal album. Lu Xun liked it very much after reading it, and suggested that Tao promote printmaking, because the situation needed this kind of "weapon".
In the first few years of living in Shanghai, Lu Xun often told his friends that Xu Guangping was his proofreading assistant. He also specially set his bedroom on the second floor, and Xu Guangping lived on the third floor. Lu Xun, who has always been known for his courage and fearlessness, is also afraid of public opinion and ashamed to admit his relationship with his relatives. This abnormal mental state cast a shadow over the love life of Lu Xun and Xu Guangping. The nine-year life in Shanghai, although there are hidden conflicts in harmony and injuries in mutual respect, is another wonderful time in Lu Xun's life except childhood.
At that time, they had their first child, Zhou Haiying.
Social activist
Happy days are always short-lived, and the happy days of husband and wife cooperation only lasted less than three years.
From 65438 to 0930, Lu Xun initiated the China Freedom Movement League and participated in the inaugural meeting of the "Left-wing League", which had a great influence on the society and caused great tension among the Kuomintang people. Lu Xun is wanted by the Kuomintang Party Department in Zhejiang Province. Xu Guangping has accompanied Lu Xun to take refuge for many times. 1936 65438+ 10/9, Lu Xun died unfortunately.
In addition to grief, Xu Guangping has to take care of young children. For her, it is more grief and resentment. She herself is a revolutionary activist. She knows that her lover is engaged in licking blood, but she still can't accept such a painful fact quickly.
After a long period of sadness, Xu Guangping finally woke up from the pain. She decided to stick to Lu Xun's mission before his death and finish his unfinished business. She compiled 1934 to 1936 Lu Xun's essays into Nighttalk, which was published in April of the same year. In the name of Sanxian Bookstore, the photocopies of Lu Xun's letters and the final version of Qi Jieting's essays were published at his own expense.
1937165438+10 After the fall of Shanghai in October, Xu Guangping stayed in Shanghai to protect all Lu Xun's manuscripts and other relics. 1April, 938, she compiled the drama supplement. In August of the same year, initiated by Hu Yuzhi, Xu Guangping, Zheng Zhenduo and other 20 people formed the "complex society". In the name of "Lu Xun Memorial Committee", the Complete Works of Lu Xun (20 volumes) with 6 million words was edited and published under the leadership and funding of the producers in China. At the same time, Xu Guangping fearlessly devoted himself to the anti-Japanese struggle. She actively collected daily necessities, medicines and other condolences for the anti-Japanese soldiers, and also wrote articles for Shanghai Women, Women's World, Shanghai Weekly, Free Talk, Wen Wei Po Supplement, Century Wind and other newspapers, and published a large number of articles commemorating Lu Xun to resist the enslavement propaganda of Japanese imperialism.
194 1 After the outbreak of the Pacific War, the Japanese army occupied the Shanghai Concession. In order to find clues about Shanghai anti-Japanese intellectuals and publishers, the Japanese gendarmerie arrested Xu Guangping in the early morning of February 15 and tortured her to extract confessions. After no results, Xu Guangping had to be released again on March 1942. Xu Guangping was persecuted by this, his legs were hard to walk and his hair turned white.
/kloc-in the autumn of 0/946, with the care and support of China * * * production party, Xu Guangping compiled and published more than 800 manuscripts and manuscripts of Lu Xun's letters. Then Xu Guangping secretly went north to sort out the manuscripts and books of Lu Xun's former residence in Beiping, and met Ye Jianying and others in Zhong's Beijing Office. From 65438 to 0947, Xu Guangping served as the chairman of Shanghai Women's Federation and actively contributed to Democracy Weekly. At this time, she kept close contact with the underground party organization of the Shanghai Federation of Students, not only expressed moral support for the students' anti-hunger, anti-civil war and anti-persecution movements, but also gave generously for many times.
Foreign women's love is like the sea.
From the secular point of view, there are many obstacles in the combination of Lu Xun and Xu Guangping: in terms of age, the difference between them is as much as 18 years; On appearance, Lu Xun is short and has no special charm; On money, Lu Xun not only has a heavy family burden, but also is heavily in debt because he bought the apartment No.21in Xisantiao, Beijing. Although Lu Xun enjoyed a high reputation in the literary world, he was dismissed by the Ministry of Education of Beiyang Government for supporting the progressive student movement at that time, and even faced the danger of being wanted. The biggest obstacle is that Lu Xun has a formal wife. If divorced, according to Shaoxing's old habits, the woman will be discriminated against because of "divorce", and the consequences will be unimaginable. Lu Xun would rather sacrifice his life with her than hurt the innocent woman he didn't love.
However, Xu Guangping still actively and bravely offered pure love to Lu Xun. The fundamental reason is that they suffered from the feudal arranged marriage (Xu Guangping was just born three days ago, and her drunken father "clinked glasses for marriage" and betrothed her to the children of evil gentry, and then fled to study in the north), and they also rebelled against the old society, the old ethics and the old. At that time, the only way she and Lu Xun could choose was to live together. Xu Guangping later made a clear explanation for this: "We believe that there can be no bondage in sexual life except for the parties. As long as we are congenial to each other, treat each other like comrades, respect each other and trust each other, there is no need to have any prejudice. Aren't we going to break all the old morals? Therefore, if we are not satisfied with one aspect of each other, there is no need to quarrel and solve it by law. I'm going to make a living by myself. If there is no need to live together, I'll go our separate ways ... "
About the process and details of Lu Xun and Xu Guangping's love, it is roughly like this-they met at 1923 10. At that time, Lu Xun began to be a lecturer in the Chinese Department of Beijing Women's Normal University (later renamed Beijing Women's Normal University), teaching the history of China novels for one hour every week, and Xu Guangping was a sophomore in the Chinese Department of this school. In the course of more than 30 hours a week, she is most looking forward to listening to historical novels, and often chooses the first row seats in class. In school, Lu Xun is a teacher who can't find bad reviews among students, while Xu Guangping is a student who likes to get carried away and ask questions directly. They met in March 1925, 1 1. At that time, there was a student tide against Yang Yinyu, president of Women's Normal University. As the director-general of the student self-government association, Xu Guangping is the backbone of the student tide. In order to alleviate the depression of the times and explore the future of women's education in China, she took the initiative to write her first letter to Lu Xun. From then on, they supported each other in their struggles, helped each other in their careers and cared for each other in their lives. They fell in love on192510120 October (this date is absolutely correct, but the author is not prepared to disclose the source of the materials for the time being). That night, in the studio of Lu Xun's Xisantiao apartment-"Tiger Tail", Lu Xun sat on a cane chair at his desk, and Xu Guangping sat beside Lu Xun's bed. At the age of 27, Xu Guangping held Lu Xun's hand for the first time, and Lu Xun also gave Xu Guangping a gentle and slow grip. Xu Guangping's sharp pulse echoes Lu Xun's gradual shortness of breath. So Lu Xun first said to Xu Guangping: "You defeated!" Xu Guangping couldn't help smiling shyly. Then, the two kissed passionately. The next day, Lu Xun had just finished writing the novel "Lonely Man" for four days, and it became a novel with love and marriage as the theme, full of life philosophy and lyrical color-"Regret for the Past". 19271010.3, Lu Xun and Xu Guangping finally started living together in Shanghai.
Lu Xun admitted that in the whole process of his combination with Xu Guangping, Xu Guangping was much more decisive than him.
ring
Xu Guangping is not a woman born in Shanghai, but her temperament seems to have the blood of a Shanghai woman, and her feelings are as magical and incredible as the life of a Shanghai woman. She and Lu Xun didn't meet in Shanghai. They were once teachers and students. At that time, this relationship between them was criticized, but their relationship of forgetting friends was best known in Shanghai, a place of fireworks at that time. So her romantic love story should also be regarded as a part of her love in Shanghai.
After graduating from Tianjin Beiyang Women's Normal School, Xu Guangping was admitted to the National Beijing Women's Normal School with 1922. She is very satisfied with this school. At that time, the president was Xu Shoushang. Because Xu Shoushang and Cai Yuanpei, then the president of Peking University, are fellow villagers and close friends, the relationship between Women's Normal University and Peking University is very close: many teachers in Peking University take part-time classes at Women's Normal University and distribute handouts like teachers in Peking University. Whenever Peking University holds academic lectures, Women's Normal University is allowed to attend lectures. In Xu Guangping's Department of Chinese Studies, Peking University's teachers also took part-time jobs, including Ma Yuzao, Zhou Zuoren, Qian, Shen Jianshi and Shen Shiyuan.
It was in the second grade of 1923 that Xu Guangping began to study the course A Brief History of Chinese Novels by Professor Lu Xun.
On the first day of school, the students were curious about this famous new gentleman who wrote novels. The bell hasn't stopped and the students haven't sat down. Suddenly, amid the noise, a black shadow flashed by, and the short new gentleman had stepped onto the podium. Xu Guangping, sitting in the front row, first noticed that his hair was about two inches long, thick and hard, and he stood upright, which really deserved the word "Chong". She always thought this idiom was a bit exaggerated, and it suddenly dawned on her when she saw this hair. Mr. Wang's faded dark green jacket is about the same color as his faded black jacket. Many patches inside and outside elbows, trousers and robes shine with strange brilliance, like special patterns, and shoes are full of patches.
The platform is short and the blackboard is long. He often jumps up and down from the podium while giving speeches and writing. Those patches sparkle like stars at night. The ladies laughed: "Monster, there is a beggar's head funeral!" " However, when he started his lecture with "Lan Qing Putonghua" with a strong Shaoxing accent in Zhejiang, the whole classroom was silent. The knowledge I never knew, after his explanation, attracted everyone tightly. He often tells some examples outside the lecture notes, and likes to make the finishing point humorously in key places, causing laughter in the whole classroom. I was so absorbed that the bell rang. The students all think this class is particularly short. Before I could gather around to ask for advice, he had already left, and passed away as if he had just flashed in. "For a long time, the students woke up. This is the early spring breeze, and new people are blowing from the cold world. They feel a little warm in the dark. Everyone took a deep breath and turned around. "How many years later, Xu Guangping still remembers the first lesson.
Later, the students gradually realized that he was not "weird and terrible" and eliminated their fears. They not only dare to be close to him, but also dare to be "naughty" or even "presumptuous" to him.
Xu Guangping is a man who dares to be naughty and presumptuous. She sits in the front row, asking questions and sometimes interrupting her husband. But Lu Xun thinks she is smart, willing to use her brains, talented and has a good impression on her.
After listening to Lu Xun's class for more than a year,1March, 925, Xu Guangping wanted to write a letter to Mr. Lu Xun, who was usually serious and kind. After all, he was familiar and unfamiliar. There is some turmoil in the school, plus she will graduate in one year, and she has some problems and depression. I hope to get the teacher's advice. She told her classmate Lin Zhuofeng about it. Lin Jun encouraged her and agreed with her writing.
She finally wrote this first letter in March 1 1. She wrote straight with a pen dipped in water and black ink, copied it carefully and managed to give it to Lu Xun on the same day. At the beginning of the letter, she wrote: "Now, it is a primary school student who has been taught by you for nearly two years. She is eager to have a rare class every week and attend a lecture on novel history at one o'clock every 30 minutes. I am a primary school student, sitting in the front row when you are giving lectures, always speaking freely with the same decisive words. He has a lot of doubts and grievances stored in the middle for a long time. At this time, I may be unable to hold back, so I will complain to my husband. "
After the letter was sent, Xu Guangping was a little nervous. At the age of 26, she usually falls asleep in bed at night, but this night she tossed and turned. For all kinds of phenomena in school, she thinks it is the failure of education and the retrogression of youth. She "hopes that Mr. Wang will include him as a guide to the boundaries of time and space!" Sir, can you allow him? "Mr. Wang may not be angry with these questions and demands, but he is very busy. Will he allow such students to be induced at any time? She also believes that "bitter fruit is the hardest to taste", unlike chewing bitter fruit and drinking bitter tea, there is still a little aftertaste. In the letter, she even asked, "Sir, is there any way to add some sugar to the bitter medicine?" Is it absolutely not bitter to have sugar? "For such a question, Mr. Wang will laugh it off and not answer it ... Unexpectedly, on the morning of March 13, Xu Guangping received a reply from Lu Xun. Unfolding the letterhead, the word "Brother Guangping" looms large. This almost playful title relaxed her tense heartstrings. Lu Xun wrote a long letter, talking about the style of study, talking about the women's normal school, focusing on his lifestyle. On the issue of "adding sugar", Lu Xun also wrote: "Bitter tea with" sugar "is still bitter, but it is better than no" sugar ",but this sugar is hard to find. I don't know where it is, so I have to hand it in blank. " Mr. Wang wrote so approachable that her nervousness disappeared.
Look at the date at the end of the letter. She sent it the same day-Lu Xun wrote this long letter overnight after receiving the letter. She was deeply moved.
Moved, Xu Guangping immediately wrote a second letter. The first thing she wants to ask is the meaning of the word "brother Guangping". Lu Xun still wrote back quickly, giving a profound explanation to all her questions, but the beginning of the letter was an answer to the title of "Brother Guangping". He said: "I called my friends I met in the past or recently, my old classmates who are still coming and going, and my classmates who were listening to the lecture directly when I wrote. The rest are unfamiliar and need to be polite. Just call them sir, sir, madam, young master, miss, adult and so on. "
Mr. Lu Xun once said: In their Two Places, "there is neither enthusiasm for death nor enthusiasm for life, and there is no beautiful sentence about flowers and the moon". But in the beginning, they were so strange, so polite and so close. ...
It has been a month since Xu Guangping wrote his first letter to Lu Xun. Within a month, she wrote six letters to Lu Xun. Lu Xun replied to every letter almost on the same day. It took three days to send a letter in Beijing in those days, so I should find spare time or write a letter in the evening. It can be seen that six letters in January is already very high density. Besides, Lu Xun goes to class once a week, and Xu Guangping sits in the front row, which is bound to happen.
Xu Guangping hoped that the teacher would induce him "from time to time", but Lu Xun did not refuse.
She decided to go to his house. For the first time, she invited her classmate Lin Zhuofeng to go with her. This is recorded in Lu Xun's diary1April, 925 12: "Xiaofeng and Yi Ping came in the afternoon, and Xu Guangping and Lin Zhuofeng also came."
When Xu Helin came to Lu Xun's house in Xisantiao Hutong, it was the female worker who opened the door. This is a small quadrangle: there are three rooms facing south in the main room, the middle room is the place for the whole family to eat, wash their faces and meet guests, and the flat-topped gray shed extending northward at the back is Lu Xun's study and bedroom. The upper part of the flat-topped ash shed is full of glass windows, and under the window is a single bed made of wooden boards. On the east side of the bed are several old boxes piled up, then an old writing desk, an old rattan chair and a bookshelf. In front of the bookshelf is an old knitwear. On the wall above the box, Stuart's sketch charcoal painting "Five policemen and an O" (O is the code name for pregnant women) hangs. On the wall above the desk, there is a photo of a Japanese (Mr Fujino) and a Russian (Mr Antell). On the west side of the bed is a coffee table and a wooden chair. On the wall is a watercolor painting, a book cover painting and a couplet. Li Xiaofeng and Zhang Yiping, who were chatting with Lu Xun in the gray shed, saw the arrival of the female students and left.
I once imagined a mysterious gentleman's studio, so that's it! As simple and shabby as the "starry sky" underwear, it is very cultural, which reflects the pursuit and hobby of Mr. Xiaoyuan outside the north window. They went to see it, where flowers, trees and chickens were planted. The two trees outside the wall are probably "one is a jujube tree and the other is a jujube tree" written by Lu Xun in Akita. Lu Xun made tea for them, took out a gray tin box painted with polygons from a multi-layer bookshelf and gave everyone a piece of Shaqima. When the female students came for the first time, they didn't feel too constrained. Chatted with people and things at school for a while and left. They must go back to school for dinner.
From the title of "brother Guangping" to the "intelligence test" in the letter, the feelings between teachers and students are getting closer and closer. Perhaps, the teacher intentionally or unintentionally added her "sweetness" to the students' lives. Before meeting and falling in love with Xu Guangping, 44-year-old Lu Xun had a nominal wife, Zhu An, but he always lived an ascetic life and planned to make a lifetime sacrifice with Zhu An, a "mother's gift". It was Xu Guangping's admiration, understanding and even love that opened his frozen heart for a long time. From1March, 925 1 1, it was Xu Guangping who used his courage and determination to dispel Lu Xun's scruples. In the end, Lu Xun finally made it clear: "I don't want any reputation and status, as long as I have enough." This so-called "fierce snake ghost" is Xu Guangping who is called "imp" and "harmful to horses".
Mr. Jiang Xijin's "Mr. Chang Huai Xu Guangping" once described Xu Guangping as follows: She was a sacrifice to her married life, a voluntary sacrifice, and was not begged or persecuted; As a pioneer who pursues independent personality, she is not satisfied with sacrifice. Because sacrifice, in a sense, is a denial of a person's independent value. If it is a complete and absolute negation, it is not obviously different from feudal women's morality. But Xu Guangping is Xu Guangping after all. Even if the intention of sacrifice is fixed, she still needs to maintain her independence.
Xu Guangping and Lu Xun also have those "non-deified" ordinary relationships. Although they love each other deeply, they are not without contradictions. But they are as calm as death, not as enthusiastic as some romance novels describe. Compared with what we know about Xu Guangping now, this information is not enough. History has not left us many traces to look for. Therefore, it is always incomplete and insufficient to understand Xu Guangping as a historical figure.