1. This process consists of many continuous stages and various production technology activities;
2. Every activity in this process is influenced by three basic elements-cost, duration and quality;
3. This process is usually unrepeatable, and the environment is open, complex and changeable, so this process is risky and uncertain;
4. This process involves many different stakeholders, including project owners, contractors, suppliers, design and consulting institutions, etc. The whole process was completed by their cooperation. Based on these characteristics, the total cost management of engineering projects should be composed of four aspects: whole process cost management, total factor cost management, total risk cost management and whole team cost management.
The whole process cost management of (1) project is different from the traditional relatively static cost determination method based on resource consumption. The whole process cost management of a project requires that when determining the cost, the specific activities and specific activity process of the project should be analyzed first, then the resource consumption and occupation of the project should be determined according to the process of carrying out the project activities and the technical methods and work efficiency level adopted in carrying out the project activities, and finally the project cost should be determined. Therefore, the management and control of project cost should be directed at the business activities of the project and the process and methods of business activities. In the specific procedure of the whole process cost management, we must first determine what kind of precision is used to decompose the activities of the project, then collect, sort out and analyze the activity data, and describe the activity level and process of the project in the form of charts and models. On this basis, a list of capacity occupation and resource consumption of specific activities of the project is formed, which reflects which capacities are used and which resources are consumed in the process of specific activities. Then, you can refer to this list and calculate the cost of each specific activity according to the market price or market forecast price of resources, and finally get the total cost of the project. When controlling the project cost, it should also be carried out according to the project activities. The purpose of control is to eliminate unnecessary and ineffective activities, ensure the correct conduct of activities and make full use of capabilities and resources. The key content of this cost control method is two cycles, namely, the whole process (or sub-process) control and continuous improvement cycle, and the control and continuous improvement cycle of each specific activity process. The advantage of this activity management method is that it can make decisions specific and targeted, which is conducive to the continuous improvement of the operation level of engineering projects and easy to evaluate the financial and non-financial performance of enterprises.
(2) Total factor cost management of engineering projects The quality and duration of engineering projects are directly related to engineering costs, while people are often sensitive to intuitive and quantitative cost information, but it is not easy to grasp the quality and duration information. Therefore, in order to implement total factor cost management, it is necessary to quantify the quality and duration elements as much as possible and manage them in combination with the cost elements. Total factor cost management adopts the principle and method of earned value management-EVM). By introducing the intermediate variable-earned value variable, it helps people to analyze the changes of project duration and cost and give relevant information. The specific steps are: first, to determine the objectives and control standards of total factor cost management; second, to collect relevant data and information of total factor cost management; third, to formulate specific action plans for total factor cost control; and fourth, to implement action plans for total factor cost control. The analysis tool developed and used by this method is a set of analysis index system reflecting cost, quality and construction period, which links quality, construction period and cost in the form of indicators and can be quantified.
(III) Full-risk cost management of engineering projects The realization process of engineering projects is a process with great uncertainty, and the most important task of cost management is the management of uncertain costs. Comprehensive risk cost management is formed on the basis of incomplete information theory, cost uncertainty theory and risk management theory. Its management methods include: project risk identification, project total risk cost determination, project risk event control and project total risk cost control. The specific operation process is to establish a project risk management information system, track, collect and sort out the risk information in the process of project operation, analyze the existence, causes, consequences and development of risks with these information, and reflect the analysis results in time. On the basis of risk identification, determine the most likely cost and probability distribution of the project, so as to get the risk cost of each specific activity. All risk factors are allocated related expenses and added to the total risk benchmark cost to form the total risk cost of the project. For the risk events that affect the cost, specific methods such as risk avoidance, risk sharing, risk transfer and risk resolution can be used to control them. In the process of control, constantly adjust the cost target to meet the requirements of the project and resist risks.
(IV) Project Team Cost Management Due to the continuous refinement of the division of labor in project construction and the continuous development of professional intermediaries, more and more stakeholders are involved in the project. Owners, designers, builders, project supervisors, suppliers and other parties often have difficulties in project progress and management due to poor information transmission and communication, resulting in conflicts of interest, and it is difficult to guarantee the project cost, quality and construction period. Team-wide cost management is to form a cooperative partnership among all stakeholders, thus promoting the completion of the project and ultimately achieving "win-win". The key link of the whole team cost management is to determine the cooperation promoters of the whole team. He is at the center of all partners and has no economic interests with any team members. According to the requirements of the cooperation agreement, each team member carries out engineering project activities around the cooperation promoter. This management method requires team members to negotiate, clarify and sign a series of cost management cooperation documents to standardize management activities, ensure information exchange and avoid and resolve disputes. The center of management activities is to communicate ideas and information among team members in time to promote cooperation.
Second, the characteristics
The four technical methods of project cost management are independent of each other, self-contained, and can be used independently to serve project cost management. At the same time, these four specific technical methods must form a whole to provide an overall solution for the overall cost management of the project. In the whole set of technical methods, the whole process cost management technical method is the foundation, the total factor cost management technical method is the backbone, the total risk cost management technical method is the key, and the whole team cost management technical method is the core. This total cost management method has the following characteristics:
(1) Pay special attention to management in advance. These four methods are all through careful preparation and planning in the early stage of the whole process of the project, and work out the control scheme to determine the cost. The preliminary work should be specific and complete, covering the details and whole of the project. This will ensure that every step of the project is kept in mind.
(2) Collecting and processing information is the basis and key to determine and control costs. The key information of the whole process cost management is the project activity and process information. According to this information, we can determine the content of project activities and the corresponding resource occupation, and determine the project cost in the near future. Cost control is also based on this information to control project activities. The key information in total factor cost management is the actual data of three elements in project implementation, which are the objects of index system analysis, and the analyzed information becomes the basis for managing and controlling each element. Total risk cost management is almost equal to information management, because the risk of a project is mainly caused by missing information, lagging information or improper information processing, so it is necessary to establish a project risk management information system to facilitate the collection, processing and storage of various risk information, and then identify and control the project risks. In order to form a cooperative partnership among team members in the whole team cost management, information exchange and communication are essential, otherwise it is impossible to form a team working for the same ultimate goal. At the same time, the four methods also rely heavily on information feedback, and the feedback information (whether it meets the requirements) determines whether the management process is to move forward or "rework".
(c) The dynamic nature of the management process. Different from the traditional management method around standard quota, total cost management is basically carried out in accordance with the objective laws and social requirements of project cost management. The basis for determining the project cost and the factors affecting the project cost are constantly changing. If the relatively static standard quota is used to manage the project cost, it will inevitably deviate from the actual situation, which is not conducive to reflecting the results of cost management. Total cost management, on the other hand, grasps the changes of influencing factors of project cost in real time and responds in time. The results of each subprocess of the management process should be evaluated. If it meets the requirements, go to the next step, otherwise start again. Both the sub-process and the total process are a dynamic cycle of "asking questions" and "answering".
(D) reflects the scientific and artistic management. Whole process cost management, total factor cost management and total risk cost management are three kinds of cost management based on scientific management, while the whole team cost management is a total cost management based on artistic management. In order to achieve the goal of total cost management, we should give priority to one management method and integrate the ideas and practices of other methods, or pay equal attention to the four methods and organically integrate them, so that total cost management can reflect both the scientific nature and the artistic nature of management.
Third, the problem.
The total cost management of engineering projects puts forward a set of new ideas for the determination and control of engineering project costs, which is quite scientific and reasonable in theory. However, considering the actual situation in China, the practicability of this theory is worth considering. Optimization of management.
(A) China's long-term implementation of project cost management is based on the standard quota, and its basic ideas have a far-reaching impact, and I am afraid it will be difficult to change for a while. In addition, we have long recognized that this relatively static management method cannot meet the requirements of the market economy and needs to be reformed and improved. Therefore, the reform represented by "controlling quantity, liberalizing prices and competitive costs" is being carried out step by step and has achieved good results in a certain range. The promotion of reform has greatly improved the cost management method based on quota, which is more scientific and flexible and can better meet the requirements of market economy. At the same time, the reform and gradual improvement of various components of project management, such as project qualification system, contract system, bidding system and project supervision system, have also made up for the shortcomings of existing cost management methods to a certain extent, and promoted the project cost management method based on project quota, which will surely continue to exist and play a huge role.
(B) From the method of total cost management of engineering projects, it is more scientific, but also more complicated. The key of this method is the collection, processing and application of relevant information, and the application chooses a completely different idea from the traditional method. For example, the whole process cost management method is to make a list of the capacity occupation and resource consumption of specific activities by using relevant information, which is the same as the bill of quantities in form, but the content is much broader. There are so many specific activities in a project, some are predictable, some are sudden, and the routine activities are not static. It is conceivable how complicated and difficult it is to list the specific activities of the project. When carrying out another project, the specific activities will change greatly, and the reference significance of the activity list will not be great, so it takes a lot of effort to make another one. In addition, this method pays attention to using information to do a lot of forecasting work, which inevitably involves many artificial subjective factors. Even if it is scientific and rigorous, it will inevitably cause doubts and disputes. The preliminary work of implementing total cost management is quite heavy, involving huge consumption of manpower, material resources and financial resources. Although these works can ensure that the formation process of engineering entities is completed in the most economical, reasonable and risk-free way, can the later savings offset the high investment in the early stage?
(C) The overall cost management of the project requires its executors to have high quality. The whole process cost management requires managers to inspect the specific activities of the project in detail, comprehensively analyze the reasons for the activities, and organize and arrange a reasonable and effective project activity process; Total factor cost management requires managers to quantify the factors of quality and construction period, and master the statistical analysis methods of relevant information and data skillfully; All-risk cost management requires managers to have high risk management experience, be sensitive enough, have a big picture and have an insight into the development trend of the external environment; The core of the whole team cost management is the cooperative promoter, and his choice is related to the success or failure of the whole team cost management, so the requirements for him are almost all-round, far beyond the general level. However, the talents needed by this method are still quite lacking at present, and the quality is far from meeting the requirements. This is the main obstacle to implementing this method. Therefore, it is not an easy and short-term thing to put the total cost management method of engineering projects into practice completely.
It needs further improvement and wider recognition.
Four. prospect
Generally speaking, the total cost management method of engineering projects is scientific and represents the development trend of engineering cost management. Although it still has some problems, its basic thinking method is of great reference value in some projects. For example, some super-large projects with special requirements have extremely complicated activities, huge investment, long construction period, high quality requirements, high risks and many participants. The high requirements in all aspects make the preparatory work of these projects as careful and meticulous as possible. These requirements are basically consistent with the idea of total cost management, and this theory is also suitable for practical testing in large-scale projects. The total cost management method of engineering projects relies heavily on computer-aided and management information systems, and its perfection and practice cannot be separated from the cooperation of these technologies. Therefore, the continuous development of related technologies paves the way for the overall cost management of engineering projects.
For more information about project/service/procurement bidding, and to improve the winning rate, please click on the bottom of official website Customer Service for free consultation:/#/? source=bdzd