Internal supply chain refers to the supply and demand network composed of purchasing department, production department, storage department and sales department who participate in the production and circulation of internal products. External supply chain refers to the supply and demand network composed of raw material suppliers, manufacturers, storage and transportation companies, retailers and final consumers who participate in the production and circulation of related products of enterprises.
The relationship between internal supply chain and external supply chain: the two together constitute the supply chain of enterprise products from raw materials to finished products to consumers. It can be said that the internal supply chain is the contraction of the external supply chain. For example, the purchasing department of a manufacturer can be regarded as a supplier in an external supply chain. The only difference between them is that the scope of external supply chain is large, involving many enterprises, and the coordination between enterprises is more difficult.
Different complexity
According to the complexity of supply chain, it can be divided into direct supply chain, extended supply chain and terminal supply chain. A direct supply chain consists of a company, its suppliers and its customers in the upstream and downstream flow of products, services, funds and information.
Extended supply chain includes customers of direct suppliers and direct customers, and these members are all involved in the upstream and downstream flow of products, services, funds and information. Terminal supply chain includes all organizations involved in the upstream and downstream flow of products, services, funds and information from terminal suppliers to terminal consumers.
Different stability
According to the stability of supply chain, supply chain can be divided into stable supply chain and dynamic supply chain. The supply chain based on relatively stable and single market demand is more stable, while the supply chain based on relatively frequent changes and complex demand is more dynamic. In the actual management operation, it is necessary to change the composition of the supply chain according to the changing demand.
Different capacity requirements
According to the relationship between supply chain capacity and user demand, it can be divided into balanced supply chain and inclined supply chain. A supply chain has a certain and relatively stable equipment capacity and production capacity (the collection of all node enterprises' capabilities, including suppliers, manufacturers, transporters, distributors, retailers, etc. ), but the needs of users are constantly changing. When the capacity of the supply chain can meet the needs of users, the supply chain is in a state of balance. However, when the market change intensifies, which leads to the increase of supply chain cost, inventory and waste, the enterprise is not operating in the optimal state, but the supply chain is in the optimal state.
A balanced supply chain can achieve the balance between the main functions (procurement/low procurement cost, production/scale efficiency, distribution/low transportation cost, market/product diversification and rapid financial/capital operation).
Functional differences
According to the functional modes of supply chain (physical function, market intermediary function and customer demand function), supply chain can be divided into three types: efficient supply chain, responsive supply chain and innovative supply chain.
Effective supply chain mainly embodies the physical function of supply chain, that is, transforming raw materials into parts, semi-finished products, products and transportation in the supply chain at the lowest cost; Reactive supply chain mainly embodies the market intermediary function of supply chain, that is, distributing products to the market that meets users' needs and responding quickly to unforeseen needs; Innovative supply chain mainly embodies the customer demand function of supply chain, that is, according to the preference or fashion orientation of end consumers, the content and form of products are adjusted to meet the market demand. (The last three categories are classified according to the classification standards of Yibo Logistics Consulting Company in 2009)
Different status of enterprises
According to the different status of enterprises in the supply chain, the supply chain can be divided into alliance-oriented supply chain and non-alliance-oriented supply chain. Leading supply chain refers to the node enterprise of a member in the supply chain, which occupies a dominant position in the whole supply chain and has strong radiation ability and attraction to other members. It is usually called core enterprise or leading enterprise. For example:
Chery Automobile Co., Ltd., a manufacturer-centered supply chain.
Supply chain centered on middlemen-China Tobacco System and Hongfeng Company.
Retailer-centered supply chain-Wal-Mart and Carrefour.
Non-alliance supply chain means that the status of enterprises in the supply chain is not far apart, and they are equally important to the supply chain.
Supply synergy mode
According to the differences in corporate culture and business models between the East and the West, the global supply chain cooperation models can be divided into three categories:
The first is the lion supply chain in western developed countries such as the United States and Europe.
"1+N" supply chain model established by enterprise groups dominated by financial capital such as funds. Among them, "1" stands for the owner of financial capital chains such as funds and syndicates (1 stands for natural person or legal person in capital, the same below), and "n" stands for each link in the supply chain. The role "1" is ahead, often strong, and personal heroism is obvious. Also known as the lion enterprise, its supply chain model is also known as the lion array supply chain model. Such enterprises are represented by Microsoft, Apple and Volkswagen. The funds behind it are Melinda Gates Fund, Icahn Cooperation Fund and Porsche Family Fund.
The second is the wolf supply chain in developed countries such as Japan and South Korea.
"N+ 1" supply chain model is established by trading companies and other business capital-led enterprise groups. Where "n" is each link in the supply chain, and "1" represents the owner of commercial capital chains such as trading companies. The function of "1" is hidden behind the scenes, often low-key, and corporatism is more obvious. This kind of enterprise is also called wolf enterprise, and its supply chain model is also called wolf supply chain model. Representatives of these enterprises, such as Mitsui Consortium, Mitsubishi Consortium and Yi Xuan Consortium, own trading companies Mitsui Corporation, Mitsubishi Corporation and Itochu Corporation respectively, as well as Samsung Consortium and Hyundai Consortium of South Korea.
The third is the sheep supply chain represented by China.
"1+ 1+N" supply chain model composed of enterprise groups dominated by state-owned capital. The first "1" is the representative party secretary of state-owned capital, and is often the real chain owner of the enterprise; The second "1" is the chairman of a high-end professional manager hired by the state; "N" refers to enterprises in all links of the supply chain. Representative enterprises such as FAW Group, Guangzhou Automobile Group, China Grain Storage Group, COFCO Group and PetroChina.
Extension: What does supply chain management mean?
Supply chain is a functional network structure model that centers on core enterprises and controls information flow, logistics and capital flow, starting from purchasing raw materials, manufacturing intermediate products and final products, and finally delivering products to consumers, suppliers, carriers, storage facilities, manufacturers, distributors and retailers, and finally connecting the end users into a whole.
First, the concept of supply chain management
Supply chain management refers to the planning, coordination, operation, control and optimization of the whole supply chain system, so as to deliver the products that customers need to the right place at the right time, in the right quantity, in the right quality and in the right state, and minimize the total cost.
Second, the content of supply chain management
Supply chain management mainly involves four areas, namely supply, production planning, logistics and demand. Supply chain management is implemented around supply, production planning, logistics (mainly production logistics) and demand under the guidance of synchronous and integrated production planning, supported by various technologies and relying on the Internet.
On the basis of the above four areas, the content of supply chain management can be divided into functional areas and auxiliary areas. Among them, the functional areas mainly include procurement management, production management, inventory management, customer relationship management and so on. And the auxiliary fields mainly include design engineering, accounting, human resources and marketing.
It can be seen that the material entity flow in the supply chain is only one of the contents of supply chain management. Supply chain management includes not only the transportation problems within enterprises and between enterprises and logistics, but also the relationship management between strategic suppliers and users, demand forecasting and planning of supply chain products, customer service based on supply chain and logistics (transportation, inventory and packaging) management.
Third, the basic idea of supply chain management
The basic idea of supply chain management is mainly embodied in the following aspects.
(A)' horizontal integration' management ideas
"Horizontal integration", also known as horizontal integration or integrated integration, refers to the strategy of enterprises to acquire or merge similar product manufacturers to expand their business scale. The management idea of "horizontal integration" emphasizes that enterprises should pay close attention to core resources to improve their core competitiveness. The formation of enterprise's core competitiveness is helpful to maintain and strengthen the cooperative partnership in the supply chain.
(B) systematic thinking
The system idea emphasizes that the supply chain is regarded as a whole, rather than some separate functional modules composed of procurement, manufacturing, distribution and retail.
(3) Cooperation and competition
Cooperative competition can be understood from two aspects: one is to form an alliance with former competitors and enjoy the fruits of developing new technologies; The second is to outsource the non-core parts produced by our company to suppliers, and the two sides cooperate to participate in the competition, which actually reflects the complementary effect of core competitiveness.
(D) customer satisfaction as the goal
Satisfying the end customers is the common goal of all members of the supply chain. Supply chain node enterprises can increase the "value" of customer expectations by reducing product prices, improving product quality and improving service level, thus improving customer satisfaction.
(5) Pursuing the integration of logistics, information flow, capital flow, workflow and organizational flow.
The goal of supply chain management is to reduce the total cost of the whole supply chain, including procurement cost, transportation cost and inventory cost. This requires information sharing among node enterprises, thus integrating logistics, information flow, capital flow, workflow and organizational flow.
(six) with the help of information technology to achieve management goals
Information technologies commonly used in supply chain management include barcode technology, radio frequency identification technology, electronic data interchange technology, global positioning system and geographic information system. These information technologies play a vital role in the supply chain, and information flow management is the premise of using information technology to achieve the goal of supply chain management.
(7) Pay more attention to the participation of logistics enterprises.
In the supply chain management environment, the role of logistics can not be ignored, because shortening the logistics cycle is more critical than shortening the manufacturing cycle. Supply chain management emphasizes the coordination of overall response to end users, and the realization of this goal is inseparable from the participation of logistics enterprises;