1. Companions are kind. The old title of Huang Shigong's Su Shu An Li in Han Dynasty: "Colleagues are worried and hate each other."
Jude said the same thing. Tang Hanyu's Inscription of Yang Yanqi, King of Qingbian County: "My wife and colleagues are all raised, and my relatives don't know the difference."
3. The same person. Refers to colleagues or peers. Letter from Xu Teli's Yan 'an New Education Society to Mr. Tao Xingzhi: "At present, our colleagues are studying the theory and practice of life education." Yang Mo's Song of Youth, Part I, Chapter III: "What's your problem? Wen Qing and I have the friendship of colleagues, so we can talk. Be sure to try your best to help. " Week after week, the first part of Morning in Shanghai XI: "Our dinner party ... is actually a place for business colleagues to exchange views."
Second, the region
"Tongren" is called "Regong" in Tibetan. In the 5th century A.D. 14- 15, Tibetan Buddhism was introduced to Tongren. With the rise of Lamaism and the continuous expansion and decoration of temple buildings, Tibetan and Tu people in Wutun Shangxiazhuang, Nianduhu, Maguori and Gasairi natural villages along the Longwu River in Regong developed paintings, sculptures, stone carvings and other arts with religion as the main service. /kloc-In the middle of the 0/7th century, it became the hometown of painting where "everyone can paint and every family takes art as their profession", so it is also called Wutun Buddhist art. "Regong art" is an important part of Tibetan Buddhist art and an influential art school. For hundreds of years, a large number of artists have been engaged in folk Buddhist plastic painting art, which is rare in other Tibetan areas, so it is called "hometown of Tibetan painters", while Tongren area is called "regong" in Tibetan, so this art is collectively called "regong art".
Around14th century, Tibetan Buddhism began to spread in Tongren area. /kloc-After the 5th century, with the rapid development of Sakya Sect and later Gelug Sect [Yellow Sect], a large number of Tibetan and Turkish monks and nuns participated in the painting and decoration of temples. According to [Qing] Qianlong's Xunhuazhi, "In the fourth year of Yongle [AD 1470], Hezhou Wei was established in the early Ming Dynasty, and troops were stationed in other places. At the beginning of the station, it was transferred from the mainland, and it was not a fan. " Therefore, today's Wutun, its first cover Jiangnan people. There are also Hezhou people. Over the years, clothes and words have gradually become foreign, and people think they are natives, while officials call them Hairen. They are good at making and restoring Buddhist art in the Central Plains. In order to meet the needs of Tibetan Buddhism in temple construction, they actively borrowed Tibetan Buddhist art introduced into Regong. In the process of learning Tibetan art, they gradually formed a distinctive, magnificent, exquisite and unique artistic style.
For centuries, Regong artists have painted everywhere, covering Qinghai, Tibet, Gansu, Sichuan, Inner Mongolia, India, Nepal, Thailand, Mongolia and other foreign countries, leaving thousands of exquisite works of art in these places, gaining a high reputation, and absorbing rich artistic nourishment from Tibetan painting art, Sichuan Ganzi woodcut Buddha painting, Dunhuang murals and similar works abroad, so their skills are becoming more and more exquisite and their influence is increasing.
Regong art includes painting (mural painting and scroll painting are called Thangka in Tibetan), sculpture (clay sculpture, wood carving), pile embroidery (embroidery, pile cutting), architectural color painting, pattern, butter sculpture and other art forms. The content mainly includes the biography of Sakyamuni, the biography of Bodhisattva, the biography of dharma protector, the biography of Buddhist stories, the biography of immortal statues and so on.
The early works of Regong art are unpretentious, and the paintings have Indian and Nepalese styles. Its style is bold, figures, landscapes, flowers and birds, and grass insects are lifelike, and the picture gives people a sense of boldness and domineering. By the middle of the17th century, the craftsmen of Regong had become more and more diligent, with simple and smooth line drawing, strong and powerful, meticulous pen, heavy color, fresh, dense, uniform and harmonious color. The painted figures have both form and spirit, and the painting style tends to be gorgeous and exquisite. At the same time, they began to pay attention to the decorative effect of lines rather than pictures, which became the glorious heyday of regong art, connecting the past with the future. After centuries of ups and downs, many excellent paintings in the early and middle periods no longer exist. But now we can still see the magnificent giant murals and exquisite thangka left by craftsmen in the early and middle period in the temples of Nianduhu, Wutun and Gasari villages sporadically.
/kloc-after the 0/9th century, for the recent regong art, the works of this period are bright in color and exquisite in brushwork, with special emphasis on decorative interest. At the same time, a large number of gold and silver are used as raw materials, which makes the picture show gorgeous effects and warm atmosphere. Representative figures in recent years include Geng Zang, Jian Mucuo, and Xia Wucai Jean (/kloc-0 was hired to assist Master Zhang Daqian in copying Dunhuang murals in the 1940s). Their works are dense in composition, rigorous in character modeling, not rigid, bright and harmonious in color, rich in decoration, with a sense of unity, lively and outstanding in artistic effect. Regong art, as a school of Tibetan Buddhist art, is different from other Tibetan arts and is the most prominent in this period.
Regong art has been gradually refined and developed into a unique national art in hundreds of years of history. His works are accurate and vivid in modeling, exquisite and beautiful in meticulous brushwork, bright in color and rich in decoration, which fully shows the rhythm, movement and three-dimensional sense of lines and emphasizes the perfection of the whole. Its simple painting style, uniform and harmonious colors and vivid expression fully reflect the hardworking wisdom and splendid culture of the Tibetan people. Regong art is a wonderful flower in chinese heritage. Many works were exhibited in Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Hong Kong, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Tibet, Gansu, Qinghai and other places, and they all achieved great success and praise.
Tibetan Buddhist art has added new colors to the ancient China Culture and Art Garden, and Regong art is a dazzling flower in this hundred flowers garden. Regong artists reflect their understanding of life through unparalleled art and centuries-old historical traces, which is the product of the interaction between different Tibetan areas and Tibetan and Chinese cultures. We believe that Regong art can draw the essence from the vast national folk art, innovate constantly, and make this bright "pearl" shine.