original text
The emperor of China, eager to shake the beauty of an empire, has been in office for many years, searching and never finding it. Until a child of the Yang family grew up in the inner room, almost before she grew up, and no one knew her. However, due to the gift of heaven and no concealment, it was finally elected royal one day.
If she just turned her head and smiled, there were a hundred spells, and the powder and paint of six palaces disappeared without a trace. It was early spring. They let her bathe in a pure pool to warm and smooth her creamy skin. Because she was tired, a maid lifted her up, when the emperor noticed her for the first time and chose her as his bride.
On the night of spring, the warm hibiscus curtains covered her fluttering hair, petals on her cheeks and golden ripples on her head. But the night in spring is short and the sun rises too fast. Since then, the emperor has given up his early hearing. He wastes all his time on parties and revelry. He is the lover of spring and the tyrant of night.
There are other ladies in his court, 3,000 of whom are stunning beauties, but his love for 3,000 is concentrated on one person. ? The golden house is dressed up to serve the night. When the table in the jade tower is cleaned, she will wander around and drink wine slowly. Sisters and brothers are in this country because she illuminates and glorifies her family.
When a girl is born instead of a boy, she brings happiness to every father and mother in the empire. ... high rose plum palace, into the blue clouds, and the wide breeze carries magical notes. Soft songs and slow dances, strings and bamboo music, the emperor's eyes can never stare at her.
Until the sound of drums came from Yuyang, which shocked the whole earth and broke the tune of rainbow skirts and feathers. ? The Forbidden City, a nine-story palace, is hidden in the dust and travels southwest from thousands of chariots and horses. More than a hundred miles west of Doumen, the imperial flag opened the way, moving and stopping.
People in the army stop, and no one will move until they are under their hooves. They may trample on those moths. The gorgeous hairpin fell to the ground, and no one picked it up, a green and white Hosta and a golden hairy bird. The emperor couldn't save her, so he had to cover his face. Later, when he turned to look, there was blood and tears.
Hidden in the yellow dust blown by the cold wind, they crossed a cloud line at the crack in the path of the dagger tower. Under Emei Mountain. The last few came, and the flags and banners lost their colors in the fading sun. But the water in Shu is always green and the mountains are always blue, so your majesty's love is constant and deeper than the sky.
He stared at the desolate moon from his temporary palace, and he heard the rain at dusk, cutting his chest. Heaven and earth in last contact, the dragon car comes home, and the emperor never leaves. The memory and pain are buried in the soil of Maweipo. Where is her white face? .
Rulers and lords, when their eyes met, cried on their coats. They rode horses, loosened the reins and slowly returned to the capital. Pond, garden, palace, everything is the same as before, Taiye Lake hibiscus, Weiyang Palace willow. But the petals are like her face, and the willow leaves are like her eyebrows. Whenever he looks at them, what can he do but cry? .
Peach and plum trees are in bloom. In the spring wind, after the autumn rain, the leaves fall to the ground. Autumn grass in Xigong Nanyuan, with red leaves piled up on the steps. The players in her pear garden became white-haired, and eunuchs were thin in her pepper yard. .
Fireflies were flying on the throne, and he was meditating in the twilight. He will extend the wick to its end and still never fall asleep ... bells and drums will slowly ring the long night, and before dawn, the Milky Way in the sky will become clear. And the porcelain mandarin ducks on the roof grow thick morning frost, and the jade is cold, so who and who * * *.
The distance between life and death is year after year, but no beloved soul has visited his dream. There lived a Taoist priest in Lingqiong. He was a guest in the sky and could summon the gods through his concentration. People were moved by the emperor's constant meditation, and they begged the Taoist priest to see if he could find her.
He opened a path in space, like lightning, cut through the sky, up and down, looking for it everywhere. Above, he looked for the green void, below, the yellow spring, but he didn't find the one he was looking for in two places. Then he heard a story about a magical island at sea, which is part of the invisible world.
There are pavilions in the five-color sky, and exquisite immortals walk back and forth. And one of them, they call it forever true, has a face like her snow and flowers. So he went to the golden gate of the West Hall, knocked on the Jasper Gate, and asked a girl named Small jade to tell Shuang Perfect.
This lady, after hearing the news of Emperor China's envoy, woke up from her dream in her canopy. She pushed open the pillow, got dressed, shook off her drowsiness, opened the pearly curtain, and then opened the silver screen. Because she left in such a hurry, her muddy hair ornaments hung aside, and when she came along the platform, her flowered hat was loose.
A breeze blew her cloak and fluttered with her movements, as if she were dancing with a rainbow skirt and feather coat. Tears rolled down her sad and pale face, just like the spring rain on pear flowers. But when she asked him to thank her monarch, her eyes shone with love. Since they separated, her form and voice were unfamiliar to her.
Because happiness ends in the courtyard of the sun, the moon and dawn become long in the palace of Xianshan. But when she turned to look down at the earth and tried to see the capital, there was only fog and dust. So she took out the keepsake he gave, and gave him a shell box and a gold hairpin through his messenger.
However, one branch of the hairpin and one side of the box were kept, and the gold of the hairpin and the shell of the box were broken. "Our souls belong to each other," she said, "just like this gold and this shell." Somewhere, at some time, on earth or in heaven, we will be together. She sent him a word through his messenger to remind him of his oath, which only the hearts of the two of them knew:
On the seventh day of July, in the Palace of Eternal Life, we secretly told each other in the quiet midnight world. We hope to fly in heaven, two birds become one, grow on the earth, two branches of a tree ... the earth lasts forever, and the sky lasts forever; One day both will end, and this endless sadness will last forever.
There is a shadow of Bai Juyi's own love tragedy in Song of Eternal Sorrow.
Xiaoqin Du: This Song of Eternal Sorrow was written in December of the first year of Yuanhe, that is, in October of 65438+807. At that time, Bai Juyi was 35 years old and was appointed as the prefect of Kunzhi County, Shaanxi Province, and walked with his colleagues Chen Hong and Wang Zhifu. According to modern scholars' research, this poem contains the shadow of Bai Juyi's own love tragedy.
Xiaoqin Du: In the sixth year of Zhenyuan (790), Bai Juyi returned to his private house in Xuzhou from Yuebei (his father Bai used to work in Xuzhou). In the next few years, he continued to study and prepare for the entrance examination, in addition to meeting with some young local scribes and climbing mountains by the water. However, the most important thing that happened during this period was his love affair with the girl next door. The girl's name is Xiang Ling, and she is a neighbor four years younger than him. She is lively and lovely, and the melody is smooth, so they became childhood friends. At that time, Bai Juyi was nineteen and Xiang Ling was fifteen. In The Seeds of Love, they began their first love. Bai Juyi wrote a poem entitled "Daughter next door", and described this incident: "In fifteen days, the grace is better than the fairy, and in the daytime, the lotus flowers in the dry land of Heng E. Where can I teach parrots to learn to talk at leisure? Before the embroidered bed under the screen window. " Praise Xiangling for her beauty and sweet voice. This is an unforgettable relationship when I was young. Even though Bai Juyi moved to Luoyang, Xiangyang and Fuliang, her heart never left Xiangling, a girl from Fuliang, and she still remembers Xiangling's smiles.
Xiaoqin Du: In the 14th year of Zhenyuan, in 798 AD, Bai Juyi was 27 years old. For the sake of family life and his future, he had to leave Fu and his uncle in Jiangnan. Along the way, he wrote three poems in memory of Xiangling. The first poem is entitled "Send Xiangling": "Cold eyes are full of tears, and every time they are too high, they turn back. I don't know in the distance, I am alone on the railing. " Every time he reached a high place, he couldn't help looking back at Xiang Ling. Although he can't see it, he knows that Xiang Ling should be leaning against the fence and thinking of himself alone in the distant west wing.
Xiaoqin Du: In the second song "A Boudoir on a Cold Night", he also said, "It's cold in the middle of the night, so you can't sleep alone. The incense in the cage burns out, and the tears in the towel turn into ice. In order to cherish the shadow, don't turn off the lights all night. " From this poem, he imagined Xiangling sleeping alone in the cold boudoir, unable to sleep, and had to be accompanied by the lights that never went out all night.
Xiaoqin Du: The third song is called Sauvignon Blanc: "The west wind starts in September. The moon is cold and cold. The autumn night is long and the soul rises for nine nights. In February, the east wind comes and the grass breaks and flowers bloom. I miss you late in spring, and my intestines go back nine times a day. My concubine lives in the north of Luo Qiao and your husband lives in the south of Luo Qiao. We met at the age of fifteen, and we are twenty-three this year. Like a radish, born by the pine tree. The vine's short branches are bitter and tall, and its back cannot move. People say that people have a wish and it will come true. Willing to be a distant beast, step by step. I would like to be an old tree in the mountains, with branches connected. " The first two capitals express their own thoughts and also express Xiangling's thoughts. "Don't shed tears with cold eyes, turn around every time you get too high" and "cherish the shadow, and the lights will not go out all night". The last song describes the difficulty of this relationship: "Like a radish, born on the pine edge. The vine is short and bitter, so don't recite it. " That is to say, it is difficult for two people to be together, and it seems that this kind of love is difficult to have a result. At the same time, in this "Sauvignon Blanc", we can also see the shadow of his future "Song of Eternal Sorrow": "I would like to be a distant beast, step by step. I would like to be an old tree in the mountains, with branches connected. " It can be clearly seen from these three poems that after seventeen years of getting along and eight years of falling in love, their feelings are already deep. After I left, I not only missed each other, but also thought about getting married. Xiangling is worried that her family is the lowest and she can't climb Bai Juyi. Finally, I expressed my sincere wishes of "May God succeed" and "Step by Step".
Xiaoqin Du: At the beginning of the 16th year of Zhenyuan (8 10), Bai Juyi was admitted to the middle school at the age of 29 and lived in seclusion for nearly ten months. During this period, he earnestly asked his mother to marry Xiangling many times, but was rejected by her mother who had a strong concept of gate valve. Bai Juyi left home with great pain and wrote a poem called where will you go: "It is not easy to eat a tiller, but it is difficult to eat a plum. The tiller can be bitter and sour. It is not so difficult to leave, but my heart is bitter and my liver is sour. When the morning chicken crows again, the waning moon has gone and the horse is hissing. Looking back at my flesh and blood, I cried, and plum blossoms were as sweet as honey. In autumn in Huang Yun, the Yellow River is white, and pedestrians are relatively anxious by the river. Where do you live in the cold field? The leaves of Li Tang are fluttering in the wind. Where will you go, where will you go, the sadness is endless. I am extremely worried and tired, and I am still spontaneous in my thirties! " The most painful difference in life is parting. If you leave, time can gradually alleviate the pain, but leaving will make people miss and suffer for life. Bai Juyi was white-haired before he was thirty years old, which shows the suffering of lovesickness. Among them, "Yellow River is white, Huang Yunqiu, and pedestrians are relatively worried by the river. Where do people live in the cold and the wild? The four sentences in A Search of Don Ye Zhan Feng reflect the despair of marriage between him and Xiangling.
Xiaoqin Du: In the autumn of the tenth year of Zhenyuan (804), Bai Juyi was 33 years old. He was a student in Chang 'an and needed to move his family to Chang 'an. After returning home, he begged his mother to allow him to marry Xiangling again, but the mother, who had the highest authority in the children's marriage, not only refused his request again, but also refused to let them meet when the whole family moved away. Bai Juyi just moved home and quietly went to say goodbye to Miss Xiangling before leaving. For fear of disturbing others, they dare not speak or cry when they meet. Extremely depressed pain and gloom are all reflected in this poem "Potential Points". Bai Juyi wrote: "Don't cry, be divided; Silent, dark acacia, no one knows outside the heart. A solitary bird locks a deep cage at night, and a sword breaks branches in spring. Although the river is turbid and clear, the bird's head is black and white. Only by sneaking away and blackening, each other is willing to have no later period. " Thousands of years have passed, but people still can't bear to watch.
Xiaoqin Du: Their marriage was hopeless, but their deep love didn't end there. Bai Juyi punished his mother's mistake by not marrying others. In the winter of the 21st year of Zhenyuan (805) and the autumn of the 1st year of Zhenyuan (807), Bai Juyi wrote poems in memory of Xiangling three times. He said in a song entitled "Hu Aixiang Mausoleum on a Winter Night": "There is no reason to see gorgeous quality, and cold is unfriendly. What is the longest night? Everyone sleeps alone. " In a song called "Feeling Autumn Farewell": "It's late in the melancholy season, and two feelings are thousands of miles away. From the place you care about, the courtyard trees are in the autumn wind. Yan Ying moved to the flank and sold the cluster to Hui. Li and let go, the prison is 20% empty! " The title of another song is "Farewell": "If you want to forget, you can't forget, and you want to leave for no reason. Axillary has no wings and hair is hollow. Sit and watch the new leaves fall and lead to the tallest building. The color is boundless and full of sorrow! "
Xiaoqin Du: In the second year of Yuanhe (AD 807), Bai Juyi became a county marshal. At this time, he is 36 years old and still single. Loneliness and loneliness tormented him, and he had to send affection to flowers as lovers. In the poem "Newly Planted Roses", he directly confided: "A young house without a wife is lonely in spring, and flowers will make you a wife."
Xiaoqin Du: At the end of the third year of Yuanhe (808), Bai Juyi made a note on Zuo Zhuan. At this time, he was 37 years old. Under the pressure of his mother's death, he was introduced to marry his colleague Yang's sister. Bai Juyi had a good relationship with Mrs. Yang after marriage, but Bai Juyi still remembered her first lover Xiang Ling and wrote poems for Xiang Ling until the seventh year of Yuanhe (8 12) and the eighth year of Yuanhe (8 13). A song named "Rain at Night" wrote: "I miss someone, and I am far away from home. I felt something, and it was deeply rooted in my intestines. I can't be far away from home, and I don't look forward to it every day. I can't solve the problem in depth and don't think about it every night. What's more, I stayed alone in the empty hall this evening. Autumn is unknown, rain and dust. If you don't learn Buddhism, forget this peace of mind! " The title of another song is "Feel the Mirror": "Beauty leaves me, leave the mirror in the box. Since the flowers must go, there is no hibiscus in autumn water. I haven't opened the box for many years, and the red dust is covered with bronze. Try it today. Look at your tired face. I feel sad after taking the photo, and there are a pair of dragons on my back. "
Xiaoqin Du: In the 10th year of Yuanhe (8 15), Bai Juyi was demoted to Sima, Jiangzhou. On the way to his demotion, it was probably God's will to pity others, and Bai Juyi unexpectedly met Xiang Ling again. After leaving for many years, the infatuation of Jiuge in my youth and the hatred of the years suddenly came to my mind. Bai Juyi couldn't help crying with Xiangling and wrote a poem called "Meeting the Old": "I comb my white hair to add new hatred, and you sweep my old face. Others should be blamed, and the teenagers will meet each other when they leave! " Bai Juyi was forty-four years old at this time, and Xiangling was forty years old at that time. She still kept her promise and never got married. In this poem, Bai Juyi's narrative tone has been much calmer, far less heavy than that in A Potential, but a word "hate" inadvertently expresses his heart. How can nature be so deceptive? We love each other deeply, but we live far apart. After a teenager leaves, it becomes a lifelong "hate"!
Xiaoqin Du: Miss Xiangling once gave Bai Juyi a pair of shoes. Bai Juyi kept them all the time. For many years, wherever she went, she took them with her, whether she objected or not. In the summer of the 11th year of Yuanhe (8 16), while hanging clothes, Bai Juyi saw a pair of shoes made for him by Xiangling, who had been preserved for 18 years. At that time, he privately booked with him for life. He couldn't help but write a poem "Feelings": "Courtyard costumes, suddenly see hometown shoes. Who gave me a bitter gift? East of Cicada Juanzi. Because I thought of giving time and language, I ended it with a knot. I want to walk like a shoe, and two lines will stop. When I arrived at the general's office, I wandered for three thousand miles. I'm here as a lover. I am disappointed at present, but I haven't seen it again and again. People walk in pairs. How can there be similarities? It's a pity that the dark flowers are dead. "
Xiaoqin Du: In the fourth year of Changqing (824), Bai Juyi was 53 years old. On his way back to Luo Jing after taking office in Hangzhou, he made a detour to Fuli and saw that the original neighbors Xiangling had moved away and never disappeared. This finally ended this 35-year love tragedy.
Xiaoqin Du: Most people remember the women described in White Stone as "Su Fan has a small cherry mouth and a small willow waist". The fame of Bai Juyi's geisha Su Fan and Xiao Man has been circulating with Bai Juyi's poems, but few people know that Su Fan and Xiao Man are not the most beloved women in his heart after all. And his most sincere attachment was given to only one person from beginning to end. This is what we just talked about, his first love-Xiang Ling. The song "Song of Eternal Sorrow" sung through the ages said: "How we wish that two birds could be one, fly in the sky, grow together on the earth, and have two branches in one tree." .. the earth endures, and the sky endures; One day both will end, and this endless sadness will continue forever. "There is also a clear shadow of Bai Juyi's love tragedy with Xiangling.
Bai Juyi and others visited Xianyou Temple, which provided a solid foundation for the creation of Song of Eternal Sorrow.
Xiaoqin Du: Xianyou Temple is an important place of Buddhism. It's about 30 miles from Xianyou Temple. The Louguan area where Laozi gives lectures on alchemy is a holy place of Taoism. Both Buddhism and Taoism are convinced that there is another heaven beyond the world, where people and gods can communicate, where human suffering can be relieved, and human suffering can be perfected through practice, worship Buddha and burning incense. Moreover, in the Tang Dynasty, Louguan was originally a "national view", and Xianyou Temple dedicated the relics to Wang Fata, which was almost a "national view". After the tragedy of Li and Yang, someone may have crossed the memorial tablets dedicated to Li and Yang in these two official temples.
Xiaoqin Du: In this way, the stories of Li and Yang are like important places for immortals, which must be mythologized by Taoism and extended to heaven on the basis of reality. It is natural that the story of Song of Eternal Sorrow appears in this poem. In fact, this legend originated from the "real" Shinto activity between Louguan Taoist and Xianyou Temple monks-although it is also based on fantasy.
Xiaoqin Du: Secondly, the geographical location and environment in Kunzhi area are very special, and folk customs have always been very rich. There are many legends circulating near Xianyou Temple, such as Zhou Muwang and Shengji Xuanchi playing music, Qin Mugong's youngest daughters Nong Yu and Shaw History playing flute in the Jade Girl Cave, Ma Rong chopping stones to build a room to study in Xianyou Temple in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Li Zhong crossing a wooden bridge in Xianyou Temple to become immortal in Lv Dongbin, Longtan Tiger Cave, pigeons writing scriptures, Chang 'e coming down to earth, etc. Besides the immortal atmosphere formed by Xianyou Temple and its nearby buildings, it is also conducive to the emergence of a culture. Part of the Qinling Mountains is Zhong Nanshan near Kunyu Mountain. From the cultural background, it is located in the cradle and center of China ancient culture-the center of Sanqin, with profound historical and cultural origins and background. Geographically, it is located near the ancient capital of Zhou, Qin, Han and Tang dynasties, and is quietly connected with the social culture at that time. The secluded and detached mountains, geographical advantages close to the cultural center, developed culture and related carriers make Mizhi become the intersection of colorful real world and surreal fairyland, which may have an aggregation effect. Such an environment is particularly conducive to cultivating literary imagination and gradually enriching rough stories into vivid folklore.
Xiaoqin Du: So we can guess that when Wang Zhifu and Bai Juyi and others talked about this (the love story between Tang and Yang Guifei) when they visited the temple, I don't think they had a simple story about Xuanzong and Yang Guifei. Possibly, Wang Zhifu has also incorporated a lot of rich local folklore, such as Bai Juyi and Chen Hong, and provided quite complete and detailed storylines and plots, including fairy tales. It provided a solid foundation for Bai Juyi and Chen Hong to create Song of Eternal Sorrow and Biography of Song of Eternal Sorrow, and played a very important bridge role in the process from folk materials, historical facts to literati creation.
Xiaoqin Du: Xianyou Temple and its nearby buildings formed a rich atmosphere of immortal Taoism, a special geographical location and a well-developed soil of folk literature and art. Bai Juyi exercised in his post with "straight language" and met Wang Zhifu and Chen Hong. The magical humanistic environment constituted a golden opportunity to create Song of Eternal Sorrow, thus leaving such a literary treasure house in China.
Xiaoqin Du: 1998, due to the construction of a large reservoir in Heihe River to supply water to Xi, which is seriously short of water, Xianyou Temple and Wangfata Tower were both demolished from the original site. At that time, more than 800 precious cultural relics were excavated, including Buddhist cultural relics and various exquisite artifacts in the Sui and Tang Dynasties. It is planned to build Wangfata and Xianyou Temple on the north bank of Heihe River. In 200 1 year, Heihe reservoir was completed, and the original site of Xianyou Temple on the south bank of Heihe River, which lasted for more than 1400 years, flooded the lake bottom. Born in Xianyou Temple, The Song of Eternal Sorrow, reflected by the green mountains and clear waters, will remain in the world forever.
The Song of Eternal Sorrow also combines the stories of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and Li Furen.
Xiaoqin Du: Besides, we should pay attention to the story of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty and Li Furen. This is because in such a beautiful and scenic country, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty died in the fifth palace of the country, which is near Xianyou Temple. Therefore, when Bai Juyi conceived Song of Eternal Sorrow, it was easy to think of the stories of two emperors. In addition, the ponytail slope where Yang Guifei was hanged is not far from Mizhi, so many anecdotes must have been inherited nearby, which can be used as the material for Wang Zhifu to talk to Bai Juyi about this matter, and can also be used as the material for Bai Juyi to create the Song of Eternal Sorrow, and most of these materials are legendary.
Xiaoqin Du: Generally speaking, on the one hand, it is due to the influence of the author's personal love tragedy; On the other hand, due to the unique creative background of Bai Juyi's Kun County and Xianyou Temple and the influence of various local legends, Bai Juyi created Song of Eternal Sorrow, an artistic work with a complex theme, which described the love tragedy between Tang Xuanzong and Yang Guifei.
Xiaoqin Du: However, due to the limitation of the author's world outlook and the complexity of Tang Xuanzong, a historical figure, for example, on the one hand, he was the maker of An Shi Rebellion, and at the same time, he was a peaceful emperor for 50 years. In the face of such a complicated historical figure, Bai Juyi's attitude is multiple. There are both satire on Tang's dissoluteness and sympathy for the love tragedy between Tang and Yang Guifei. Therefore, it presents a complex poetic theme form.
Xiaoqin Du: Let's stop here for the narrative of the background and creative materials of Bai Juyi's Song of Eternal Sorrow. In the next lecture, we will analyze the story of Bai Juyi in Song of Eternal Sorrow, as well as our analysis and understanding of the theme of Song of Eternal Sorrow and the unique charm of this poem.