Problem description:
Please introduce the scientific name, family and genus, morphological habits, propagation and cultivation, resource allocation and main varieties of lianas.
Analysis:
grape
[Scientific name] European grape
[Other Chinese names] Peach, Dragon Ball, European Peach, Peach and Gourd
Grape genus of Vitaceae.
"Origin" Mediterranean coastal areas
【 Horticultural Features 】 Grape is a fruit crop with a long history of cultivation, but it is also planted as an ornamental plant in many countries, which is suitable for vertical greening.
[Pre-harvest management] The planting density is 4 ~ 5m2 1 plant. Grapes like wet soil environment. When planting, in addition to applying a proper amount of manure as base fertilizer, dilute liquid fertilizer rich in phosphorus and potassium should be applied once every 10 day in the vigorous growth period. Grapes like sunny environment, and it is best to ensure sufficient sunshine. Good ventilation helps plants grow better. Grape likes warm and cold, the suitable growth temperature is 16 ~ 28℃, and the overwintering temperature should not be lower than-10℃. Grape is a kind of climbing plant. When planting, it is usually necessary to set a bracket for it, which can not only meet its ventilation needs, but also make the branches have enough room for growth, thus ensuring the harvest of high-quality cuttings.
[Post-harvest management] Grape cuttings are generally harvested after the leaves fall, and can be combined with plant pruning. Usually, the harvested branches are cut into 30-40 cm long segments and then classified. It is best to soak 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder in l000 times solution for 5 minutes for sterilization, which is helpful to reduce the moldy phenomenon of cuttings, and then bundle them into boxes every 10 branch. Immediately store the treated cuttings in the environment with relative humidity of 85% ~ 90% and temperature of-1 ~ 1℃. Grape cuttings can usually be stored for 20 ~ 30 days under the above conditions without affecting the use effect.
Grape introduction
Grapes, perennial deciduous fruit trees, grapevines. The scientific name is Grape.
Grape mainly refers to Eurasian grape or European grape (V. vinifera L.), which is the most important grape variety and was introduced to China around 1-2 century BC.
Grapes begin to bear fruit in 2-3 years after cutting, and enter the full fruit period in 5-6 years. Generally, there are two peaks of falling flowers and fruits: the first time is 2-3 days after flowering; When the diameter of young fruit is about 3-4 mm for the second time, the growth of berries presents a double S-shaped curve.
Grape growth includes germination, flowering, fruit coloring, complete fruit ripening and new shoot ripening. Grapes are warm temperate plants and need more calories. In spring, when the temperature reaches 10℃, Eurasian grapes begin to sprout and grow. For early-maturing varieties, the effective accumulated temperature is about 2500℃, the days above 100℃ are more than 160 days, the suitable temperature for growth and fruiting is about 20-25℃, and the flowering temperature should not be lower than 65438+. During the dormant period, the mature branches and buds of grapes can withstand the low temperature of about-18℃, while the roots of Eurasian grapes are not cold-resistant, and they are frozen at -4℃ -5℃.
Grape is drought-tolerant, its growth is inhibited when it is short of water, and its ear development is poor, so it is a light-loving plant. It has developed roots and can adapt to all kinds of soil. It shows high yield in deep, loose and fertile soil. The soil with pH value of 6-7.5 grows best, has strong saline-alkali tolerance and can grow normally in the soil with pH value of 9. The groundwater level should be lower than 1.5-2m.
There are about 70 species of Vitis, among which the most important cultivated species is Vitis vinifera. According to the ecological environment and geographical conditions of the origin of the varieties, they can be divided into: oriental varieties such as longan, milk, white rose fragrance and so on. Black Sea varieties such as White, Late Red Honey, Daguoman, Joe Warrior, etc. Western European varieties such as Riesling, Cabernet Sauvignon, Coral Beads, Black Pi Nuo, etc.
There are more than 8,000 grape varieties in the world, about 800 in China, and only a few dozen varieties are well cultivated in production. According to the use, it can be divided into fresh food, brewing, drying, other processed varieties and root varieties. The main excellent fresh foods are Saba Pearl, Vineyard Queen, Jingzaojing, Kangbaier Zaosheng, Seedless White, Rose Fragrance, Kyoho, White Banana, Milk and Longan.
Excellent wine varieties are: white feather, red rose, Jiali wine and French blue.
In addition, there are many wine varieties, such as Baiya, Baixie Xi, Jimiyat, Riesling, Easterling, Coral Pearl, Cabernet Sauvignon, Black Pi Nuo and Chardonnay.
Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, fresh food varieties have been bred, including Zaohong, Zaorose, Jingzaojing, Jingzijing, Crispy Red, Red Banana, Zaoagate, Purple Pearl and Phoenix. The brewing varieties are Gongniang 1, Gongniang No.2, Zeyu, Zexiang and Meiyu.
Asexual propagation methods are often used in production, including cutting, grafting and layering, among which cutting is the most common. The cutting method is as follows: the mature 1 year-old branches are cut into cuttings with 2-4 buds, and after soaking, disinfection and root-urging, the cuttings are inserted into soil or nutrient bags in spring, and covered with plastic film, so as to keep proper temperature and humidity, facilitate survival and grow well. In the northeast of China, vitis amurensis with strong cold resistance was used as rootstock for grafting.
Usually rectangular planting mode is adopted, and the row spacing varies with the frame, plant shape and cold-proof soil amount. The vertical frame row spacing is 1.5-3.5m, and the plant spacing is 1-2m. The row spacing of scaffolding is 4- 10m, and the plant spacing is 1-3m.
The main diseases are downy mildew, white rot, anthracnose, black pox, powdery mildew, vine pruning, cancer, viral diseases and physiological diseases. The main pests are grape leaf miner, grape short mite, grape mealybug, grape leafhopper and grape wax cicada, grape tiger moth, grape root nematode and so on.
Grape juice contains 12-25% sugar, 0.5- 1.5% organic acid, a small amount of organic nitrides such as protein and amino acids, various mineral elements such as phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and iron, and various vitamins.