First, the basic safety of personnel.
In 2004, civil construction accidents and municipal infrastructure accidents accounted for 5 1.5% and 48.5% of the total respectively. Among the municipal infrastructure engineering accidents, there are 7 construction engineering accidents, accounting for 2 1.2% of the total number of accidents, and 6 people died, accounting for 18.2% of the total number of deaths. Among them, 40.7% accidents were caused by low safety awareness or improper operation of migrant workers; Falling accidents accounted for 37%; Collapse accidents accounted for 26%. For example, in Shenyang, Beijing, Shenzhen, Sichuan and other places, tower cranes have collapsed or broken their arms, resulting in the death of migrant workers and the collapse of nearby residential buildings.
Because the construction enterprises have mobilized a large number of migrant workers, their safety training is a mere formality, and migrant workers also think that they are temporary workers with short working hours and indifferent attitude towards safety. In recent years, migrant workers have become the perpetrators and victims of many accidents for many reasons, among which the quality of personnel is the main aspect. Migrant workers move frequently, mostly on short-term contracts, so some units are unwilling to train migrant workers' safety skills. Especially the new farmers who have just received simple safety education and training, they hurried to their posts. In order to make money, a considerable number of migrant farmers often pay little attention to safety conditions, have a weak sense of safety and know little about self-help methods. Once in danger, it will lead to great disaster.
In order to realize the essential safety of personnel, we need to do two things:
(1) personnel quality selection;
(2) personnel quality training and training. Construction personnel can take exams, questionnaires, written exams, internships, oral exams, mock exams, etc. Check their safety quality and select suitable construction personnel. Training and training are also carried out according to the construction needs, and the safety quality of personnel is continuously improved in the continuous cycle of selection-training-re-selection-retraining.
In addition, we should also pay attention to the relationship between the motivation of employees' safe work behavior and employees' sense of fairness revealed in the fairness theory put forward by American behavioral scientist J.S.Adams, so as to prevent employees from negative emotions caused by unfair status, opportunities, working hours, efforts and remuneration, and even possible damage and injury in the construction process.
Second, the essential safety of machines and tools
There are many machines and tools used in the construction site, and devices such as protection, insurance and signals are lacking or defective; Full-time machines and equipment have no safety warning signs, and electrical appliances are not grounded or grounding does not meet the requirements; The "four limits" and "two risks" of hoisting machinery are incomplete. The machine has defects, such as improper design, the structure does not meet the design requirements, the braking device is defective, the strength of the machine is not enough, the strength of the hanging rope is not enough, and it is overloaded. Lack of personal protective equipment or failure to meet safety requirements and unreasonable technology are all causes of safety accidents. Discussing the essence of machines and tools from the perspective of safety is called safety essence. The safety essence of machines and tools has the following four aspects: reliability, safety, safety protection and safety protection performance.
(a) machine reliability
Reliability means that machines and tools run under specified time and conditions to maintain the reliability of system functions. This reliability is defined as the reliability of machines and tools.
(2) Safety performance of machines and tools
This refers to the characteristics of machines and tools that will not cause accidents during work. Such as tower crane closed operation, electrical equipment leakage protector. Reliability and security are two different concepts.
(3) Safety protection performance
The protection system isolates people from the dangerous parts of the machine through isolation. There are two main methods: one is to cover the dangerous parts, such as the protective cover used by welders during construction and the safety belt used by scaffolders during aerial work; The second is remote control technology.
(4) Safety protection performance
Safety protection performance means that the machine has the performance of actively protecting the safety of the system.
Third, the working environment is intrinsically safe.
Working environment refers to technical environment, including physical environment, chemical environment, biological environment, space environment and time environment. Among them, the physical environment, the state and relevant ministries have formulated relevant standards. In the process of production and labor, there are many hazards caused by physical, chemical and biological environmental factors, mainly including noise, vibration, high temperature, low temperature and electromagnetic radiation. Its intrinsic safety can be tested by standards. For example, the state has imposed necessary restrictions on the noise in the workshops and workplaces of industrial enterprises and the urban environment, and promulgated the Hygienic Standard for Noise in Industrial Enterprises and the Standard for Urban Environmental Noise.
Space-time environment is whether the space dimension and time dimension are enough and whether the space-time organization is reasonable. At present, an effective "fixed management" method is being implemented, which emphasizes "working environment" and is a scientific management method. It scientifically analyzes and studies the relationship between people, things and places in the production site in order to achieve the best combination state. Using time and space management technologies such as machine positioning, personnel positioning, material positioning, circulation timing, etc., scientifically organize the space and time in the production process, promote civilized and scientific production site management, and realize efficient production, high-quality production and safe production. Relevant ministries and commissions have formulated the evaluation standard of quota management, which can be used as one of the standards for the intrinsic safety of space-time environment.
Fourth, the hidden dangers of accidents
Accident hidden danger is the general name of direct and indirect accident hidden danger. Human-centered analysis and prediction of man-machine failures can directly analyze unsafe behaviors of people, unsafe conditions of things and unsafe conditions of environment, as well as the defects of safety quality matching among people, machines and environment, which is called the direct hidden danger of accidents. The deep-seated essential reasons of hidden dangers of accidents and the defects in the matching between safety management mechanism and production and operation mechanism are called hidden dangers of accidents.
Hidden dangers refer to potential disasters and are the precursors of accidents. If it is not eliminated in time, it will lead to accidents. The hidden dangers of accidents include the hidden dangers of preventing accidents and mitigating accidents. The degree of damage caused by accidents depends not only on the size of hidden dangers in accident prevention, but also on the size of hidden dangers in accident mitigation.
(A) Identification of direct hidden dangers of accidents
The identification of direct hidden dangers of accidents can be divided into two aspects: preventing safety defects in advance and mitigating safety defects in accidents.
The direct hidden danger of the accident is mainly identified from the following three processes:
(1) simulate the deterioration process of safety and quality of production system;
(2) Analyze the location and process of dangerous omen events;
(3) Analyze the production site and process link of the accident.
(2) Identification of indirect hidden dangers of accidents
1. Identification of indirect hidden dangers of accidents: indirect hidden dangers can be identified one by one from all aspects of management. For the construction site, we can identify it from the following aspects:
(1) command against discipline;
(2) the speed and level of inspection, evaluation and rectification of direct hidden dangers of accidents;
(3) all kinds of accidents;
(4) the formulation and implementation level of construction safety management rules and regulations;
(five) the safety management mechanism and its effectiveness, and the implementation of the established technical and economic mechanism;
(6) Supervision mechanism of the owner and supervisor. And the construction level of safety culture of the construction unit;
(7) the level of safety information collection, statistics, analysis and circulation and its application in safety decision-making, planning and planning;
(8) The level and training of on-site safety management personnel and safety officers;
(9) Adaptability and flexibility of safety management:
(10) Whether the interpersonal relationship between construction teams and disputes between contractors, subcontractors and various types of work can be adjusted in time.
2. Identification method of indirect hidden dangers of accidents. The difficulty in identifying indirect hidden dangers of accidents lies in formulating a simple, feasible, fair and reasonable evaluation method for the above hidden dangers, so as to determine the degree of safety management defects and whether they constitute indirect hidden dangers.
3. Accident prevention mechanism. Unsafe behavior of people and unsafe state of things meet at the same time and space, which leads to accidents. Take the following four methods to prevent accidents:
(1) Restrain people's unsafe behaviors;
(2) the unsafe state of the eliminator;
(3) at the same time, restrain people's unsafe behavior and eliminate the unsafe state of things;
(4) Take isolation and protection measures to make people's unsafe behaviors not conform to the unsafe state of things.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) conclusion
The safety management of construction site is a complex and comprehensive system, involving a wide range and many influencing factors. The implementation of safety assessment in China began in the late 1970s, and the research and application of safety assessment theory and method developed rapidly. The management departments of machinery, metallurgy, chemical industry, nuclear power and other industries have formulated their own safety evaluation methods or standards, and extensively carried out safety evaluation of enterprises. However, in recent years, the research on safety and accident prevention in China mainly focuses on hardware, and the research on soft topics such as safety evaluation is relatively few. Up to now, there are few achievements in systematic and comprehensive research on safety production management in construction site.
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