It refers to the composition among various industrial sectors of the national economy and within each industrial sector. Generally speaking, industrial structure is expressed by two indicators: First, the industrial structure is illustrated by comparing the quantity of production factors (labor, capital, etc.) from the comparison of resource allocation among industries. ) investment in various industries; The other is to explain the industrial structure by comparing output (added value, physical quantity, etc.). ) the results of production and business activities in various industries.
Related indicators: output value of various industries; Monthly growth rate and annual growth rate of various industries; Manufacturing index; Purchasing managers' index; Consumer price index; Money supply; Employment rate and unemployment rate, etc.
Industry classification:
In economic research and management, the commonly used classification methods mainly include two fields, two categories, three industrial classifications, resource intensity classification and international standard industrial classification.
(1) The classification of two categories in two fields. This classification classifies industries according to the nature of production activities and their product attributes. According to the nature of production activities, the industrial sector is divided into two major areas: the material production sector and the intangible production sector. The former refers to the departments engaged in the production of material materials and the creation of material products, including agriculture, industry, construction, transportation, post and telecommunications, commerce and so on. The latter refers to departments that do not engage in the production of material materials but only provide intangible materials, including science, culture, education, news, health, finance, insurance, property management, consulting and other departments.
(2) Three industrial classifications. This classification is the division of industrial structure according to the historical development order of social production activities. The department whose products are directly taken from nature is called the primary industry, the department which reprocesses primary products is called the secondary industry, and the department which provides various services for production and consumption is called the tertiary industry. This classification method has become a common industrial structure classification method in the world.
The three industrial sectors in China are:
Primary industry: agriculture (including planting, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery);
Secondary industry: industry (including extractive industry, manufacturing industry, electricity, gas and water production and supply industry) and construction industry;
Tertiary industry: other industries except the primary and secondary industries. According to the actual situation in China, the tertiary industry can be divided into two parts: one is the circulation department and the other is the service department. Specifically, it can be divided into four levels:
The first level: the circulation department, including transportation, warehousing, post and telecommunications, wholesale and retail trade, and catering.
The second level: departments that serve production and life, including finance, insurance, geological exploration, water conservancy management, real estate, social services, agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery services, transportation assistance services and comprehensive technical services.
The third level: departments that serve to improve the scientific and cultural level and the quality of residents, including education, culture and art, radio, film and television, health, sports and social welfare, and scientific research.
The fourth level: departments that need to serve the public, including state organs, political party organs and social organizations, as well as the army and police.
(3) Classification of resource intensity
This industry classification method is divided according to the different resources invested by various industries. According to the relative density of labor, capital and technology in various industries, industries are divided into labor-intensive, capital-intensive and technology-intensive industries.
1, labor-intensive industries. Refers to industries that mainly rely on a large number of labor for production, but have a low dependence on technology and equipment. Its measure is that wages account for a large proportion of production costs compared with equipment depreciation and R&D expenditure. Generally speaking, the current labor-intensive industries mainly refer to agriculture, forestry, textiles, clothing, toys, leather, furniture and other manufacturing industries. With the development of technology and the application of new technology and equipment, the technology and capital intensity of labor-intensive industries in developed countries are also increasing, and they are gradually distinguished from labor-intensive industries. For example, in developed countries, the food industry is classified as a capital-intensive industry.
2. Capital-intensive industries. Refers to the industry in which the cost of capital accounts for a large proportion compared with the cost of labor, and the amount of fixed capital and working capital occupied by each worker is high. At present, capital-intensive industries mainly refer to steel industry, general electronic and communication equipment manufacturing, transportation equipment manufacturing, petrochemical industry, heavy machinery industry, electric power industry and so on. Capital-intensive industries are mainly distributed in basic industries and heavy processing industries, and are generally considered as an important foundation for developing the national economy and realizing industrialization.
3. Technology-intensive production ... >>
Question 2: what is the main content of industry analysis by industry structure analysis method?
(A) Analysis of the basic situation of the industry
Industry overview, industry development history review, industry development status and pattern analysis, industry development trend analysis, industry market capacity, sales growth status and trend forecast, industry gross profit margin, return on net assets status and development trend forecast, etc.
(B) Analysis of the overall characteristics of the industry
1. The market type analysis of perfect competition in the industry (1); (2) Monopoly competition; (3) oligopoly; (4) complete monopoly.
2. Business cycle analysis of the industry
(1) The movement state of growth industry has nothing to do with the cycle and amplitude of the overall level of economic activity. These industries mainly rely on technological progress, introduction of new products and better services to achieve growth. (2) The movement state of cyclical industries is directly related to the economic cycle. (3) Defensive industries The demand for products in defensive industries is relatively stable and is not affected by the economic cycle.
(C) Analysis of industrial structure
1. SCP theory of industrial organization analysis founded by Harvard University. This theory provides a systematic analysis framework of market structure, market behavior and market performance. This theory has practical guiding significance for studying the internal market structure of the industry, the market behavior of the main body and the market performance of the whole industry. It is a classic theory in industrial economics to analyze industrial organization. In the SCP framework, the role of market structure is highlighted, and it is considered that market structure is the key factor to determine market behavior and market performance, market structure determines the behavior of enterprises in the market, and enterprise market behavior determines economic performance. Therefore, the way to improve market performance is to adjust the market structure through industrial policies. The general structure analysis of the industry The purpose of market analysis is to identify the changes in various market segments of the industry, so as to reveal the opportunities and threats contained in the changes. The analysis mainly includes: the production capacity and structure changes of various products, the production capacity and structure changes of various regions, and the production capacity and structure changes of various consumer groups. 2. Five-force model analysis According to the famous American strategic management scholar Michael? According to Michael E. Porter, there are five basic competitive forces in an industry, namely, potential entrants, substitutes, buyers, suppliers and existing competitors in the industry.
(1) barriers to entry Structural barriers-economies of scale-product differentiation-capital requirements-switching costs-distribution channels-advantages unrelated to economies of scale-* * * policy and behavior barriers-possible retaliation barriers to entering the other side's field-highly specialized fixed assets-high exit costs-close coordination-emotional barriers-* * and social restrictions. (2) Reasons for competition among existing enterprises in the same industry: there are many or even competitors in the industry, high fixed cost or inventory cost, and lack of product differentiation. The user switching cost is low, the production capacity is greatly improved, the industry growth is slow, and the exit barrier is high. The reasons for the change of the competition pattern are: the life cycle of the industry has changed-the technological innovation of the enterprise has changed-the management mode has changed-and the enterprise strategy has changed. (3) Substitutes Threatened substitutes refer to products with the same or similar functions as products in this industry. Include direct substitution and indirect substitution. In the high-tech field, substitution is often the main competition faced by enterprises. The main pressure factors from substitutes: (1) the profitability of substitutes; (2) the business strategy of substitute manufacturers; (3) Buyer's switching cost: refers to the price paid by the customer when switching from using the original product to using the substitute product. The higher the conversion cost, the slower the substitution process. (4) The buyer's bargaining power comes from the buyer's pressure, which depends on the following factors: the buyer's concentration, the proportion of products in the buyer's cost, the standardization degree of products in the industry, the conversion cost, the buyer's profitability, the possibility of backward integration of the buyer, and the possibility of forward integration of the industry ... > >
Question 3: What are the elements that make up an industry? In the short term, they mainly include the following four indicators.
First, profitability, which is the most important indicator of the short-term competitiveness of enterprises, determines the survival and development of enterprises. At present, the profit margin of the whole textile industry is only 1.7%. If the export tax rebate factor is excluded, many enterprises are in a state of loss and need to improve their profitability urgently.
The second is solvency. It consists of three aspects: profitability, asset composition and corporate reputation. Generally speaking, if the total liabilities of an enterprise exceed 2 times of the total assets, it will be unsustainable and bankrupt.
The third is the composition of enterprise human resources. It includes the distribution of enterprise skilled workers, professional knowledge talents and the composition of professional knowledge of management team.
The fourth is the innovation ability of enterprises. It is embodied in the feedback speed of enterprises to the market, the cognition of consumers' demand and the understanding of the international market demand structure and regional differences.
There are also four medium and long-term indicators, namely, total assets, market share, general education level in the composition of human resources, investment and business environment provided by the enterprise.
Question 4: What is the industrial structure? Industry is divided into three major industries: the primary industry, agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery.
The secondary industry is mainly construction.
The tertiary industry is the service industry.
Industrial structure is the proportion of the three major industries in the whole economy.
Question 5: What is the internal composition of industry and what is industry?
In a certain sense, social division of labor is the most essential condition to constitute an industry. Marx once pointed out that "as far as labor itself is concerned, social production can be divided into agriculture, industry and other categories? This is called the general division of labor ... "This division of labor does not refer to the object of labor and the factors of production. The so-called industry, according to the definition of economic theory, refers to the production of products or services of the same nature, based on the use value, such as industrial products, agricultural products, commercial services, post and telecommunications services, educational services and so on. According to the big classification, it is the big "* * * body". For example, social production includes industry, agriculture, commerce, culture, education and other industrial sectors. If subdivided, it is a small "* * * body". For example, in the industrial sector, there are textile, steelmaking, shipbuilding and other industrial sectors; As far as the agricultural sector is concerned, there are industrial sectors such as agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry. If you subdivide it a little more, you will have a smaller "* * * body". These large and small industrial departments are "* * * bodies" of all sizes. Every small "* * * body" must belong to a corresponding big "* * * body".
Industrial "* * * body" has certain structural conditions. In other words, as an industrial sector, there are many basic units. These basic individual charges constitute an industrial sector according to certain conditions. These conditions are the * * * identity among the elements of the * * body, which can be summarized as follows.
First, productivity. The so-called productivity is the activity function of creating wealth. Generally speaking, there are two kinds of production. "In the first production, the producer is materialized"; In the second peak production, what producers create is humanized. However, "all production is an individual's possession of nature in a certain social form". This kind of possession is to create social wealth.
Second, commodities. Products produced and services provided are not for self-consumption, but for exchange. This determines its social nature, and there is no free supply of consumer goods.
Third, seek profit. The so-called pursuit of science is to obtain as many economic benefits as possible by producing products and providing services, so as to realize the value of workers' labor and the development of the industry. The profit-seeking nature of socialist industry is essentially different from that of capitalists, which is the fundamental requirement for realizing social reproduction.
Fourth, organizational. The basic unit of each industrial entity is a small * * *, or a subsystem of a system, thus forming the production capacity and scale of a certain product, or the ability to provide a certain service and a certain scale. The larger the scale of production socialization, the higher the degree of socialization, the stronger the internal composition of this * * * body, the stricter the organization, and the more complicated and strengthened the connection and restriction.
Question 6: What is product structure and industrial structure? Product structure refers to the proportional relationship of various products in the products produced by enterprises. For example, the proportion of military products and civilian products, mechanical products and electrical products, high-quality products and general products, technology-intensive products and labor-intensive products.
Industrial structure refers to the proportion of primary, secondary and tertiary industries in the national economy. The primary industry is agriculture and animal husbandry, the secondary industry is manufacturing and construction, and the tertiary industry refers to service industry in a broad sense.
Question 7: Who are the domestic industry analysis, industry data and industry information institutions? Hello, landlord,
As far as I know, feasibility study is an essential key link before investment decision-making, mainly for comprehensive technical and economic analysis and demonstration of construction projects. Its basic contents include market environment research, market forecast and research, technical scheme research, project economic evaluation and so on. Based on this, this paper gives some conclusive opinions on whether and how to invest in the development of the project, or whether to terminate the investment or continue the investment and development, which provides a scientific basis for investment decision-making and serves as the basis for further work.
According to the customer's personalized information service demand, Zhongwei Consulting made a project service plan and set up a project team 3. Relying on the database and investigation channels accumulated by the company for many years, through objective and systematic investigation, we can accurately obtain the required enterprise information and help enterprises understand the changes and market sales of existing or potential customers, partners and competitors. So as to avoid business risks and seize market opportunities.
I hope I can help you.
Question 8: What are the characteristics of the structure and development of human resources industry? What are the industry structures that gradually grow from a human assistant to a human director?
We should constantly sum up experience, obtain relevant certificates and constantly improve ourselves.
The development feature is that as long as you have experience and relevant certificates, the older you get, the more popular you are.
Human resources have been well developed in the development of modern society.
It is also a profession that will not be replaced.
Everyone should learn some human resources from Peng Zhong to protect themselves, just like studying law.
Question 9: What is industrial structure?
Industrial structure, also known as the departmental structure of the national economy. The composition of various industrial sectors in the national economy and the internal composition of each industrial sector. The industrial structure or departmental structure of social production is produced and developed on the basis of general division of labor and special division of labor. Study the industrial structure, mainly to study the relationship between the two categories of means of production and means of subsistence; From the perspective of departments, this paper mainly studies the relationship between agriculture, light industry, heavy industry, construction industry, commercial service industry and other departments, as well as the internal relations of various industrial departments. The factors that determine and influence a country's industrial structure generally include the following categories: (1) demand structure, including the ratio of intermediate demand to final demand, the level and structure of social consumption, the ratio of consumption to investment, the level and structure of investment, etc. (2) Resource supply structure, including the ownership of labor and capital and their relative prices, as well as the endowment of a country's natural resources; (3) scientific and technological factors, including the level of science and technology, the development ability and speed of scientific and technological innovation, and the direction of innovation; (4) The influence of international economic relations on industrial structure includes import and export trade, introduction of foreign capital and technology.
Advanced industrial structure is also called advanced industrial structure. It refers to the process that the center of gravity of a country's economic development or industrial structure shifts from the primary industry to the secondary industry and the tertiary industry, which marks the level, stage and direction of a country's economic development. The upgrading of industrial structure is often reflected in the change of output value, employees and the proportion of national income among various industrial departments. Generally speaking, the upgrading of industrial structure is the most suitable industrial structure in different periods of a country's economic development, and its main measure is: (1) income elasticity principle (income elasticity standard), that is, the ratio of each increase in unit income to the increase in demand for a certain commodity. If the increased demand due to income expansion can be transformed into commodities with high income elasticity, the export growth rate can be increased accordingly, which is ideal for the overall economic growth; (2) the principle of productivity improvement rate (productivity improvement principle). To export commodities with high income flexibility, we must have sufficient international competitiveness, so the best choice is to focus on industries with high production growth rate or industries with high technological development possibilities; (3) the principle of technology, safety and group, that is, in the long run, the driving force of economic development is technological innovation, so industries that can become the core departments of technological innovation in the future cannot be easily abandoned, although they are currently in a comparative disadvantage position; For the stable development of a country's economy, it actually needs a certain degree of national security guarantee or an industry that can guarantee national prestige; For the balanced development among industrial departments, it is necessary to form a wide range of industrial groups. The industrial structure state that meets the above three standards can be called the optimal state of a country's industrial structure in a certain period, which also shows that the country's industrial structure has reached the standard at this stage.
Question 10: How to judge the competitive structure of an industry? There are several types of industry competition structure: 1. Perfect competition ii. Complete monopoly 3. Incomplete competition 4. Oligopoly If there are only a few enterprises in an industry, the market price is completely controlled by these enterprises, and the products produced are homogeneous, such a market spindle is completely monopolized or oligopolized, such as Intel, IBM, or China's petrochemical industries, such as PetroChina and Sinopec. This market type is mainly controlled by * * * or has a high technical content, and few enterprises have this ability. If the number of enterprises in an industry is very large, the types and types of products are very rich, and no one can artificially control the price, such a market is an imperfect competitive market. Perfect competitive market and imperfect competitive market only exist in theory, but this situation does not exist in the real world.