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Landscape Design of Arid Landscape in Japan
Ganjing Garden is a kind of miniature garden landscape originated in Japan, which is more common in small, quiet and profound Zen temples. In its unique environmental atmosphere, several stone groups paved and stacked with fine harrow white sandstone can exert magical power on people's mood. Like music, painting and literature, it can express profound philosophy, and many of its ideas come from Zen morality, which is closely related to the introduction of ancient mainland culture.
In 538 AD, the Japanese began to accept Buddhism, and sent some students and craftsmen to ancient China to study inland art and culture. In13rd century, another Buddhist sect "Zen" originated in China became popular in Japan. In order to reflect the spirit of "asceticism" and "self-discipline" pursued by Zen practitioners, Japanese gardens began to abandon the previous Chiquan gardens and instead used some static elements such as evergreen trees, moss and gravel to create dry landscape gardens, and there were almost no flowering plants in the gardens.
Therefore, in the Zen courtyard, trees, rocks, sky, land and so on. Often only a few strokes, but it contains profound meaning. In the eyes of practitioners, they are oceans, mountains, islands, waterfalls, and a world in a sand. Such a garden is tantamount to a "spiritual garden". Later, this kind of garden developed to the extreme-trees, shrubs, bridges, islands and even indispensable water bodies in the garden were all removed one by one, leaving only rocks, raked gravel and patches of moss growing spontaneously and shading, which are the main components of typical and popular Japanese dry landscape gardens. And the shock of this dry landscape garden to the human spirit is amazing.
/kloc-Ganjing Garden, which was built in Long 'an Temple in Kyoto in the 0/5th century, is the most famous garden boutique in Japan. It occupies a rectangular area with an area of only 330 square meters. The garden is flat and consists of 65,438+05 stones of different sizes and a large area of gray pebbles. Stones are divided into two, three and five groups, and * * * is divided into five groups. Moss on the edge of the stone group rakes out concentric ripples. Concentric ripples can be used to describe rain splashing into a pool or fish coming out of the water. It looks like white sand, green moss and brown stone, but none of them are solid colors. From the color change of this object, we can find harmony with another object. However, the fineness of sand and gravel and the roughness of the main stone, the "softness" of plants and the "hardness" of stones, and the different forms of lying stones and standing stones often echo each other in comparison. Because it belongs to the garden overlooking, no one can enter the garden except those who rake fine stones. Tourists from all walks of life will sit in the dark corridor next to the garden-sometimes for hours at a time, thinking about the profound meaning of the preacher in Long 'an Temple beyond the form of sand and stone.
You can understand such a garden as a rock in a river or a mysterious island in legend, but it is also a masterpiece if it is only considered from an aesthetic point of view; It fully balances the group, balance, movement and rhythm, and its overall layout is relatively coordinated, so that the slight movement of a stone will destroy the overall effect of the garden. Tohokuin, abbot of Daxian Academy of Dade Temple, was designed by Zen Master Kyle Johnson in the 6th century/KLOC-0. He skillfully used proportion and perspective to create a "river channel" with rocks and gravel. The main stones here are either upright like screens, staggered like doors, or stacked like steps, and their stone management skills are exquisite. From a distance, the viewer can clearly feel the "water" flowing between the towering cliffs and rushing under the low bridges.
During the Edo period, pruned dry mountains and rivers with low shrubs as the main scenery appeared in Japanese gardens, among which Dachi Temple Garden in Shiga Prefecture in the17th century was the representative. It prunes the rhododendron bushes into geometric shapes, symbolizing a "ship" sailing in the waves, thus presenting a Zen seascape.
The North Courtyard of the abbot of Dongfu Temple, also located in Kyoto, is a dry landscape garden in the Showa era. Although it was built in the 1920s and 1930s, it still follows the ancient rules of Zen. Its most striking feature is that in this garden, moss and stones form a checkerboard cube, just like foam on the coast at low tide. It closed the edge with curves, and planted low bushes on the edge, accompanied by quiet and open azaleas, which added a little vitality to the quiet garden.