The origin of the name
There are still many disputes about the origin of the name of "Waibaidu Bridge". Now we know that the wooden bridge was called by Shanghai Ministry of Industry 1873. The most widely accepted explanation is: "The upstream of any river is called Li, and the downstream is the outside." In the book History and Architecture of the Bund by scholar Xue, there is such a statement: In some cases, the inside and outside of China people refer to the distance from a certain point. This usage can still be seen in some places in Shanghai, and the Waibaidu Bridge belongs to this category. Therefore, the bridge near the upstream is called Libaidu Bridge, and the estuary is naturally called Waibaidu Bridge. It is called Baidu Bridge because after the bridge is completed, people who cross the river do not need to pay the bridge fee, so it is a "white" crossing.
Another way of saying it is. The name of Baiduqiao is related to Liu Yuxi and Bai Juyi, two great poets born in the same year of Tang Dynasty.
According to historical records, Liu and Bai have always been close friends. Even though they were expelled from Kyoto, they still exchanged poems and books to encourage each other. In the spring of the fourth year of Tang Changqing (824), Liu Yuxi was transferred from Kuizhou secretariat to Hezhou secretariat; In the summer, Bai Juyi was transferred from the secretariat of Hangzhou to the prince of Shaofu in Luoyang, the eastern capital. It is said that Bai Juyi wanted to visit his old friend Liu Yuxi on the way, so he rode to Tunxi, took a boat to Tianmen Mountain in Hezhou via Wuhu, and then rode to the ferry. At that time, Liu Yuxi was already waiting to pick him up at the South Ferry. Old friends meet again, mixed with sorrow and joy. They first looked around the South Ferry for a while, and then crossed to the North Ferry by gondola. After disembarking, Bai casually chanted, "It's rare for you to greet me in a transitional manner." Unexpectedly, Liu got the message, but said, "Today, there are saints who tread the waves, or come to the DPRK, or live in the rainbow." Yin "relative smile. Bai added: "For the benefit of the people, a bridge should be built here. "Liu Dao:" It's good to build a wooden pontoon bridge in the flat water season. "At that time, Bai Juyi lived in Texas for a few days. Later, Liu Yuxi named the ferry "Baidu" for his ambition. Two years later, in the autumn of the second year of the Tang Dynasty (826), Liu Yuxi dismissed from office and transferred to Kyoto to Yangzhou. It happened that Bai Juyi also came to Yangzhou from Du Dong. When two old friends came to Yangzhou for the first time, they were close and affectionate. Liu couldn't help apologizing to Bai and said, "It's a pity that I only named this place' Bai Du' and the bridge hasn't been built yet. I don't know when I can build' Baidu Bridge'? " Bai comforted: "There will always be a rainbow on the ground in the future. "So I enjoyed the wine and got drunk.
White seats sang a poem:
Bring me a drink, play chopsticks with you and sing a song.
Although your poetry is first-class and can be called a national champion, it is doomed that you can't get it.
Dou Rong's eyes are decent, but you stay lonely for a long time. Full officials have their own satisfactory positions, but you are empty.
I also know that you should be very tired, but these 23 years have been too much loss.
Liu is a reward:
The mountains were desolate and silent for twenty-three years.
People come back. Like people in Michelle, I can only play the flute, and I am disappointed.
On one side of the boat, Qian Fan races; At the head of the sick tree, every year is a spring shower.
Listen to your song today and have a drink for a while.
The world-famous Waibaidu Bridge is located in the lower reaches of Suzhou River, near Huangpu River, and is one of the landmark buildings in old Shanghai. Now, how many people know its turbulent history?
Today's Waibaidu Bridge is actually the third generation.
The development of history
First generation bridge
The first generation of Waibaidu Bridge was built in 1856, named "Well Bridge", which is a wooden bridge. It was built by "Suzhou River Bridge Company" (the first bridge construction company in China's history) with 20 people (mostly foreign firm managers or opium dealers), including Englishman Wells who worked for Jardine Matheson and Ren Wei and Homer of Baoshun Foreign Firm. The bridge is137.25m long and 7.015m wide, with a movable deck in the middle, which should be hoisted when the ship passes by.
Second generation bridge
Because it is adjacent to the Bund Park, the British called it "Garden Bridge" in those days, and a bronze monument was carved at the bridgehead (the bronze monument was destroyed after 1949), while the common people called it "Waidukou Bridge". From then on, there is no charge for crossing the bridge here. Wells Bridge was demolished by the Ministry of Industry. This is also the origin of the second generation bridge-"Waibaidu Bridge". In the following decades, people made a slip of the tongue and pronounced it "Waibaidu Bridge", so there was a convention. Later, when history came to this day, "moral" was more than just the name of a bridge.
Third generation bridge
During Guangxu period, the wooden bridge was repaired several times and could not meet the needs of traffic development. The Ministry of Industry decided to rebuild a new bridge. There are two kinds of design drawings and budget plans for steel bridge and wooden bridge for reference by the Ministry of Industry. The width of the two bridges is the same, and the design requirements are to be able to bear the load that the first-class urban bridges can usually bear. Among them, the service life of the wooden bridge is 20 years, the cost is 83,000 taels, and the annual maintenance cost is 3,320 taels according to 4% of the cost. The service life of the steel bridge is 50 years, and the cost is 202,000 yuan. The annual maintenance fee is 700 taels at 0.35% of the cost. Charles Main, an engineer and surveyor of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, believes that although the initial investment of the steel bridge is large, the location of the Waibaidu Bridge is important, the daily traffic volume is large, and the double-track tram track needs to be laid, so the construction of the steel bridge can gain long-term benefits. At the same time, the British Commercial Trams Company expressed its willingness to donate 3,500 pounds for the reconstruction of the steel bridge. By comparing the different costs of steel bridge and wooden bridge under construction and the money obtained after 50 years according to 6% compound interest, the Ministry of Industry chose steel bridge and advertised the design and construction of the new bridge. In the 17 tender, Howarth Erskine Ltd won the bid at the price of 17000. The steel parts were manufactured by Cleveland Bridge Construction Company in Darlington, England, and Palley and Bede Company in Westminster supervised the processing and manufacturing in Britain on behalf of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology.
In the thirty-second year of Guangxu, the first pile was laid and completed the following year. The superstructure of the bridge is simply supported riveted steel truss, and the substructure is reinforced concrete abutment, wooden pile foundation and concrete hollow thin slab pier. The span combination of the two holes is 52.12m, the elevation of the beam bottom is 5.75m, and tram tracks are laid on the bridge deck. This is the third generation Waibaidu Bridge. The new bridge was put into use in Guangxu thirty-three years (1907), eleven years later than the Eiffel Tower in France. The bridge is 60 feet wide (including 36 feet of driveway and 24 feet of sidewalk) and 1, 7 1 foot long, which is the latest steel structure at that time. With the achievements of the industrial revolution and the development of science and technology, iron bridges rose in Britain in the18th century, and steel bridges rose in the United States in the19th century. Baidu Bridge is the first all-steel bridge in China. It was built by the Ministry of Industry of Shanghai Concession at that time. All steel products are imported from Britain, and the design and structure of the whole bridge are completed by British engineers and technicians. At that time, similar steel structure bridges, besides Shanghai, also included the Wan Guo Bridge (now jiefang bridge) across the Haihe River in Tianjin, which was built at 1902, five years earlier than the Waibaidu Bridge, and was built by the Ministry of Industry of the French Concession in Tianjin, so it was also called the "French Bridge".
City symbol
Shanghai prospers because of rivers. Crossing the sea river and Waibaidu Bridge, as important passages connecting the urban area of Shanghai and the eastern part of Shanghai, connect the two pillar industries of old Shanghai, finance and foreign trade transportation.
Shanghai fell 1937. At that time, China people had to bow respectfully to the Japanese soldiers standing guard on the bridge. If they are not careful, they will be beaten or punished, or even bitten by dogs. To the southeast of the bridge is Huangpu Park, which records the humiliating history of "Chinese and dogs are not allowed in".
Zhang, a librarian of Shanghai Archives who studies the history of Shanghai, told the reporter that the biggest incident that happened directly on the Waibaidu Bridge was the assassination of Zheng Rucheng, the Shanghai garrison ambassador, in 19 15. Among the photos of Waibaidu Bridge that can be found in Shanghai Archives, there are scenes of a large number of refugees crossing Waibaidu Bridge from Zhabei to South during the Sino-Japanese War, and there are also pictures of cavalry units of the People's Liberation Army entering the city from Waibaidu Bridge.
The Waibaidu Bridge, which has been in existence for more than 100 years, silently bears the honor and disgrace of the city, and its traffic function has taken a back seat. Today, it is very happy to become a viewing platform, allowing Chinese and foreign tourists to set up cameras every day to shoot new buildings on the other side. In the hearts of many overseas travelers, the figure of Waibaidu Bridge has become an indelible nostalgia.
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