Question 2:
Postgraduates can be divided into ordinary masters and professional masters.
Chief captain
According to the relevant regulations of our country, the general master's education focuses on cultivating teaching and scientific research talents, and the types of degrees awarded are mainly degrees.
At present, China's degrees are divided into philosophy, economics, law, education, literature, history, science, engineering, agriculture, medicine, military science, management and so on 12 categories. 12 is further subdivided into 88 first-level disciplines, and 88 first-level disciplines are further subdivided into more than 300 two disciplines, and there are also self-established enrollment units.
The entrance examination for ordinary postgraduate students is mainly the national unified entrance examination for postgraduate students at the beginning of the year (hereinafter referred to as the "unified examination"). After being admitted, they will get graduate status. Upon graduation, if the course study and thesis defense meet the requirements of the Academic Degrees Regulations, you can get a diploma and a degree certificate.
Professional master
Professional masters may be unfamiliar to everyone, but when it comes to MBA and MPA, everyone is familiar with them. In fact, MBA and MPA are only two categories of professional degrees. At present, the number of professional masters approved in China has reached 15.
Professional masters mainly include: MBA, MPA, ME, J.M., MPACC, MPH, MPH, MPA, etc. At the beginning of this year, three professional degrees were added: Master of Literature, Master of Physical Education and Master of Landscape Architecture.
Professional master is a form of postgraduate education in China. According to the orientation of the State Council Academic Degrees Committee, a professional degree is a degree with a professional background, which trains senior professionals in a specific occupation.
The learning methods of professional master's education are flexible, which can be roughly divided into two categories: on-the-job learning and full-time learning. The relatively simple way to distinguish is: the professional degree examination, which recruits on-the-job personnel and mainly studies in their spare time, is usually held in June 65438+ 10 every year, which is called the "national joint examination for on-the-job personnel to study for master's degrees", or "joint examination" for short; The professional degree examination for full-time students is held together with the "National Unified Entrance Examination for Postgraduates" held at the beginning of each year.
The difference between general master and professional master
Different cultural directions
▽ General master's education focuses on cultivating teaching and scientific research talents, and the types of degrees awarded are mainly academic degrees;
△ Professional Master is a master's degree with a professional background, which is set up to train high-level professionals in a specific occupation.
Different enrollment conditions
▽ Ordinary masters do not require applicants to have a certain number of years of work experience.
△ Professional Master requires applicants to have a certain number of years of work experience. Most professional masters also require on-the-job employees to obtain the consent of their units or corresponding management departments, and some even require their units to recommend them.
The entrance exam is different
▽ Ordinary postgraduate entrance examination is only the "unified examination" at the beginning of the year, and professional examinations other than the unified examination are put forward and marked by the enrollment unit itself.
△ There are two opportunities for the entrance examination for professional masters: the "joint examination" in May 438+10 and the "unified examination" at the beginning of the year. Candidates can choose by themselves, and the professional examinations of these two national examinations are also set and marked by the enrollment units themselves.
The difficulty of admission is different.
▽ The National Unified Entrance Examination for Ordinary Postgraduates (unified examination) is completely the representative of Yan Jinkuanchu. According to statistics, in 2005, the number of people taking the postgraduate entrance examination was1170,000, and the enrollment was only 320,000, with an enrollment ratio of 3.7: 1. Famous universities such as Peking University, Tsinghua and Fudan University, as well as popular majors such as microelectronics, information science, biomedicine, world economy and international finance, have a low admission rate due to a large number of applicants. It is understood that the enrollment ratio of popular majors in some prestigious schools even reaches 70: 1. But some unpopular majors in second-rate schools are not satisfied every year. Therefore, the difficulty of admission depends on the schools and majors that candidates apply for.
△ There are two opportunities for the entrance examination for professional masters: the "joint examination" in June 5438+ 10 and the "unified examination" at the beginning of the year, and candidates can choose by themselves. The professional examinations of these two national examinations are put forward and marked by the admissions unit itself. The entrance difficulty of different majors is different, and the popular majors are relatively difficult. For example, in 2004, the MBA admission ratio of Fudan University, Jiaotong University and Finance University in Shanghai was around 6: 1; The national admission rate of LLM in 2004 was less than 10%. In addition, the difficulty of "joint examination" and "unified examination" is different. Because there are many more candidates for the "unified examination", the competition for the examination is naturally fierce. However, although the entrance examination is easy, the applicant's work background and experience are more important in the admission.
Different learning styles
▽ General Master: Full-time study. Usually three years.
△ Professional Master: part-time, with a schooling of 2-3 years.
Different study fees
The difficulty of admission is different.
▽ The National Unified Entrance Examination for Ordinary Postgraduates (unified examination) is completely the representative of Yan Jinkuanchu. According to statistics, in 2005, the number of people taking the postgraduate entrance examination was1170,000, and the enrollment was only 320,000, with an enrollment ratio of 3.7: 1. Famous universities such as Peking University, Tsinghua and Fudan University, as well as popular majors such as microelectronics, information science, biomedicine, world economy and international finance, have a low admission rate due to a large number of applicants. It is understood that the enrollment ratio of popular majors in some prestigious schools even reaches 70: 1. But some unpopular majors in second-rate schools are not satisfied every year. Therefore, the difficulty of admission depends on the schools and majors that candidates apply for.
△ There are two opportunities for the entrance examination for professional masters: the "joint examination" in June 5438+ 10 and the "unified examination" at the beginning of the year, and candidates can choose by themselves. The professional examinations of these two national examinations are put forward and marked by the admissions unit itself. The entrance difficulty of different majors is different, and the popular majors are relatively difficult. For example, in 2004, the MBA admission ratio of Fudan University, Jiaotong University and Finance University in Shanghai was around 6: 1; The national admission rate of LLM in 2004 was less than 10%. In addition, the difficulty of "joint examination" and "unified examination" is different. Because there are many more candidates for the "unified examination", the competition for the examination is naturally fierce. However, although the entrance examination is easy, the applicant's work background and experience are more important in the admission.
Different learning styles
▽ General Master: Full-time study. Usually three years.
△ Professional Master: part-time, with a schooling of 2-3 years.
Different study fees
▽ Ordinary master students admitted by national plans (non-directional and directional) enjoy tuition-free treatment according to state regulations. As an unplanned enrollment (commissioned training, self-funded), graduate students must pay tuition, which is generally 8000 yuan/year, which varies according to their majors. For self-funded students, poor students and other candidates, we can apply for national student loans or commercial loans to ease the pressure on tuition fees.
△ Professional master's tuition fees vary greatly according to different professional categories. For example, the MBA tuition fee is ten or even hundreds of thousands of yuan, while the master of engineering tuition fee is generally 30,000-40,000 yuan. Professional masters generally cannot apply for national student loans.
Diplomas are awarded in different ways.
▽ Ordinary masters issue degrees and academic certificates at the same time.
△ Most professional masters only award degree certificates, and there is no academic certificate. But there are exceptions, such as MBA, master of law, master of medicine, master of architecture and so on. At the same time, the degree and diploma are awarded.
Generally speaking, "unified examination" students get "double certificates" and "joint examination" students get "certificates"
Different degrees of recognition
▽ Ordinary Master: Because they graduated from full-time regular universities with double certificates of academic degrees, such graduates have high social recognition. However, enterprises will also consider the weakness of full-time graduate students when recruiting: only theory, lack of experience. Especially for job seekers whose master's degree and undergraduate degree are completely different, and job seekers who have never had relevant work experience, enterprises will have scruples. It is suggested that such graduates should strengthen their competitiveness through internships, part-time jobs or taking vocational certificates.
△ Professional Master: The MBA who took the unified examination in June 5438+10 can get double certificates, while the master of engineering can only get a degree certificate at present, so the market recognition of professional master is slightly different. Of course, with the increasing types of professional masters in recent years, the number of applicants has increased year after year, so popularity has driven the market effect, and the recognition and job-seeking status have gradually improved. Many enterprises no longer require academic certificates, but pay more attention to the gold content of professional degree certificates themselves.