Project management is a systematic management activity that effectively plans, organizes, controls and coordinates the whole process of project construction according to objective economic laws. From the content, it is the whole process management of project construction, that is, the whole process management from project proposal, feasibility study and design, engineering design, engineering construction to completion and production. In nature, project management is the micro-foundation of fixed assets investment management, and its nature belongs to the category of investment management.
2. Present situation of project management: 2. 1 New progress in theory and practice As a traditional field of project management, great progress has been made in theory and practice of project management in recent years. Established the knowledge system of project management; Implement the project management qualification certification system; Innovation of project management organization model: Partnering model, dynamic alliance model and partnership model. Development of project management technology: project risk management technology, project integration and structured management technology, project management visualization technology, project process evaluation technology, project review and project management maturity evaluation ideas and methods, large-scale project management and multi-project management methods.
2.2 Problems in project management at this stage
It should be said that the achievements of project management in China for more than ten years are remarkable. However, there are still many problems, such as quality accidents, delay in construction period, cost overruns and so on, especially in the past two years, which not only caused great losses to the lives and property of the country and people, but also caused bad social impact. These accidents are all related to project management without exception, and they are all caused by poor and irregular project management. This shows that there is still a considerable gap between China and western developed countries in the field of project management, which is manifested in the following aspects: 1) weak concept of project management, imperfect legal system, 2) lack of marketing concept in project acquisition, 3) the scope of project management needs to be expanded, 4) excessive emphasis on the role of price in competition, and 5) generally low quality of project managers. 6) The application of information technology in project management is not enough, 7) The feasibility study of the project is not paid attention to, 8) Some specific problems in management: ① Complex organizational relationship, heavy workload of coordination, ② Management problems of invested funds, ③ Unclear responsibilities, inaccurate division of labor, ④ Emphasis on progress, neglecting quality, ⑤ Failure to implement planned work, ⑤ Material supply, equipment implementation, and ⑤ Contract problems.
3. Development trend: 3. 1 International trend of project management
With the further acceleration of China's reform and opening up, China's economy is increasingly deeply integrated into the global market, and more and more projects are invested and operated by enterprises abroad. Many projects have to be operated through international bidding, consultation or BOT, and the internationalization of project management is forming a trend. Especially after China's entry into WTO, the industry barriers have dropped, the domestic market has been internationalized, and the domestic and foreign markets have been fully integrated. Facing the increasingly fierce market competition, China enterprises must be market-oriented, change their business models, enhance their resilience, be brave in making progress, learn to survive in the competition and seek development in the struggle.
3.2 Project management informatization trend: With the advent of the Internet and knowledge economy era, project management informatization has become an inevitable trend. The leading economy and knowledge economy in 2 1 century have arrived, and the corresponding project management will also become a hot frontier field. Project management in the era of knowledge economy is to improve adaptability and innovation ability through knowledge sharing and collective wisdom. At present, some project management companies in western developed countries have applied computer network technology to project management and started to realize networking and virtualization of project management. In addition, many project management companies have begun to widely use project management software and are also engaged in the development and research of project management software. There are indications that the project management in 2 1 century will rely more on computer technology and network technology, and the project management in the new century will surely become information management.
3.3 Project life cycle management: The so-called life cycle management is to build a project that meets the functional requirements and is economically feasible, and to plan, coordinate and control the whole process of the project life cycle from the early planning of the project to the demolition of the project, so that the project can successfully complete the construction tasks within the scheduled construction period and planned investment scope, reach the specified project quality standards, and meet the needs of investors, project operators and end users; During the operation of the project, financial management, space management, user management and operation and maintenance management of the property will be carried out, so that the project can create tangible and intangible benefits as much as possible.
3.4 Integration of project management: The so-called integration of project management refers to the process of systematically integrating the related resources of the project by using the systematic methods, models and tools of project management to achieve the specific goals set by the project and maximize the investment benefits. For example, the "SIPOC" project management model simply describes the project process as: S- supplier; I- project input; P- systematic treatment process of the project; O- output; Clients. It studies the stakeholder set and process of the project as a whole, and reveals that the system integration of the project is the inherent requirement of the project. Transfer from deadline
3.5 Cooperative management: In traditional construction contracts, owners and contractors often regard each other as rivals, resulting in lower efficiency and higher cost. Therefore, the owner tries to find a new mode to deal with the working relationship with the contractor. As a result, cooperative management began to be valued and used by people. The so-called cooperative management mode refers to the short-term or long-term agreement reached between the owner and the project participants on the basis of mutual trust and resource sharing; On the basis of fully considering the interests of all parties involved, determine the same construction project objectives; Establish a working group, communicate in time, avoid disputes and lawsuits, cooperate with each other, * * * solve problems in the implementation of construction projects, * * * share project risks and related expenses, and ensure the realization of the goals and interests of all parties involved. If you choose the cooperative business model, you must strive to achieve a "win-win". Therefore, interpersonal relationship, the balance of rights and the satisfaction of shareholders' interests are the problems that need to be solved in the cooperative business model.
3.6 General control of engineering projects: This model first appeared in Germany in the mid-1990s, and formed the corresponding theory. 1998 introduced this model for the first time in China. The general control of engineering project refers to the comprehensive coordination of engineering project implementation activities in an independent and fair way, and the comprehensive and systematic planning around the cost, schedule and quality of engineering project, so that the implementation of engineering project becomes a reliable and safe target control mechanism. Through the investigation, analysis, suggestions and consultation of the whole process of project implementation, this paper puts forward feasible suggestions for project implementation, which can be used as a reference for project management. According to the characteristics of construction projects and the specific situation of the owner's organizational structure, it can be divided into two types: single-plane and multi-plane project manager alliance.
3.7 Construction Agent System Project: The construction agent system originated from the construction manager system in the United States. It means that the owner entrusts a person named the construction manager to be responsible for the management of the whole project, including feasibility study, design, procurement, construction, completion and debugging, but does not contract the project cost. As the agent of the owner, the construction manager works in the name of the owner within the business scope entrusted by the owner. If he has the right to choose his own designer and contractor, the owner shall be responsible for all the actions of the construction manager. The so-called agent construction system refers to the system that the project owner selects a socially specialized project management unit (agent construction unit) through bidding, is responsible for the investment management and construction organization and implementation of the project, and delivers it to use after the project is completed. Compared with the project manager system, the agent construction system is more scientific and advanced in the definition and selection procedures of the agent.
4. Countermeasures: At present, China's engineering project management is facing the wave of global economic integration, the competitive situation of China's entry into WTO and the development trend of international big contractors. China's engineering project management companies must focus on long-term development, actively face the reality, adhere to innovation as the main line, seriously explore the development direction, development trend and development measures of engineering project management, seize the commanding heights of market competition and meet new challenges. At present, domestic project management companies should make active efforts in the following aspects.
4. 1 Actively integrate with international practices: If project management wants to go abroad, participate in international competition and explore the international market, it must fully integrate with international practices, mainly from the aspects of contract management, project management, quality management, safety management and quotation management. For project management, there is a complete set of international laws and regulations. Generally, there is strict qualification management for contractors, strict system for project start-up, completion and commissioning, and strict management for qualification registration of architects and other professional and technical personnel. Construction methods are standardized through various detailed technical laws and regulations to ensure quality standards; Through the supervision and inspection of the supervision engineer, the implementation of technical regulations and engineering quality are guaranteed.
4.2 Establish and improve the laws and regulations of the project management alliance: At present, China's construction market is chaotic, and project management is extremely irregular. To implement the relevant policies of the state, establish and improve the laws and regulations of the construction market management. Complete categories, support each other, avoid overlapping, missing and conflicting. At the same time, government departments should also give full play to and use the means of laws and regulations to cultivate and develop China's construction market system and ensure that all activities of construction projects from preliminary planning, survey and design, project contracting, construction to completion are brought into the legal track.
4.3 A project management company must be established: Up to now, there is still no enterprise economic management organization running through the whole process of project construction in China, which is an important reason for the backwardness of project management in China. Construction projects need a group of companies that master management modes, procedures and methods to realize them. This kind of company has the qualification and experience to provide the best project management services for the owners. It is an EPC full-function engineering company and project management company specializing in project contracting business.
4.4 Improve the quality of project managers Project manager circle: Developed countries attach great importance to the training and qualification identification of project management professionals, forming a considerable industry. The PMP exam and project management qualification certificate sponsored by PMI Institute of Technology have been recognized by the society. People who get PMP have more opportunities to be hired and reused by government departments and large companies. However, the systematic research and industry practice of project management in China started late. In order to improve the quality of project management talents in China, we should often carry out domestic and international exchanges and discussions on project management disciplines, strengthen academic work, and standardize project management training and qualification recognition.
4.5 Accelerate the informationization and networking construction of project management: It is precisely because computer information technology has played a huge role in project management, and because China's project management has a huge gap with foreign countries in this respect, we should strive to do a good job in informationization and networking of project management in the future, establish a project information platform, provide project management and information exchange based on the Internet, and truly achieve everything online. This is not only the need of international integration, but also the need of engineering construction management. Transferred from project managers' alliance.
4.6 Expand the scope of project management Project manager's blog: The scope of project management includes not only the implementation stage of the project, but also the pre-planning and property management stage of the project. At present, many domestic project management companies only do one aspect of the work. Therefore, in order to actively develop domestic project management and enhance the competitiveness of project management companies, it is necessary to gradually expand the scope of project management to the whole project life cycle according to the actual situation of different companies. Only in this way can the company's competitiveness and anti-risk ability be enhanced.
4.7 Implementation of Advanced Business Strategy Project Manager Circle: I think that in the era of knowledge economy, project management should actively carry out network management, realize management informationization, and at the same time implement advanced business strategy. It includes virtual management, cooperative competition, global strategy and cross-cultural competition. Virtual management means that enterprises must control key resources and capabilities in the construction of virtual management, and its purpose is to maximize the competitiveness of enterprises by using their own strong advantages and limited resources and capabilities. The purpose of cooperative competition is to face the rapidly changing environment and fierce market competition, and strive for a win-win result on the premise of obtaining more benefits.
4.8 Do a good job in the feasibility study of the project: the feasibility study is to study whether the project is reasonable and feasible, and conduct investigation and comprehensive technical and economic analysis and demonstration before implementation, so as to provide a basis for project decision-making, so as to examine the economic rationality, profitability, technological advancement, applicability, implementation possibility and risk of the project. However, at present, many investment projects in our country rarely do this work, blindly start work and learn things, which not only causes huge economic losses, but also buries quality hidden dangers. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the preliminary work of the construction project, do a good job in the feasibility study and economic evaluation of the project, and truly put the "big management and two major controls" of the feasibility study and the construction period into the core content of project management at the same time, so as to make each investment project obtain the best economic and social benefits.
4.9 Reform the traditional project management mode: 1982, Japanese Dacheng Company contracted the diversion tunnel project of China brug Hydropower Station to manage the project, which opened a chapter in the reform of the project management system. Up to now, the old and new models coexist, and the reform should be intensified. First, the management mode of the engineering construction headquarters should be completely abolished, and government departments at all levels should set an example in this regard. The second is to let qualified construction units engage in the functional departments of infrastructure management. Such as real estate development companies, large enterprises and institutions in colleges and universities. , has been transformed into an international project management company.
4. 10 Vigorously develop the engineering consulting industry in China.
1. Basic principles of project management: Project management is a systematic management activity that effectively plans, organizes, controls and coordinates the whole process of project construction according to objective economic laws. From the content, it is the whole process management of project construction, that is, the whole process management from project proposal, feasibility study and design, engineering design, engineering construction to completion and production. In nature, project management is the micro-foundation of fixed assets investment management, and its nature belongs to the category of investment management. Engineering project construction is a process of using investment to complete building products with certain production capacity or use function, which is the concretization of national economic development plan and a concrete form of fixed assets reproduction. Through the completion and commissioning of the project, the upfront funds can be recovered and the value added can be realized.
2. Present situation of project management: 2. 1 New progress in theory and practice As a traditional field of project management, great progress has been made in theory and practice of project management in recent years.
2.2 Problems in project management at this stage: It should be said that the achievements of China's project management in the past ten years are remarkable. However, there are still many problems, such as quality accidents, delay in construction period, cost overruns and so on, especially in the past two years, which not only caused great losses to the lives and property of the country and people, but also caused bad social impact. These accidents are all related to project management without exception, and they are all caused by poor and irregular project management.
3. Development trend: 3. 1 Internationalization trend of project management: With the further acceleration of China's reform and opening up, China's economy is increasingly deeply integrated into the global market, and more and more projects are invested and operated by enterprises abroad. Many projects have to be operated through international bidding, consultation or BOT, and the internationalization of project management is forming a trend. Especially after China's entry into WTO, the industry barriers have dropped, the domestic market has been internationalized, and the domestic and foreign markets have been fully integrated. Facing the increasingly fierce market competition, China enterprises must be market-oriented, change their business models, enhance their resilience, be brave in making progress, learn to survive in the competition and seek development in the struggle.
3.2 Project management informatization trend: With the advent of the Internet and knowledge economy era, project management informatization has become an inevitable trend. The leading economy and knowledge economy in 2 1 century have arrived, and the corresponding project management will also become a hot frontier field. Project management in the era of knowledge economy is to improve adaptability and innovation ability through knowledge sharing and collective wisdom. At present, some project management companies in western developed countries have applied computer network technology to project management and started to realize networking and virtualization of project management. In addition, many project management companies have begun to widely use project management software and are also engaged in the development and research of project management software.
3.3 Project life cycle management: The so-called life cycle management is to build a project that meets the functional requirements and is economically feasible, and to plan, coordinate and control the whole process of the project life cycle from the early planning of the project to the demolition of the project, so that the project can successfully complete the construction tasks within the scheduled construction period and planned investment scope, reach the specified project quality standards, and meet the needs of investors, project operators and end users; During the operation of the project, financial management, space management, user management and operation and maintenance management of the property will be carried out, so that the project can create tangible and intangible benefits as much as possible.
3.4 Integration of project management: The so-called integration of project management refers to the process of systematically integrating the related resources of the project by using the systematic methods, models and tools of project management to achieve the specific goals set by the project and maximize the investment benefits. For example, the "SIPOC" project management model simply describes the project process as: S- supplier; I- project input; P- systematic treatment process of the project; O- output; Clients.
3.5 Cooperative management: In traditional construction contracts, owners and contractors often regard each other as rivals, resulting in lower efficiency and higher cost. Therefore, the owner tries to find a new mode to deal with the working relationship with the contractor.
3.6 General control of engineering projects: This model first appeared in Germany in the mid-1990s, and formed the corresponding theory. 1998 introduced this model for the first time in China. The general control of engineering project refers to the comprehensive coordination of engineering project implementation activities in an independent and fair way, and the comprehensive and systematic planning around the cost, schedule and quality of engineering project, so that the implementation of engineering project becomes a reliable and safe target control mechanism.
3.7 Construction Agent System Project: The construction agent system originated from the construction manager system in the United States. It means that the owner entrusts a person named the construction manager to be responsible for the management of the whole project, including feasibility study, design, procurement, construction, completion and debugging, but does not contract the project cost. As the agent of the owner, the construction manager works in the name of the owner within the business scope entrusted by the owner. If he has the right to choose his own designer and contractor, the owner shall be responsible for all the actions of the construction manager. The so-called agent construction system refers to the system that the project owner selects a socially specialized project management unit (agent construction unit) through bidding, is responsible for the investment management and construction organization and implementation of the project, and delivers it to use after the project is completed. Compared with the project manager system, the agent construction system is more scientific and advanced in the definition and selection procedures of the agent.
4. Countermeasures: At present, China's engineering project management is facing the wave of global economic integration, the competitive situation of China's entry into WTO and the development trend of international big contractors. China's engineering project management companies must focus on long-term development, actively face the reality, adhere to innovation as the main line, seriously explore the development direction, development trend and development measures of engineering project management, seize the commanding heights of market competition and meet new challenges. At present, domestic project management companies should make active efforts in the following aspects.
4. 1 Actively integrate with international practices: If project management wants to go abroad, participate in international competition and explore the international market, it must fully integrate with international practices, mainly from the aspects of contract management, project management, quality management, safety management and quotation management. For project management, there is a complete set of international laws and regulations. Generally, there is strict qualification management for contractors, strict system for project start-up, completion and commissioning, and strict management for qualification registration of architects and other professional and technical personnel. Construction methods are standardized through various detailed technical laws and regulations to ensure quality standards; Through the supervision and inspection of the supervision engineer, the implementation of technical regulations and engineering quality are guaranteed.
4.2 Establish and improve the laws and regulations of the project management alliance: At present, China's construction market is chaotic, and project management is extremely irregular. To implement the relevant policies of the state, establish and improve the laws and regulations of the construction market management. Complete categories, support each other, avoid overlapping, missing and conflicting. At the same time, government departments should also give full play to and use the means of laws and regulations to cultivate and develop China's construction market system and ensure that all activities of construction projects from preliminary planning, survey and design, project contracting, construction to completion are brought into the legal track.
4.3 A project management company must be established: Up to now, there is still no enterprise economic management organization running through the whole process of project construction in China, which is an important reason for the backwardness of project management in China. Construction projects need a group of companies that master management modes, procedures and methods to realize them. This kind of company has the qualification and experience to provide the best project management services for the owners. It is an EPC full-function engineering company and project management company specializing in project contracting business.
4.4 improve the quality of the project manager, project manager circle; Developed countries attach great importance to the training and qualification of project management professionals, and have formed a considerable industry. The PMP exam and project management qualification certificate sponsored by PMI Institute of Technology have been recognized by the society. People who get PMP have more opportunities to be hired and reused by government departments and large companies. However, the systematic research and industry practice of project management in China started late. In order to improve the quality of project management talents in China, we should often carry out domestic and international exchanges and discussions on project management disciplines, strengthen academic work, and standardize project management training and qualification recognition.
4.5 Accelerate the informationization and networking construction of project management: It is precisely because computer information technology has played a huge role in project management, and because China's project management has a huge gap with foreign countries in this respect, we should strive to do a good job in informationization and networking of project management in the future, establish a project information platform, provide project management and information exchange based on the Internet, and truly achieve everything online. This is not only the need of international integration, but also the need of engineering construction management. Transferred from project managers' alliance.
4.6 Expand the scope of project management Project manager's blog: The scope of project management includes not only the implementation stage of the project, but also the pre-planning and property management stage of the project. At present, many domestic project management companies only do one aspect of the work. Therefore, in order to actively develop domestic project management and enhance the competitiveness of project management companies, it is necessary to gradually expand the scope of project management to the whole project life cycle according to the actual situation of different companies. Only in this way can the company's competitiveness and anti-risk ability be enhanced.
4.7 Implementation of Advanced Business Strategy Project Manager Circle: I think that in the era of knowledge economy, project management should actively carry out network management, realize management informationization, and at the same time implement advanced business strategy. It includes virtual management, cooperative competition, global strategy and cross-cultural competition. Virtual management means that enterprises must control key resources and capabilities in the construction of virtual management, and its purpose is to maximize the competitiveness of enterprises by using their own strong advantages and limited resources and capabilities. The purpose of cooperative competition is to face the rapidly changing environment and fierce market competition, and strive for a win-win result on the premise of obtaining more benefits. Cross-cultural competition must identify cultural differences, recognize the advantages of other cultures while maintaining their own cultural advantages, and improve their adaptability and international competitiveness.
4.8 Do a good job in the feasibility study of the project: the feasibility study is to study whether the project is reasonable and feasible, and conduct investigation and comprehensive technical and economic analysis and demonstration before implementation, so as to provide a basis for project decision-making, so as to examine the economic rationality, profitability, technological advancement, applicability, implementation possibility and risk of the project. However, at present, many investment projects in our country rarely do this work, blindly start work and learn things, which not only causes huge economic losses, but also buries quality hidden dangers. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the preliminary work of the construction project, do a good job in the feasibility study and economic evaluation of the project, and truly put the "big management and two major controls" of the feasibility study and the construction period into the core content of project management at the same time, so as to make each investment project obtain the best economic and social benefits.
4.9 Reform the traditional project management mode: 1982, Japanese Dacheng Company contracted the diversion tunnel project of China brug Hydropower Station to manage the project, which opened a chapter in the reform of the project management system. Up to now, the old and new models coexist, and the reform should be intensified. First, the management mode of the engineering construction headquarters should be completely abolished, and government departments at all levels should set an example in this regard. The second is to let qualified construction units engage in the functional departments of infrastructure management. Such as real estate development companies, large enterprises and institutions in colleges and universities. , has been transformed into an international project management company.
4. 10 Vigorously develop China's engineering consulting industry: the tasks of foreign consulting engineers include both engineering design for the owners and entrusted supervision of the construction process. Design institutes under the traditional system in China are usually only responsible for engineering design and rarely participate in the construction process. Compared with the international system, China's previous system lacked the supervision mechanism for the construction process, and the establishment of the construction supervision system met this need. Referring to the above-mentioned research on project management mode, there are two development directions for supervision companies in China: first, the current design institute and supervision company are separated, and the supervision is mainly based on construction supervision; The other is to refer to the responsibility and development course of PCM mode, take the road of independent development and develop into a project management company. The existing supervision companies must expand their professional business scope and professional depth, take on more responsibilities in the process of engineering construction, truly participate in the whole process of engineering consultation, design and construction supervision, and provide the whole process service for the owners. At present, some new models are being developed for large-scale international projects, so that the consulting and contracting industries involved in international projects can be integrated into one.