norlan model
Nolan, a famous American information system expert, put forward the famous Nolan model on the basis of a large number of historical data and practical experience of informatization construction. This paper analyzes the objective road and general law of informatization development in a region and an industry.
Nolan believes that the development of a certain range of computer applications must go through six stages, which are described as follows:
1. Initial; The computers equipped at this stage are mainly used by professionals and semi-professionals to initially develop stand-alone management applications.
2. Diffusion; Computers began to spread, and the success of a few departments promoted the information management system to be extended to most departments, and the efficiency of internal affairs was improved.
3. control; More and more application systems have been put into use, and computers have played a role in the process of e-government management. However, due to the lack of overall consideration, the application system is uncoordinated at this stage, and the investment has increased rapidly, but it has not achieved corresponding benefits. The government began to set up an information leading group with high-level participation to plan the development of information systems. The application of e-government began to change from computer management to data management.
4. integration; People began to use the idea of information system engineering to comprehensively plan, build and transform information systems. Establish centralized data and a system that can make full use of and manage all kinds of information.
5. management; System integration and hardware investment were basically completed, information resources integration began to play a role gradually, and information resources entered the stage of integration, utilization and upgrading.
6. maturity; Information system can effectively manage and control the application of e-government, truly realize the sharing of information resources, improve the decision-making level of government systems, and give full play to the role of computers. Data processing and integration match the demand, and society enters the information age.
Generally speaking, every stage of the model cannot be jumped out. If no organization can directly enter the integration stage without going through the diffusion stage, because only when the computer technology within the organization is popularized and the system implementation between departments is incompatible will the system integration be valued and implemented [3].
Current situation of e-government in China
Nolan model is of great significance for us to understand the development of e-government in China. Through the analysis of Nolan model, we can clearly describe the development history of e-government in China and the main features of e-government in China at this stage.
Nolan Model Analysis of E-government Development
Primitive period
Before 1999, China's government informatization had just started, with few application projects and limited scope. It was not until 1993 that the "Three Gold Projects", regarded as the predecessor of China's "e-government", began the prelude of China's informatization. Because the concept of "e-government" was not formally put forward at that time, government informatization was mostly expressed in the form of "office automation"; Therefore, the use of electronic office equipment from the end of 1980s to the end of 1990s should belong to the primary stage of e-government in China.
Diffusion stage
The construction of e-government in China is marked by the establishment of 1999 "national leading group" and the start of "government online project", which has attracted more attention. By 2003, large-scale infrastructure construction will be the main task, including the popularization of software and hardware within the department and the laying of external computer networks. Taking the "Government Online Project" as an opportunity, governments at all levels have established their own departmental websites and portals. At present, thanks to the rapid development of Internet and the improvement of public service ability and efficiency, the application of e-government in China has greatly surpassed the past in form and content, and has become an indispensable tool for building a service-oriented government.
Control stage
Since 2003, the application of e-government in China has entered a deepening period relying on a perfect large-scale basic network, and its basic characteristics are "interconnection" and "resource sharing". During this period, various "potentials" of e-government have been fully tapped, various resources have been integrated, and various applications have been deepened. Make full use of all kinds of new technologies to build new ways of communicating with the public, such as the new application mode of government affairs Weibo. In addition, the "soft environment" of e-government such as laws, regulations, systems and standards has been gradually improved, and management has become increasingly institutionalized and standardized.
Main problems in the development of e-government in China
At present, China's e-government is basically in the intermediate control stage, and some economically developed areas have moved towards the integration stage. The main problems faced by China's e-government construction are also in line with the Nolan model method at this stage. The main performance is as follows:
The overall planning of e-government is not clear and standardized.
If a place or a unit wants to implement e-government, it is necessary to make a master plan first. Today, the development of e-government in China is a process of gradual accumulation and perfection, which has gone through a development process from simple to complex. Due to management and technical reasons, governments at all levels can't make full overall planning before implementing e-government. Governments and departments at all levels have different understandings of the network structure and "connotation" of e-government, which will inevitably lead to the difficulty of coordination in the process of e-government construction, and it is difficult to effectively realize interconnection and information sharing after completion, which will directly affect the play of e-government benefits.
The coordination mechanism of the management system is not perfect.
At present, the coordination between departments, regions, central and local governments mainly depends on the coordination of the national leading group and the coordination between the main leaders of relevant units. In some advanced countries, permanent coordination mechanisms are often set up at the highest decision-making level, such as the Committee of Chief Information Officers in the United States [4] and the Office of the Chief Information Officer (CIOB) in Canada. However, the Ministry of Industrial Information, which was established in 2008 in China, has a low organizational level and its functions are mainly industrial information. It is difficult to coordinate other functional departments by promoting the integration of industrialization and information.
The overall planning of e-government construction is seriously inadequate.
Since 1990s, e-government has been the focus of information investment in China, and both central and local governments have invested a lot of money. In 20 1 1 year, Springboard Research predicted in its report "Research on IT Purchasing Behavior of Relevant Customers of China Government" that the IT expenditure of relevant customers of China Government (including government departments, medical insurance and education departments, etc.) exceeded USD 42.8 billion, accounting for 43.7% of the total IT expenditure of Chinese mainland [5].
However, due to the serious lack of overall planning in China's e-government construction, there is no complete planning, budgeting, approval and evaluation mechanism, and it is impossible to conduct a comprehensive review, supervision and evaluation of e-government projects, as well as an in-depth and effective review of technical requirements, which leads to repeated e-government construction, neglect of services, purchase of expensive equipment in advance, continuous updating of hardware and software equipment, and pursuit of independent system construction rather than centralized * * *, resulting in huge waste.
E-government has improved the internal office efficiency, but the service to grandpa is still relatively weak.
With the in-depth application of information technology in various fields of society, "e-government" has been promoted to a high level as an important way to accelerate the reform of China's administrative management system and build a service-oriented government. However, as far as the application of e-government in China is concerned, it mainly focuses on "improving the enjoyment of resources", "improving work efficiency" and "promoting information communication within the organization", while "improving the public's service ability" has not attracted enough attention, and the level and ability of external service are insufficient.
In addition, the legal environment of e-government needs to be further strengthened, the performance evaluation system of e-government is not perfect, and the standard level of e-government informatization is low. These are the problems existing in the current development of e-government.
The future development trend and prospect of e-government in China
Strengthen the overall planning of e-government
At present, China's e-government will enter the integration stage, and its main measures are strategic planning and resource integration. According to Nolan model, this is the best time for overall planning. The Outline of the Twelfth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development released in March of 201/KLOC-0 proposed to vigorously promote the construction of national e-government, promote the interconnection, information sharing and business collaboration of important government information systems, and build and improve the network administrative examination and approval, information disclosure, online letters and visits, electronic monitoring and auditing systems. The 12th Five-Year Plan for e-government in various places generally emphasizes the integration of government information resources, and generally proposes the application of new generation information technologies such as the Internet of Things and cloud computing. From the aspects of technology, business, information resource application and performance management. , further clarify the specific content of the overall architecture design, enhance the enjoyment of resources from the perspective of interoperability, thus improving the efficiency and effectiveness of e-government applications [6].
Reorganize and improve the decision-making and application promotion institutions and levels of e-government
Drawing lessons from the experience of developed countries in the world, setting up a national e-government comprehensive coordination body in the administrative decision-making body of the chief executive can strengthen the functions of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, or expand the scope of work of the state-owned e-government office, or even rebuild the state-owned e-government office [7], which will effectively promote the application and development of e-government in China.
Deepen the application of new generation information technology in e-government
With the wide application of new information technologies such as Internet of Things, cloud computing, mobile Internet, artificial intelligence, data mining and knowledge management in e-government, the intelligent level of government office, supervision, service and decision-making has been comprehensively improved. The popularity of intelligent terminals and 3G will drive the development of mobile e-government and set off a new wave of e-government development.
Information security will become the key content of e-government construction.
The application of e-government will involve a lot of confidential information and sensitive information, and ensuring information security is the basic condition for the operation of e-government system. The core technology in the field of information industry is mainly in the hands of large foreign enterprises. The new generation of information technology not only promotes application innovation, but also brings unknown information security risks. Information security of new applications such as government cloud, mobile e-government and government Internet of Things will become one of the important contents of e-government construction.
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Although China's e-government construction level and external environment have made a qualitative leap compared with more than ten years ago, it is still in the process of evolution from control stage to integration stage. According to the development law of Nolan model, e-government construction is a long-term and arduous task, which requires close cooperation at the national and local levels, as well as strong support from social environment, civic awareness, enterprise participation and many other factors [8]. E-government will gradually develop, improve and even enter an ideal mature stage.
References:
[1] Wang Yanyan, analysis of manufacturing enterprise informatization based on Nolan model-taking K company as an example [J] Management observation, 2011(2); 84-85
[2] Wang Yukai, Wu Yitian. Ten-year review and development prospect of e-government in China (I) [J]. Administrative reform, 2009 (3); 49-54,60
[3] Shen, IT Career Development and Nolan Model [EB/OL] .2005-05-0 1, /details/37004 1
[4] Wen Zunping, Liao, Analysis of the current situation and trend of China's e-government development-based on Nolan model and Schnault model [J]. Journal of Information Science 2007 (1); 16- 19
[5] The IT investment of relevant customers of China Municipal Government exceeds 42.8 billion US dollars [EB/OL] 2011-03-13doc/0/640/640695. shtml。
[6]20 1 1 e-government development review and 20 12 prospect [EB/ol] 20112-65438 com.cn/research-insights/article/20948.html.
[7] Review and Prospect of E-government Development in China in 2009 [EB/OL] 2010-19 Structure/xwzx/hydtxx _ 2441_1.htm.
[8] Wang Yukai, Wu Yitian, China e-government ten years review and development prospects (below) [J]. Administrative Reform, 2009 (4); 53-59
Entertainment and Safety: The Future Main Battlefield of Vehicle Operating System
In the past year or two, domestic automobile manufacturers have also begun to develop, produce and export high-end cars themselves. Therefore, this brings opportunities to QNX, an operating system manufacturer. Kimm Krueger, the company's Asia-Pacific sales director, said that many local automakers have adopted QNX-based in-vehicle electronic systems. Next, QNX hopes to expand its business from high-end to low-end.
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In the past, only the infotainment system used a 32-bit processor (CPU) in the automotive electronic system, and other systems, such as engine control and driving control, used relatively simple hardware and software. However, with the emergence of new energy vehicles/electric vehicles, many customers already need to use 32-bit processors in the vehicle control system, which promotes the greater demand for operating systems in the market. For example, the power of electric vehicles comes from batteries, and the management, control, renewal and replenishment of batteries will be new problems. How to remind drivers according to the actual road conditions, how long the current power can last, where is the nearest service station with rechargeable or replaceable batteries, and which route will consume electricity? The realization of these functions and the provision of services require complex calculation and coordination among multiple systems.
Kimm said that at present, QNX system has been applied to more than 250 vehicles around the world, and used in the on-board electronic systems of more than 20 million vehicles. According to conservative estimation, QNX occupies more than 60% market share in the pre-assembly of automotive electronic systems. Because of the flexibility, high efficiency and excellent user experience of QNX system, many famous automobile manufacturers in the world have adopted the in-vehicle system based on QNX, such as Audi's MMI+, Land Rover's electronic instrument and the universal Anji Star. (Wang Ying)