First of all, credit is a unilateral value transfer, so it should be repaid afterwards. Secondly, credit is different from finance, and the source of financial funds is free collection or free distribution, so there is no repayment problem. Finally, the transfer of creditor's rights and relief are also fundamentally different.
Essence 1. What is credit?
The original meaning refers to trust, reputation, keeping promises or practical agreements.
The meaning of economics is a lending activity based on trust and with the condition of repayment of principal and interest.
Borrow-get with the obligation of return;
Loan payment under the condition of recovery.
2. The relationship between creditor's rights and debts is formed by both sides of credit activities, and the establishment of this relationship is based on the creditor's trust in the debtor.
Question 2: What are the foundations and characteristics of modern credit activities? The basic characteristics of credit credit has its specific meaning in the economic category. Refers to a lending behavior, representing the creditor-debtor relationship between creditors and debtors. This kind of lending behavior refers to the payment on the condition of repayment, which is only the transfer of the right to use, and the ownership has not been transferred. Repayment and interest payment are its basic characteristics.
Credit is a unilateral value transfer on the condition of repayment, which is different from commodity trading. In the sale of goods, the value is transferred and moved in a reciprocal way, with one-hand payment and one-hand delivery: the seller sells the goods and gets the equivalent currency; Buyers pay and get the goods. However, in the credit lending activities, the lender gives some money or goods to the borrower, and the borrower does not compensate the lender in any form at the same time. It itself contains credit risk. How to understand that modern economy is a credit economy?
Modern economy is a credit economy, and this problem can be analyzed from three aspects:
(1) Characteristics of modern economic operation. Modern economy is an expansionary economy, which needs to expand production scale, update equipment, raise funds, improve technology and sell products with various forms of credit. Secondly, the creditor-debtor relationship is the most basic and common economic relationship in modern economy. Every department and every link in economic activities is permeated with the relationship between creditor's rights and debts. The more developed the economy, the closer the relationship between creditor's rights and debts, and the more necessary it is for the normal operation of the economy. In addition, credit money is the most basic form of money in modern economy. All kinds of economic activities form various monetary revenues and expenditures, which are ultimately the assets and liabilities of banks, and all reflect the credit relationship between banks and other economic sectors. Therefore, credit has become a ubiquitous and most common economic relationship.
(2) Analyze from each department in the credit relationship. Any economic activity of individuals, enterprises, * *, financial institutions and balance of payments in credit relationship can not be separated from credit relationship. It is manifested in the following aspects: individuals form a credit relationship with banks by saving in banks or obtaining consumer loans, and individuals form a creditor-debtor relationship with * * * and enterprises by purchasing government bonds and corporate bonds; Enterprises are not only the main suppliers of monetary funds, but also the main demanders of monetary funds in credit relations; * * * Form a credit relationship with residents, enterprises, financial institutions or other institutions through loans; As a credit intermediary, financial institutions absorb and accumulate funds from all aspects of society, and at the same time use them through activities such as loans; The adjustment of the balance of payments surplus and deficit is also inseparable from credit. This shows that credit relationship has become the most basic and common economic relationship in modern economy.
(3) Analyze the role of credit in modern economy. The promotion of credit to modern economic development is mainly manifested in: credit ensures the smooth progress of modern production, that is, credit activities provide conditions for modern production in finance; Under the guidance of profit rate, credit makes capital transfer freely between different departments, resulting in the same profit rate of each department, thus naturally adjusting the development ratio of each department; Credit circulation tools based on the credit system replace metal currency circulation, saving circulation costs and accelerating capital turnover; Credit has created conditions for the establishment and development of joint-stock companies. At the same time, the role of credit in gathering capital and expanding investment scale has also been fully exerted through the form of joint-stock companies.
Based on the above three aspects, we can easily see that the modern economy is a credit economy. What role does credit play in modern economy?
The role of credit in modern economy has both positive and negative aspects. Its positive effects are as follows: (1) Modern credit can promote the rational use of social funds. Through borrowing, funds can flow to projects with higher return on investment, so that investment projects can obtain necessary funds, and capital surplus units can obtain certain income; (2) Modern credit can optimize the allocation of social resources. Through credit adjustment, resources can be transferred to the places where they are needed in time, so that resources can be used to the maximum extent; (3) Modern credit can promote economic growth. On the one hand, mobilizing idle funds through credit, transforming consumption funds into production funds, directly investing in production areas, expanding the scale of social investment, increasing social employment opportunities, increasing social output and promoting economic growth; On the other hand, credit can create and expand consumption, and it can also promote economic growth through consumption growth, production expansion and output increase.
The negative impact of credit on economy is mainly manifested in the emergence of credit risk and economic bubble. Credit risk refers to the debtor's failure to abide by the contract >>
Question 3: Is credit characterized by multiple-choice questions? Multiple choice questions, right? ! Select ABCDE.
Question 4: What are the characteristics and essence of credit? Five characteristics: ① Credit is social; ② Ethical and cultural characteristics of credit; (3) Repayment and interest payment are the basic characteristics of credit in economic and financial fields.
Essence: ① Credit represents a social value redistribution punishment system with repayment and proliferation; (2) Credit is a special form of value movement in which the right to use and ownership are separated.
Question 5: What are the basic characteristics of honesty? The principle of good faith has three characteristics: complementarity, uncertainty and fairness. Mr. Liang Huixing believes that honesty and credit are the moral standards of market economy activities and the legalization of moral standards.
The reason why the principle of good faith is complementary, uncertain and balanced is precisely because "the principle of good faith originates from the concepts of goodwill and fairness in natural law, that is, the principle of good faith is the legalization of morality or the moralization of law." Based on this, the principle of good faith can supplement the details not stipulated in the contract from the perspective of goodwill and fairness. The realization of fairness depends on equity, but at the same time, goodwill and fairness themselves are uncertain concepts. However, this uncertainty may bring a sense of insecurity, so it is necessary to effectively regulate the release of its specific meaning in a case through legal and technical means. To sum up, I personally think that the essential feature of the principle of good faith is that it is the legalization of good and fair moral concepts.
The principle of good faith is first of all a moral rule and a moral requirement for people. This kind of morality takes kindness and fairness as its connotation, and it hopes that people can realize the balance of interests among social individuals and between social individuals and the whole society by observing it. However, due to the weak moral binding force and the contradiction between the lag of law itself and the advancement, universality and diversity of social life, on the one hand, it is necessary to upgrade the principle of good faith to legal rules to strengthen its binding force, on the other hand, it is necessary to introduce moral rules into the law to enhance the adaptability of the law. Therefore, the principle of good faith is naturally introduced into the law, realizing the legalization of moral concepts. Because the principle of good faith is the legalization of morality, we should go back to its origin when discussing its connotation. As a kind of morality, the principle of good faith is directly regarded as a kind of moral norm, which requires people to have honest moral quality and keep their promises. It is an unconditional command of morality to people. As a law, the principle of good faith is not a specific rule for the law to guide members of society, but a principle to explain and supplement the law to overcome legal uncertainty. Therefore, it is conditional and limited.
Question 6: What are the characteristics of credit economy? Credit economy is a form of monetary economy. In western countries, credit is generally called monetary economy, and it is a trading mode of commodity and financial transactions. In this way, traders realize commodity exchange or currency transfer through the establishment of creditor's rights and debts. The transaction mode of human society has experienced three stages of development: physical exchange, currency exchange and credit exchange. Therefore, credit economy is an economic phenomenon after the development of commodity economy to a certain stage.
Credit has many meanings. Credit in the economic sense is a lending activity and a special form of value movement based on repayment. Under the condition of commodity exchange and currency circulation, the creditor borrows money or sells goods by conditional transfer, and the debtor repays the loan or repays the loan on the agreed date and pays interest.
Commercial credit is the earliest form of credit in the history of credit development. People realize the exchange of goods through the so-called "credit", that is, the establishment and elimination of the relationship between creditor's rights and debts. Commercial credit plays an intermediary role between production and circulation, accelerating the production and circulation of commodities. Then credit goes beyond the scope of commodity trading, and money itself has joined the trading process as a means of payment, resulting in credit activities with money as the object of lending, and the capital lending market is the product of the development of monetary credit.
Money not only provides an accurate measure for ordinary commodity transactions, but also simplifies lending activities and capitalizes money through lending activities. Money lending existed in most periods of social development, but only in capitalist society did it become the main means for capitalists to expand reproduction and the key force for capital formation and capital accumulation services.
Credit economy
. With the expansion of social production scale, the balanced pattern of production creating its own needs has been broken. Especially after the Great Depression, demand growth is more critical to the growth of social output and economic development. Investment in production depends more and more on people's expectation of future demand. Based on people's expectation of economic life, investment will appear.
The development of the capital lending market and even the whole financial system provides a source of funds for the investment of material capital and the corresponding technology development research, transforms the willingness to invest into realistic productivity, and promotes the production and progress of the whole society, thus highlighting the role of credit in promoting the economy. With the increasing importance of capital lending in economic development, credit has become the link between production, trading, distribution and consumption, and the market has a closer relationship with credit centered on money. The expansion and contraction of credit promote the expansion and contraction of economy.
The term "credit economy" was put forward by Bruno, a representative of the old German historical school. Bruno Hildbrand proposed that he divided the social and economic development into three periods according to the transaction mode, namely, the natural economic period based on barter, the monetary economic period based on monetary medium exchange and the credit economic period based on credit. In this sense, credit economy is an advanced form of social economy. Marx did not take the exchange mode as the standard, but set out from the capitalist mode of production, took capitalist credit as the research object, and regarded credit economy as a form of monetary economy. The meaning of credit is capital lending.
According to Marx's analysis, in the developed market economy, all links in the reproduction process are based on credit, and the market economy is the credit economy. Therefore, credit economy is the main feature of modern market economy.
Question 7: What are the characteristics of national credit? What are the advantages of the 10 (1) credit currency system?
The replacement of metal monetary system by credit monetary system can be said to be a qualitative leap in the development history of monetary system and a breakthrough in the gold limit of money.
(2) the defects of credit monetary system
A, the modern credit currency is a kind of non-cash currency, without issuance guarantee, and its issuance process lacks internal control mechanism, which is prone to financial issuance and leads to inflation. sequence
B, credit money does not have the ability to spontaneously adjust the amount of money in circulation, as long as the amount of money in circulation exceeds the required amount, it will directly show the decline of currency value and the rise of prices, thus affecting the stability of the market.
C, the deposit currency in the credit currency can be derived from large-scale deposits through the asset business of commercial banks, especially the loan business. As an enterprise, driven by economic interests, commercial banks often break through the control of loan-to-deposit ratio, leading to credit expansion.
The evolution direction of future currency:
1, internationalization
2. Electronic money will play an important role.
God, why don't you give me extra points?
Hope to adopt
Question 8: The main characteristics of bank credit have the following three characteristics:
(1) The direct creditors of bank credit are mainly banks, including other financial institutions; Debtors are mainly industrial and commercial enterprises and individuals engaged in commodity production and circulation. Of course, banks and other financial institutions bear economic responsibilities as debtors when raising funds. Banks and other financial institutions, as investment and financing intermediaries, can centralize the scattered and idle social funds for unified lending, overcoming the limitation of commercial credit limited by the scale of industrial capital.
(2) The credit funds provided by bank credit are independent currencies in the industrial cycle. It can gather a small amount of loanable funds to meet the needs of large-scale capital borrowing, without being limited by the amount of funds of a single enterprise. At the same time, short-term loan capital can be transformed into long-term loan capital to meet long-term money demand, which is no longer restricted by the flow of funds. Therefore, it is much superior to commercial credit in scale, scope, term and direction of capital use.
(3) Banks and other financial institutions can reduce the information cost and transaction cost by investing in the scale of information, thus effectively improving the information conditions in the credit process, reducing the information asymmetry between borrowers and borrowers and the resulting adverse selection and moral hazard problems, thereby reducing the credit risk and increasing the stability of the credit process.
The above advantages of bank credit make it occupy a core position and play a leading role in the whole economic and social credit system. The development of commercial credit depends more and more on bank credit. The discount of commercial bills by banks unifies scattered commercial credit into bank credit, which provides conditions for the further development of commercial credit. At the same time, banks issue bank bills with strong stability, high credibility and high liquidity in the process of transporting commercial bills, creating a circulation tool that adapts to the development of the whole society and economy.
Question 9: Characteristics of credit evaluation Credit evaluation is a labor activity of producing information. The information it produces has the function of witnessing and evaluating credit, so it has the following characteristics: 1, independence. The experience of developed countries shows that credit evaluation should be independently conducted by a neutral evaluation agency with legal personality. Credit rating agencies should be completely independent of customers, so that they are in a detached position and are not interfered by any unit or individual. 2. Marketability. All kinds of enterprises and securities are operated and used under the conditions of market economy, and their operation and use are closely related to the operation of market economy. Credit evaluation attaches great importance to the application of the laws of market economy. It links the evaluation contents of investigation, examination and calculation with the operation of market economy, analyzes them from a dynamic point of view, removes the rough and the fine, removes the false and keeps the true, looks at the qualitative change through quantitative change, and looks at the essence through phenomena, so as to clearly understand the credit status and future of the evaluated object and predict possible dangers. On the other hand, credit evaluation agencies should also face the market and seek survival and development in service competition. Therefore, the credit evaluation business has obvious market characteristics. 3. systematize. Credit evaluation is a systematic project. Systematic characteristics mainly refer to the systematic viewpoints commonly used in credit evaluation activities, such as integrity, comprehensiveness and optimality. It shows that the credit evaluation business should be based on the whole and treat the problem comprehensively and dialectically. First, special research should be combined with comprehensive analysis. Emphasis on optimization, so that the credit evaluation results can achieve the best quality. 4. legitimacy. Credit evaluation must abide by the relevant laws and regulations of the state. The basis of credit evaluation shall conform to the laws, regulations, systems and standardization provisions related to the evaluation project. 5. Reliability. The conclusion of credit evaluation or credit rating must be well-founded, conform to objective reality, have sufficient reliability and credibility, and stand the test. Reliability is the basic creed that must be adhered to to to ensure the quality of credit evaluation. 6. Fairness. Fairness, objectivity and seeking truth from facts are the first principles that credit evaluation must abide by. Only fairness can truly protect the interests of investors, and the assessed object will not complain, so as to convince both parties. Only fairness can truly achieve the goal of credit evaluation, which is conducive to the development of market economy. 7. Consultation. Although the credit rating of credit evaluation is a reliable and authoritative credit notarization result, it can only be used for reference by the entrusting party or the investor, which is not credible and has no coercive force. The credit evaluation result is actually a kind of expert information, which can only play the role of answering and soliciting opinions. Whether to adopt it is entirely up to the entrusting party or investors. In this sense, it can be said that credit evaluation is a kind of consulting work. 8. responsibility. Credit evaluation is an intermediary service and a job with strong sense of responsibility. Although the credit evaluation institutions are not responsible for or benefit from the various results produced by the application of credit evaluation results, they must take full responsibility for the authenticity, reliability and impartiality of the evaluation results. At the same time, we must adhere to professional ethics and strictly observe the confidentiality system. 9. Commonality. The survival and development of credit evaluation enterprises is the need of market economy. Credit rating can be enjoyed by all participants in the market and used for various purposes. Spreading and publishing credit rating is the basic requirement of credit evaluation information society. 10, timeliness. As a kind of information, the conclusion of credit rating is at a certain time and place. According to certain conditions, those formed after comprehensive evaluation can only be effective for a certain period of time. When the time, place and conditions change, the conclusion of credit rating will also change. Otherwise, it will lose its reliability and authority, and will not play the role of notarization and credit.
Question 10: Briefly describe the essential attributes and characteristics of credit? Reference: Young people are the most energetic, energetic and creative group, and they are the new force and main force in the cause of "Power Transmission from West to East". "xx Company" provides a vast world for employees to realize the value of life and sincerely serve the people, and provides a stage for everyone to show their talents. Everyone is committed to the development of the enterprise, and at the same time, they are also creating their own brilliance and reflecting their own life value. Just like a stable bridge, we go on unswervingly, the dawn has appeared, and the other side is a bright and beautiful tomorrow! Gao Zhendong, a headmaster of Taiwan Province Province, once said in a speech in China: He asked: Students, what is the next sentence of the rise and fall of the world? The students all replied that every man is responsible, and he said, no, the rise and fall of the world should be my responsibility. If everyone got 10 in the college entrance examination this year, doesn't that mean they didn't? "Every man is responsible for the rise and fall of the world" means that everyone has no responsibility. Each of us should take the initiative to take responsibility, so that a team can unite, an enterprise can develop and a country can prosper. "Taking the rise and fall of the world as one's own responsibility" is Mencius' thought; It is our unshirkable responsibility to ensure the safe power supply of the people in the five southern provinces. It is said that electricity is an important driving force and guarantee for economic and social development. Facing the upsurge of reform and development, since "Southern Network Company" has provided us with a vast world and stage, we should establish a high sense of professionalism and post responsibility, love our posts and do our duty, and truly "do one thing, love one thing and specialize in one thing". There are many practical examples around us. Xxx, the maintenance class of substation department, has been working silently for many years, leaving early and returning late in the maintenance post, and sometimes encountering the arduous task of large-scale power outage maintenance or main transformer cover removal. He led the class members to stay at the scene for dozens of hours. He has been tired of such work for a long time. On the contrary, it enhanced his confidence in his work and his dedication and sense of responsibility. Although his work didn't get much praise and reward, he was a famous "Liu Yishou". What problems are encountered in substation maintenance? He promises to solve them as soon as they arrive. He is a responsible model of "doing one thing, loving one thing, and specializing in one thing". I remember a leader of the former passenger bureau said: we should be conscientious and worthy of the money we get. Indeed, since you are engaged in this job and get this salary, you must maintain it and do a good job. Young people, we should devote ourselves to socialist construction with the spirit of striving for strength, pioneering and innovating, advancing with the times, seeking truth and being pragmatic, and make due contributions to accelerating the prosperity of the people and the country! Fan Zonghai of the Ministry of Power Transmission has set a good example for us ―― in every job, he demands to complete arduous tasks, and he can also accomplish them brilliantly, finding and solving many problems on the crossover line in time. At the same time, he is the backbone of the Youth League Committee, the activist of various recreational activities, and the initiator and leader of various public welfare activities; In his words, it is worthy of my salary, no matter how hard and tired I am, I have no regrets-this is dedication. I want to say: there is a kind of activism in life. What is activism? It is this thing that is different when you do it or not. I personally advocate activism, so I believe that many things we try to do will have different results. That kind of complaint and cynicism, that kind of swearing when the door is closed, and slamming the table and playing the bench when the door is closed, are all unhealthy. Many colleagues in the communication class may not be familiar with Zhang. He changed his career from a front-line job, and his major is very different from his current job. However, while others were having fun, he taught himself the microwave oven and carrier wave. After years of study and practice, he is now the best among his peers. He is responsible for the installation and maintenance of all communication equipment and computers in the former guest house, and the communication equipment and office computers currently being used by Liuzhou Bureau are also condensed with him. The poet Ai Qing has such a poem: "Why do I often have tears in my eyes, because I love this land deeply." Because of the poet-like love, I have loyalty to the enterprise, cherish my work, and be persistent and dedicated to my career. Wei Shanqi, deputy general manager, told us about the development of the company when he gave a lecture on "Promoting the Company's Excellent Corporate Culture" in our bureau. Up to now, the company has experienced four stages, from the initial exclusion, survival in the cracks, to no strength and dignity. After a period of rapid development, it has become one of the top 500 enterprises in the world. How difficult it is for our company to grow up! Is such a tortuous history worth it ... >>