Confucius was a great thinker and educator in ancient China. His "Ruling the Country with Rites" (I)
High-level language) and "Governing the Country by Virtue" (The Analects of Confucius, Governing the Country by Politics).
It has been praised by the world for many years, and Confucius' achievements in education are exactly the same.
A bright pearl shines brilliantly in the history of education in China.
Advocating private school and teaching thoughts and talking about Confucius' contribution to education.
Initiate a private school to recruit disciples.
Confucius spent most of his life in educational activities. He is the first person in the history of China.
An educator who has devoted his life to education. Confucius wanted to go into politics, but he
He was very frustrated politically. He tried to be an official many times, but he was rejected by powerful people.
So it was not reused in the end, and even had to go abroad. Although the ruler of Lu also
I tried to win him over, but he didn't think they would take the right path and cooperate, so he quit.
He was the first person to set up private schools and hold private lectures. Confucius runs a school and is the master of the country.
There are three periods. The first phase is about 30-35 years old, and the second phase is about 30-35 years old.
Between the ages of 37 and 50, the third period is his old age, that is, 68 to 73 years old.
His private lecture was a great success. According to legend, Confucius had 3000 disciples and 72 saints.
Many of these disciples came from far away. Seventy-two sages, some people learn.
Wen was famous, and some of them became ministers of the vassal States at that time. This was very remarkable at that time.
Achievement. Because in the era of Confucius, the school was designed for the slave owners and nobles, the so-called
"Learning in the government" means that not only slaves and civilians have no opportunities for education, but also slave owners.
Classes also received little education, while Confucius set up private schools, recruited apprentices, and put forward "teaching and not teaching"
Class "(The Analects of Confucius, Wei Linggong), that is, a person has the right to accept regardless of his origin.
Education. Confucius accepted disciples, and the tuition fee was very low, as long as he cultivated himself (The Analects of Confucius).
And "), as a disciple. "Liang Xiu" is ten pieces of dried meat. Relatively poor civilians, only
If you can afford more than ten pieces of dried meat as a teacher's gift, you can get an education. Ten pieces of dried meat,
Ordinary families can afford it. This has broken through the restriction of "learning in the official".
This is a precedent for universal education. Because Confucius set up a private school to teach at different levels,
So that many ordinary people from humble origins can acquire the ability to participate in political activities through education,
In this way, you have a chance to become a saint. Because Confucius took the lead in running a private school, it later became a private school.
The atmosphere of people's lectures prevailed. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, "Chu Shi Debate" and "A Hundred Schools of Thought contend".
The emergence of the situation can be said to have a lot to do with Confucius' creation of private schools.
Education is classless, which is Confucius' outstanding contribution to education.
Second, the teaching concept is praised.
Teaching includes teaching and learning. In his life's teaching experience, Confucius always
I have gained a lot of meaningful experience, whether it is about "teaching" or "learning"
Yes, a set of self-contained teaching ideas has been formed. Although many of them
After more than two thousand years, there are still lessons to be learned.
For learning methods, Confucius advocated erudition, more practice and diligent review.
The first sentence at the beginning is "keep pace with the times, don't you?" (The Analects of Confucius) That is.
It is said that we should learn more knowledge and review training, otherwise the knowledge we have learned cannot be consolidated.
People often say, "read a book a hundred times, and its meaning will show itself." In fact, it also includes review.
The meaning of solid. Review what you have learned often, and then you can accumulate more old knowledge.
Produce new insights. Therefore, Confucius said, "review the past and learn new things, and you can be a teacher." (on)
For a long time, people have used these words to encourage students to study hard.
Consolidate knowledge.
Confucius also believed that we should not only have knowledge and practice, but also keep thinking.
Combine examination, learning and thinking. He said: "It is useless to learn without thinking, and it is dangerous to think without learning.
Leisure "("The Analects of Confucius for politics "). On the one hand, he emphasized the importance of learning and once said, "I have tasted it.
It's no use thinking all day. You might as well study. "("The Analects of Confucius Wei Linggong ") here.
Zi explained with his own personal experience that it is not good to dream for a long time, so it is better to study.
Some knowledge, and then think. On the other hand, Confucius also emphasized that we should be diligent in thinking, and he was right.
The kind of students who don't think seriously say there is no way. He said, "If you don't say so, you can do so."
Who? I didn't do anything "(The Analects of Confucius Wei Linggong) That is to say, learning is the same.
When you are thinking, always ask a "why". So, you can learn without thinking.
Well, you can't just want to learn. Only by combining learning with thinking,
Confucius' learning method of combining learning with thinking is still
It has a good guiding significance.
In terms of learning attitude, Confucius advocated that one should be honest and modest in dealing with learning.
Be vain and studious. He said, "Knowing is knowing, not knowing is not knowing, but knowing is also." (The Analects of Confucius, Wei
Politics) is learning knowledge. If you understand it, you will understand it. If you don't understand, you don't understand.
Never pretend to understand. In learning, we should be "sensitive and eager to learn, and not ashamed to ask questions" (on)
Gongye Chang ") spirit. Because "three people, there must be my teacher" (Analects of Confucius).
And "), several people walk together, and one of them must be my teacher, for sure.
Ask for advice modestly. The most important thing is to "ask questions without shame" and "be honest with each other"
I won't ask, but I can ask more than I can. "("The Analects of Confucius Taber ") students don't understand each other.
Some students can ask each other, and teachers can ask students, scholars and college students if they don't understand.
Experts can also consult ordinary people if they don't understand. Confucius himself is a model of modesty and eagerness to learn. Although he is knowledgeable, he also humbly asks questions he doesn't understand.
Others ask for advice. "The Analects of Confucius" said: "When a son enters a big temple, he asks everything." (The Analects of Confucius Bashu)
He once said, "am I wise?" Ignorance is also. I was asked by my husband, and it was empty. " "open
Language Zi Han, a great educator like Confucius, still calls himself "ignorant".
"Empty", its modesty is self-evident. Confucius is famous for his eagerness to learn. male
Some people say, "I was not born with it. I like the past and I am eager to find it." (The Analects of Confucius)
Here, Confucius explained that he was not born with knowledge, but learned it.
Yes "In a city with ten rooms, there must be people who are loyal and faithful, but not knowledgeable." ("The Analects of Confucius Gong"
This is Confucius' confession of his studious spirit. Confucius is true and modest.
Vanity and studious spirit are undoubtedly positive for everyone.
In terms of teaching methods, Confucius advocated inspiring teaching and teaching students in accordance with their aptitude.
Learning can be said to be just right. His student Yan Yuan once said, "The master is good and charming.
Ask me with courtesy, and I can't stop. "The Analects of Confucius was inspired by Zi Han."
The extent to which students can't stop learning shows how inspiring his teaching is.
Success. Confucius thinks that teachers can't always instill it in students at once. The point is.
In order to inspire students to think and think deeply. This enlightening teaching idea is still popular in today's society.
Advocate. Confucius said: "If you are not angry, you will not be angry, you will not be angry, you will not be angry, you will not be angry, you will not be angry.
"Ye Fu" (The Analects of Confucius) and "Anger" refer to a request that students cannot pass.
Knowledge and desire; "Angry" means that students are in a paradox, although they know it but can't express it.
General, seemingly incomprehensible, but eager to understand. When students input "anger" and "frustration"
This situation is a good opportunity for teachers to inspire, induce and implement education.
In middle school, we should pay attention to arouse students' positive thinking and let them enter "anger" and "sadness"
Situation to inspire students. Through inspiration, train students to "draw inferences from others"
"Three" abilities. When quoting one instead of the other, don't tell him the answer directly, but
He thinks independently and solves problems. Confucius often used "knocking at the door" in enlightenment teaching.
The "two-headed" method. He once said: "The man asked me if it was empty, so I knocked at both ends.
Exhausted. "The Analects of Confucius Zi Han" Confucius did not understand this problem, but through "knocking"
Both ends ",that is, ask questions from both sides, and finally talk about the problem thoroughly." Confucius
The teaching method of "knocking at both ends" is often used to help students acquire knowledge. Confucius realized that teaching
The significance of learning lies not in how much ready-made knowledge is instilled in students, but in teaching them.
Methods of acquiring knowledge. This heuristic teaching method is still widely used.
Teaching students in accordance with their aptitude is another basic teaching method of Confucius. Confucius believed that students' personality
There are differences, and the learning level is different. Therefore, he advocated that under the unified training goal,
Pay attention to teaching students according to their aptitude. According to students' different learning levels, he said, "Above average,
You can speak, lower than the average person, but you can't speak. "("The Analects of Confucius Yongye ")
Confucius taught students in accordance with their individual differences.
There are countless examples of teaching. The most typical example is Confucius' "Si Wen Xing" to You Ran and Luz.
According to the Analects of Confucius, and put forward the same problem: listening to the Tao.
Will it be implemented after management? Confucius replied to Luz, "If you have a father and a brother, why don't you do it?"
What? "Mean, there are father and brother alive, how can you get started? And answer
You Ran said, "Do it when you hear it", which means do it when you hear it. Gong Xihua doesn't understand why.
Ask Confucius why this is. Confucius told him: "retreat after planning, so advance;" You're alone,
So I retired. "("The Analects of Confucius Advanced ") In this way, Confucius used
Educate them in different ways. Lutz can be said to be a typical example of Confucius teaching students in accordance with their aptitude. Before entering the door of Confucius, Lutz was extremely reckless. Under the influence of Confucius' education, he gradually became a teacher.
As a "gentleman and Confucian", when fighting with others in civil strife, his hat tassel was broken and he was still obsessed with it.
I can't forget "a gentleman never dies". Now it seems that Lutz's move is a bit "pedantic".
But on the other hand, it also reflects the success of Confucius in teaching students in accordance with their aptitude.
Confucius also practiced subject teaching, which was the first precedent in the history of education. Confucius branch
Teaching has trained many top talents. The Analects of Confucius records "Virtue: Yan Yuan but Min Zi"
Money, Ran Boniu, Zhong Gong; Word: slay me, Zigong; Politics: You Ran, Luz; writing
Study: Freedom in Xia Zi. "("Advanced Analects of Confucius ") Because Confucius insisted on teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, because
The students trained by Confucius have their own characteristics and strengths.
In terms of teacher norms, Confucius believes that teaching by example is more important than teaching by words, and teachers should set an example.
Usually, set an example for students. He thought, "What if you can't be honest?" ("open!
If you misbehave, how can you correct the behavior of others? as long as
If you behave correctly, you are not afraid that others will not obey you. As the saying goes, "walk with integrity and walk without orders;"
Although his body is not straight, he will not obey. "(The Analects of Confucius Lutz) Therefore, teachers must do this.
Correct yourself first. The most important thing for teachers is to spare no effort to teach students.
In order to teach students well, teachers must constantly learn and enrich themselves. Confucius
I'm also practicing, "I forget to eat when I'm angry, and forget my worries when I'm happy" (The Analects of Confucius), really.
It has achieved "study with heart, never tire of learning, never tire of teaching" (The Analects of Confucius).
Confucius was like this, influencing students with his words and deeds, thus winning their respect.
Respect is also respected by future generations.
Confucius' teaching ideas are worth learning, and others, such as music, dedication and self-cultivation.
Self-esteem, learning from others, etc. , are worthy of good absorption and utilization. Confucius' teaching
During his career, he summed up so many effective teaching experiences, which he did for the Institute of Education.
Make an indelible contribution.
In a word, Confucius was an outstanding educator in ancient China, and later generations respected him.
Zi is "the most holy teacher" and "the model of all ages". He is not only an aristocrat in the educational history of China.
Status, he also has a certain position in the history of world education. Celebrities published in the United States
The Yearbook Manual lists Confucius as the top ten thinkers in the world. Today, I want to learn from Confucius.
Educational achievements still have important practical significance.
If you are not satisfied with the above, what time is it =v=
Confucius' contribution in the history of education in China
A: Confucius' contribution to moral ethics is that he put forward and carefully demonstrated a new concept-"benevolence", and based on this, he established an educational view that has long influenced China's history and culture. To put it simply, a gentleman should strive for others and realize lofty ideals. In Confucius' view, "benevolence" is the integration of many moral norms such as respect, tolerance, sensitivity and benefit. Confucius' answer to this is "love". Love and respect for people are two sides of the same thing. So Confucius said, "Don't do to others what you don't want", that is, don't impose what you don't want on others. He also said, "If you want to stand up, you must let others stand up and do things by themselves, and at the same time let others do things." This kind of love is not about loving your loved ones, but about loving the masses. How can "love and care for the masses" be regarded as loving the masses? Confucius said, "Old people are safe, friends believe, and few people are pregnant.". That is, caring for and respecting the elderly, being loyal and honest to friends and attaching importance to the education of teenagers are the standards of loving the masses. Respect for the elderly and honesty are mediators of interpersonal relationships and the main content of a harmonious society. Confucius pioneered. A large number of disciples have been trained, of which more than 70 are outstanding. These people comprehensively expounded Confucianism along the ideological direction established by Confucius. During the Warring States period, Mencius and Xunzi were the most important representatives of Confucianism. They enriched Confucius' ideological system from different angles, thus laying the basic characteristics of Confucianism. Benevolence is the core of Confucianism. For example, Confucius once analyzed all kinds of qualities of people, and Mencius summed them up as benevolence.
Confucius thought is a product of history and an important part of China's history and culture. Because of its brilliant thinking, it has long been recognized by people. It is of historical significance and modern value for us to build a harmonious society, adjust the relationship between people, abide by the moral concept of public morality and realize the harmonious development between people and between people and nature. Confucius' political and legal philosophy is recognized by people all over the world. The Confucian moral spirit and ethics advocated by Confucius have gradually become the moral and cultural concepts guiding people's moral life. In particular, the idea of "don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you" has a harmonious guiding significance in the relations between countries in today's world.
Confucius' educational thought and its practical significance
1, the object of education is "no class". In addition to breaking the situation of "learning in the official" at that time, the culture moved down and promoted the rise of the scholar class. Today's compulsory education is also related to it.
2. Education acts on society and cultivates people. Today, there are still deviations here. How brilliant the sage's foresight is!
3. The purpose of education is to cultivate "scholars". Dialectically speaking, "being an official, applying what you have learned" has both great significance and side effects that lead to misunderstanding.
4. The content of education is "writing, action, loyalty and faith".
"Disciples into the filial piety, the younger brother. They are sincere and trustworthy, love the masses and be kind to others. If they have spare capacity, they should study literature. " (Cher) emphasizes not only moral education, but also intellectual education. "Poetry, calligraphy, Yi, Li, Yue, Chunqiu" has been processed and revised, closely following the teaching of "writing, action, loyalty and faithfulness".
Dialectically speaking, there are some contradictions in Confucius' educational thought, such as ignoring practical knowledge such as productive labor, being limited by the lack of natural science knowledge at that time, ignoring the cultivation of speculative knowledge and ability, and lacking sufficient philosophical speculative atmosphere. This can also be said to have a certain relationship with rigid dogmatic teaching.
5, the four principles of moral education:
(1) Contemporary education that is determined and persistent should seriously reflect on this and implement "frustration education". The contest between Chinese and Japanese summer camps is thought-provoking. Indulge in superiors, love leisure and hate work, play with things, and I don't know whether it is good or bad, which is worrying.
(2) Self-denial and introspection in contemporary education, including teachers, lack this spirit and are indifferent to being a teacher; Students are self-centered, blindly conceited, making their own advantages shorter than others' and covering up their mistakes with others'. It is necessary to cultivate students to be bold and cautious, develop their personality, have their own opinions and understand others.
(3) The best way to treat teachers' own shortcomings is to face up to themselves, study hard and blame themselves.
(4) It is particularly important for educators to practice what they say and do what they say. Teachers are insincere, students will not understand, and the negative effect is particularly strong.
6. Teaching and learning advocate eight principles:
(1) Being diligent in learning and knowledgeable in contemporary education means not only teaching students, but also asking teachers themselves, that is, the "group view". It is of great benefit to straighten out the position of individuals in the teacher group and learn from each other's strengths.
(2) Always learn and learn old knowledge. Teachers and students should learn from old knowledge, learn from time to time, and cultivate new knowledge by learning from old knowledge. The new terms of educational reform are called "rumination" and "migration". It is necessary to prevent rote memorization and armchair strategist, and pay attention to cultivating a firm grasp of knowledge, which can be integrated and extrapolated.
(3) Pay equal attention to learning and thinking, focusing on learning. "Learning without thinking is useless, and thinking without learning is dangerous."
(4) apply what you have learned and match words with deeds. There is also a problem of separation between learning and application in current education. For example, the Chinese teacher can't write well and speak well (stuttering, stuttering, nonstandard, mantra). Students' reading and writing ability is low, and they can recite the rules but can't use them.
(5) Learn with an open mind and strive to "know what he knows, know what he doesn't know, and know what he does." When a teacher is a teacher, he often lacks the spirit of studying hard, pretends to be mysterious, and in fact, he is not enterprising, muddling along, making himself gradually aging, rigid and degenerate.
(6) Inspire thinking and draw inferences. The current educational reform emphasizes inspiring students to think and cultivating students' autonomous learning; Chinese unit teaching focuses on drawing inferences from others and realizing vertical and horizontal migration.
(7) Teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, and preparing lessons from reality requires preparing schools, teachers, students and textbooks. Teaching students by the book is a sign of laziness. Students' view is "born with talent".
(8) lead by example, we should seriously understand that "being upright and not obeying orders, being upright and not upright" and "not being upright is like being human". As a teacher, we must have a strong sense of role. Of course, on the other hand, we should also cultivate students' independent personality consciousness of "I love my teacher, and I especially love the truth".