For reprinted books, I am always used to reading the postscript first, and don't ask me why. At the same time, I sorted out two questions:
1. Do you think the purpose of reading is just to practice your handwriting? So the emphasis is on imitation skills and vocabulary?
2. Do you think the purpose of practicing calligraphy is to create literature? As long as you learn skills and accumulate vocabulary, you can become a writer?
If your answer is yes, congratulations, this article will be of great benefit to you.
If your answer is no, congratulations, you have a certain understanding of writing.
The target audience of this book should be middle school students. I am ashamed to say that I have graduated from college, so it is a pity to get in touch with this book, but since I can understand it, it is not too late after all.
Wen Xin * * * has thirty-two sections, and its title is Thirty-two Lessons of Chinese Studies. It uses the genre of stories to write all the knowledge about Chinese, and at the same time it is integrated into the social and historical background.
Although it was a book decades ago, it also benefited a lot after reading it.
An article usually has two points, one is the external scenery, and the other is the internal emotion.
As long as you eat more snacks in your life, you can notice the external scenery.
Inner feelings vary from person to person. Children's feelings are not as complicated as adults, and as adults, ordinary people's feelings are not as profound as poets and literati. The so-called "incomprehensible" in the book is the reason why the experience is not as good as the author.
If you write an article purely about your inner feelings, it is entirely from the author's state of mind. The feeling of reading such an article is really different.
Reading, know as much as you can, absorb experience and methods, and raise your thinking and imagination to a higher level.
The suffix of Chinese characters has not changed, and there is no certainty about what a word is, all because of its status.
Give a chestnut: a dream.
Dreaming is a noun; Dream, as a verb; Talking in your sleep is an adjective.
When reading a word, always pay attention. If you don't understand a word, your understanding will be biased.
Writing with a pen is a part of many projects in life, just like eating and talking.
Correspondence with friends is writing, indicating that opinions are writing, recording experiences is also writing, expressing emotions or writing.
Writing is life, not an ornament of life.
What we write is the content, and what leads to the whole article is the title. In the natural order, the content should come first, and then the title.
But are you putting the cart before the horse when you have a topic and then try to piece together the content? Not exactly.
There are two themes:
No matter who you are talking about, you can write whatever you want to write on a topic.
When it comes to trying to figure out the writer's level and experience, let the writer have something to say before making a proposition.
The correct way is to follow the latter, and the definition of saying a thing is also very broad, which can be said from any angle and some can be written.
If their own words are already in their hearts, all they have to do is take them out.
As for the topic, it is only a point of interest to the author.
After writing, you must read it carefully. If a sentence or word is inappropriate, you must change it to nothing.
Writing and speaking are the same, so we should pay attention to the place of undertaking and turning.
A few inappropriate words are just mistakes in sentences. If you use it wrong, you will confuse the meaning of the whole paragraph.
When writing a letter, the most important thing is true feelings. But emotion is amazing.
Deliberately seeking depth, the result is often flat; Sometimes a few words are unintentional, but profound.
Reading is a good thing, but don't read indiscriminately.
Among them, the dictionary is the most important, and you can look it up at any time if you have difficulty reading, but now you can use a search engine instead.
In junior high school, novels and stories are very suitable. Foreign translated novels and stories can also be read.
Poetry is also essential. After graduating from junior high school, it is enough to read 300 Tang poems and "White Elephant Ci".
I haven't seen it yet.
Confucian classics can also be read, represented by the four books.
(Four books refer to The Analects of Confucius, Mencius, The Doctrine of the Mean and The University)
History books can also be read. Generally, four histories are enough, such as Historical Records, Before and After Hanshu, and History of the Three Kingdoms.
Before writing, be clear about the goal, that is, who this article is for.
The mind has three functions: knowledge, emotion and intention.
Knowledge is knowledge, which shows what one thing is and what it has to do with other things.
Emotion is emotion, which shows the joys and sorrows of a thing.
It means intention, explaining what effect it will have on one thing.
There are three expressions: knowledge, feeling and meaning.
Knowledge refers to specific methodology and practical and credible scheme.
Emotion and meaning can usually be combined to express feelings or achieve certain expectations.
But speaking through emotion and meaning must be based on knowledge, otherwise it will become blind.
To put it simply, it is to briefly describe what happened first, and then lead to a speech.
Diary is usually the subject of narrative. This article has no comments, only three diaries about "Japanese invasion of Shanghai" are quoted.
It is not so much a diary writing as a description of the social background and the phenomenon of the times.
Interested friends may wish to have a look.
It's called Diary of Distress.
Every era has its own characteristics. When reading the books of the ancients, we should pay attention to his times. What the ancients said may be right at that time, but if you accidentally become a sinner of the times, it will be a big loss.
Times are like this, so are poems.
Poetry includes pastoral poetry, factory poetry, ancient poetry and new poetry.
The reason why a poem is a poem lies in deep and tense emotions, followed by harmonious rhythm, and there is no modification of the text.
There are many kinds of faults in the article, which can be summed up as nothing more than ideological habits and language habits.
In detail, but there are three:
Improper use of words
Should use this word, but used that; You should have said it, but you did.
The reason is that you don't know the meaning of words accurately or you just scribble without thinking.
Missing or burdensome meaning
You can't make a sentence if you don't finish a sentence; Talk too much, and I can't say a word.
The reason is that writing has not perfected the meaning to be expressed, or I am used to speaking fragmented language.
The meaning is incoherent, and I can't care about it.
In a word, it doesn't match before and after, and in a paragraph, it should not match.
The reason is that the thinking is not rigorous, and I have said a lot and written a lot, all of which are nonsense.
Travel notes can be written in two ways: narrative and descriptive.
Narrator is like a road map. Write whatever you see.
Description is like a landscape painting, written according to your own feelings.
Description is more intuitive and appealing than narration.
To improve the description, we should pay attention to observing at any time to get a real impression, and the words will become more impressive.
Liu Zongyuan's landscape notebooks are basically described by impression.
Description is not limited to travel notes, except for expository articles and argumentative articles, which can be described by usual narratives or impressions.
For example, Zhu Ziqing's description of characters later.
Classics: Large-scale information books in ancient China. Collect all kinds of books and arrange them according to categories and rhymes for future reference.
Find out what kind of materials you need.
If you don't understand or understand something, you can use it as a dictionary. Now, you can also use search instead, but it is not so easy to form the habit of seeking truth.
Yaochi came back to drive, socialism, do you know what that means?
I don't know. Why don't you go and have a look?
Drama, ancient, modern, foreign, sketch, all want to see, have a general understanding.
This section makes a simple distinction between different types of dramas, so I won't go into details.
I came across an interesting thing:
"A person wants to visit Zhang San, but there is no one around. He said to himself,' I'm going to visit Zhang San, and I'm going there.' Isn't this an idiot? But if you don't do it in the play, the audience won't know what he is doing. "
I couldn't help laughing. I looked it up with a smile and found that the ancient idiot meant a fool.
As for the idiot I understand, he is from Japan.
Reading and writing are two different things and should be treated separately.
Don't just read words as words, and don't just learn words from words.
Reading is new, writing is new.
The so-called trigger is to feel another thing from one thing. And if it's your own freshness.
To say what others have said is to say nothing.
Reading is meaningless. Books with words are unexpected. Pay more attention to reading books without words, and everything has a new trigger.
You don't have to look at what he wrote, just listen to his reading tone.
Stress reflects the focus of the sentence.
The rising tone is a question, and the falling tone is a certainty.
Force is mostly about people's feelings and is used in argumentative writing, poetry and dialogue.
We should not treat thoughts and academics with subjective love and hate, but should use critical methods to restore the true colors of ancient books.
Only by studying the relationship between thought, scholarship, times and society, when it happened and why it declined, can we get real knowledge.
In this way, ancient prose has the same function as modern papers and monographs.
The meaning of writing now is different from before. Writing was a leisure pastime in ancient times, but now it is a part of real life.
Four criteria for writing:
Fast, accurate, uniform and comprehensive.
Simply put, it is to be fast, to look good, and to conform to the format.
The article is good or bad, from three aspects:
One is whether there is a problem with grammar.
The second is whether the words are appropriate.
The third is whether the thought is fresh, correct and rich.
Thinking is purely based on reading more books and experiencing more. The common problems of ordinary people are incorrect grammar and improper words.
It is important to understand the meaning of each word and then appreciate its taste from all aspects.
Words are just tools to express thoughts and feelings and need to be collected from all sides. Only emphasize the text, and the result is that the text is empty and untrue.
Mathematical literature: boring, but accurate and detailed.
Text in painting: The role of background is to set things off through the surrounding environment.
Words in English: A country's language has its own structural habits. If we can compare carefully, we can improve our understanding of our own language.
People who really study don't have to go to school!
The subject of learning is oneself, and you can learn anywhere you want; If you don't study, there are only 70% to 80% suitable places.
Leaving school is not "dropping out of school", only not studying is the real "dropping out of school".
The essence of the novel lies in the meaning the author wants to express.
To put it simply, the author pinned his meaning on the narrative, without specifying it, so that people can read his narrative and understand his meaning.
The essence of narrative is things, and narrative is the purpose.
The essence of a novel is meaning, and narration is only a means.
word number
Chinese characters have a feature, which is suitable for even numbers. If they are not even numbers, they are awkward to read.
For example, parents' lives are smoother than their parents'.
sentence
If many sentences in the article are similar in structure, they will be too dull to read.
The intricate use of sentence patterns is one of the methods of sentence pattern coordination.
syllable
In a sentence, don't use words with the same sound or similar sound, it is difficult to read.
It is not difficult to write lyrics. The common method is to fill in the words according to the score, and observe the words one by one.
However, there is a close relationship between emotion and context, even if you only write context when writing words, you can also lead to emotion; Only lyrical, not completely abroad.
There are two kinds of lyricism, one is meticulous and the other is heroic.
Anything that contains the artistic conception of poetry can be called poetry. Poetry is the purest language and the most vivid image.
New-style poems don't have to rhyme, but we should pay attention to the natural syllables, the words must be refined and pure, and the syllables must be harmonious.
The artistic conception of poetry is not written at the beginning, but more experience and thinking.
Deliberation is to find a powerful person to help and point out the inappropriate parts of the article.
You should know where not to say this, but to say that; I also understand why I shouldn't say this, I should say that.
Generally, most of the changes are words, vocabulary and sentence arrangement.
As long as reading is not fleeting, you will gain something. All you can write is reading notes.
You have to read carefully to write notes. On the other hand, writing reading notes is also a way to make reading serious.
The material of notes can be large or small, from focusing on a word or word to introducing history books for judgment.
Find the main points of the article you read, which is a good reading note.
The purpose of writing notes is to record your own experiences for future investigation and application, not to show them to others.
Moreover, reading notes are a kind of judgment when reading. If you want to write them in an argumentative way, you must illustrate them with pictures and texts.
Modification means adjustment, rhetoric means language, and rhetoric means adjusting language to convey our meaning.
Rhetoric that does not seek mistakes in meaning is called negative rhetoric.
Using emotion to increase appeal in class is called positive rhetoric.
There are many kinds of rhetoric, so I won't go into details, but the rhetorical methods and cases should be suitable for the situation.
Different personal styles have different rhetorical usages.
Without a profound life, there is no profound style. Therefore, life is the source of works and rhetoric.
Paying attention to the source is not giving up the foundation.
China has many opinions about the organization of articles, while western and Buddhist scholars have special organization laws.
But the most useful and practical thing is to study how to organize the article from life experience, so that it is not a formula, but a principle.
Principles can be applied anytime and anywhere.
There are only three organizational terms:
Order: Put all materials in an appropriate order.
Contact: Continue from beginning to end.
Unity: always have the same views and emotions.
As for the specific writing, the following methods are more appropriate:
Make a general rule, how to start and how to run through it, and then write it down step by step.
The content is completed by the organization, and the organization is also part of the content.
If you want to get in touch with the famous works of past dynasties, it is better to ask a better selection than to ask about the history of literature.
Reading Poetry —— The Source of Ancient Poetry —— Shen Guiyu
Reading Selected Poems of Zhang Huiyan
Reading the Prose of Ming and Qing Dynasties-A Book of Modern Prose-Shen
The origin and evolution of literature can not be separated from works.
According to the clues of literary history, it will be quite interesting and practical to choose famous works of all ages.
Writing can be divided into three categories:
Notes written in a few minutes-the work of the application
An article written in an hour or two-practice
A novel, etc completed in a year and a half. -Creation
Among them, based on practice, skills and abilities can be applied to application and creation through practice.
Creation is to be loyal to yourself, and your essence is not expensive. Time and labor cannot be ignored.
Creation is divided into two steps:
The first step is discovery, that is, finding new and meaningful subjects.
The second step of maturity is to look for information everywhere and enrich the content.
But the realization of the second step is based on proficiency, that is, skilled practice.
The meaning of appreciation: look
See what the article is about, how it is structured, and how it feels.
Appreciation attitude: play
Copying what you like and reviewing it at any time will have a special taste.
The noumenon of appreciation: me
Appreciation is subjective will. Only by striving to improve one's self-cultivation can one have better appreciation ability.
Preliminary knowledge of appreciation: all
The people, events and backgrounds related to the works, although not appreciation, are of great help to us in appreciation.
The key to appreciation: thinking
Imagination is an important condition for appreciation. Without good imagination, it is difficult to realize the accurate emotion that the author wants to express.
The antonym of appreciation: looking for
If you can find out the faults of bad articles, you will improve your appreciation ability invisibly.
The sources of different styles are roughly as follows:
The scope of the material, many writers often unconsciously paranoid in a certain range, this is because the living environment is different, different concerns.
The author's personality and human's personality are very different, some are gentle, some are impatient, some are broad and some are narrow.
The author's language habits, differences in intonation and vocabulary make it impossible for two different people to say the same thing.
The habit of writing, some people come at will, but they are still unfinished and will not be revised; Some people write slowly, choose words carefully, and change and change.
Appreciate an article, push it according to objective conditions, and you will see its true style. If you rely on subjective speculation, you will become lost.
Ability to read books, with; Fluent in writing.
But the ultimate goal of education lies in the improvement of the whole life.
It is biased to learn Chinese for the sake of Chinese and mathematics for the sake of mathematics.
Combine action with reading, be loyal to yourself and treat every word with a creative attitude.
Not everyone is a writer, but the attitude of writers is everyone's.
Only in this way can it be really useful.
The moment I closed the book, I really realized what the wisdom of my predecessors was, and I also understood why this book was so popular at that time.
Whether the ideas mentioned in the book were advanced at that time or not, the ideas about reading, writing, teaching and learning in the book actually inspired me now. I have to feel that if I had read this book in junior high school, I wouldn't have mastered and mastered words as I do now.
The best time to plant a tree is ten years ago, followed by now, so let's start planting this tree now.