Later, it was announced that anyone who had a design plan for a perpetual motion machine would definitely ignore him! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
Perpetual machine reappears in rivers and lakes
February 9, 2004 China Youth Daily
Guangming Daily published the report "Unbiased diode is expected to open up a new energy outlet" in the center of the front page of 65438+February 2, claiming that the unbiased diode invented by researcher Xu of Institute of Biophysics of Chinese Academy of Sciences can miraculously output current as long as the ambient temperature is higher than -273℃, which is an inexhaustible and completely pollution-free new energy.
In fact, this is an old news. As early as March 29, 2000, the same newspaper and the same reporter called it "clever use of the ring"
This "invention" was reported in detail in the title "Diodes with energy in the environment can generate electricity without light energy". According to literature retrieval, it has been nearly 20 years since Xu announced the manufacture of this magical "unbiased diode". 1986, he announced the realization of this invention for the first time in the journal of potential science. 1988, Science Press published the monograph "Experiment and Research on Obtaining Energy from a Single Room Temperature Environment", which specifically introduced this invention.
This invention, which is said to have been patented by many countries, has a simple principle. It is said that after the unbiased diode absorbs heat from the environment, the electrons in the semiconductor can spontaneously form a current, and the current flows through the load resistor to generate heat, which is radiated to the environment and then returned to the diode through the environment, thus forming a cycle, and the diode can continuously output energy by absorbing heat from the environment.
Researcher Xu claimed that his invention used the so-called "internal energy", which violated neither the first law of thermodynamics (the law of conservation of energy) nor the second law of thermodynamics. It is not a perpetual motion machine, but a "clever use of circulation" like the water-gas circulation in nature. The water-gas cycle can be realized because solar energy supplements energy, which is not the same as Xu's "smart use cycle". As the name of researcher Xu's monograph shows, "unbiased diode" aims to "obtain energy from a single room temperature environment". The second law of thermodynamics has pointed out that all the actual macro processes related to thermal phenomena in nature are irreversible, and it is impossible to absorb energy from a single and uniform heat source (such as ocean and atmosphere) to achieve circulation. So this "unbiased diode" is actually the second kind of perpetual motion machine that violates the second law of thermodynamics (the perpetual motion machine that violates the law of conservation of energy is called the first kind of perpetual motion machine).
Someone openly cheated under the signboard of perpetual motion machine, which was quite successful. At the beginning of this year, we exposed a man named Liang Xingren, who claimed to be a Singaporean Chinese, a doctor, an academician and a member of the expert committee. He claimed to have built a perpetual motion machine with gravitational energy, and also built a Hainan Xingren perpetual motion power plant Co., Ltd. in Hainan Province, which is producing vehicles equipped with this perpetual motion machine. After being exposed, the man was silent for a while, but recently he became active again. The environmental protection (perpetual motion machine) High-tech Development Co., Ltd. he founded sent an invitation letter to the media, inviting reporters to attend the "perpetual motion machine global press conference" to be held in Zhuhai Resort on February 27th, 65438. It is reported that some people were cheated out of more than 3 million yuan by this permanent train project. The famous Nanjie Village in Linying, Henan Province invested more than 20 million yuan in the perpetual motion machine project, and finally all of them defeated Shui Piao. Its party secretary regretted it, saying it was the biggest mistake he had made in working in Nanjie for more than 30 years.
From ancient times to the present, there are only two kinds of people who advocate perpetual motion. One is an ignorant (ignorant of the laws of physics) or a paranoid dreamer (denying the laws of physics), and the other is a liar who swindles investment. We can sympathize with the first kind of people, and the judicial organs should investigate and deal with the second kind of people (it is reported that the public security department has been involved in investigating the Liang Xing incident). Anyone who claims to have developed a perpetual motion machine and promoted investment everywhere must be a 100% liar. However, although researcher Xu was "eager for the support of the business community" as early as 2000, since he admitted that "unbiased diode" is not practical, there is still a big difference between him and Liang Xingren. I would rather classify him as a visionary.
It is scientific common sense that perpetual motion machines cannot exist. We can still see this kind of "news" in newspapers and periodicals from time to time. I think there are two reasons: one is paid news and paid publicity to others, and the other is that journalists have no scientific literacy. I guess Guangming Daily's report should belong to the second category, because other reporters read this report and said that if he received such a press release, it would also be reported as a major scientific and technological achievement.
People who haven't studied college physics don't understand the second law of thermodynamics, so the second kind of perpetual motion machine is not easy to be seen through, and it is understandable that ordinary journalists are deceived by it. But since I have no ability to distinguish, why not ask an expert? Just listening to the inventor's word and publishing it in a hurry not only shows that the scientific quality of journalists and editors is not high, but also the quality of news is likely to be problematic.
interconnection
There are three expressions of "the second law of thermodynamics". The second expression is that it is impossible for any thermodynamic cycle engine to convert all the heat it receives into mechanical work (that is, it is impossible to manufacture the second kind of perpetual motion machine).
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The existence and conditions of perpetual motion machine.
Li Yuhai
Perpetual motion machine is the first of pseudoscience, right?
Isn't the sea always moving? Isn't the earth always in motion?
Aren't they perpetual motion machines
Don't we say that exercise is absolute every day?
Can we make perpetual motion machines?
Does the perpetual motion machine violate the conservation of energy?
Let me tell you in detail.
First, the conservation of energy is established in an isolated system. If the system is open, there is energy exchange, and the energy of this system is not conserved unless energy output = energy input.
I still take the movement of the sea as an example. Here are some ideal assumptions.
If all the energy of ocean tidal movement is converted into heat energy due to friction, then all the heat energy does work, heats the airflow, and pushes the airflow to rise with a certain amount of water vapor, which rises to the cold sky, condenses into rain, flows into streams and rivers, and returns to the ocean. The potential energy of water flowing down from a height becomes the kinetic energy of the ocean, which makes the ocean move back and forth. Of course, we also know that the big tides in the ocean are caused by the movement of the moon, but we should also pay attention to the fact that the energy of the moon is not lost, and the movement is still the same. )
So in this motion system, all kinetic energy first becomes heat energy, and then ... energy is conserved forever.
Now we add a generator to this circulating system, assuming that all the kinetic energy of the ocean is converted into electric energy (that is, tidal power generation) first, and then into heat energy, and then the airflow is heated and pushed up by a certain amount of water ... energy is always conserved.
So we always have electricity, don't we? The motor became a perpetual motion machine. If you don't understand, then the system including the generator is a perpetual motion machine. The motor is a part of this system. )
Therefore, a necessary condition for the existence of perpetual motion machine is that the energy movement transformation in this system must have a circular loop, and the energy consumption is 0!
If there is no closed loop, it is difficult to complete the above movement, and it is not a perpetual motion machine.
Opponents may say that your system is too small, so we can enlarge it, plus the solar system and the Milky Way, as long as it can form a stable energy movement cycle! It's a perpetual motion machine!
If the opposing friends continue to say: I want you to make the system infinite! Go to the vast universe!
This topic is a bit far away, because it will mention two concepts that many friends are not familiar with: "entropy" and "thermal silence"; Of course, there is also a "entropy increase (addition) principle".
The so-called "entropy" is the energy that can no longer do work, which means that this energy is "gone" and lost. Because if the perpetual motion machine has energy loss, it must not be a perpetual motion machine!
Then, in the "big motion machine" of the universe, there is constant energy loss, so the planet begins to move around the universe and the planet expands outward (the evidence of the expansion of the universe is still incomplete). Eventually, the universe was torn apart, lost all (thermal) energy, became dark and cold, stopped all motion, and entered the so-called "thermal silence" state.
Can the universe we face go to the end so mercilessly?
After reading this, you may have realized that perpetual motion machine is no longer a problem of mechanical device, but a problem of cosmology and motion view.
I have written hundreds of words about thermodynamics and philosophy, and I can only simply express the following contents here:
The conditions for entering the so-called "thermal silence" state must meet two conditions:
1. The universe is infinite; This may be true.
2. When the universe expands infinitely, objects will inevitably lose their mutual attraction; Otherwise, objects will not separate from each other and expand indefinitely.
Condition 2 is obviously untenable, because it violates "gravity"! At the same time, substances will also produce "condensation" (see article "condensation").
So it is impossible for the universe to enter a "thermal silence" state! Push it back and the perpetual motion machine will exist! It's just that our current technical and ideological level is not up to that level.
I don't know if there is any problem with the above derivation, please ask a friend for guidance.
In fact, there are many such examples. For example, willows sway in the wind, and willows change from a moving state to a static state. Where did the energy go? Energy enters another system, and energy does not disappear; When the energy comes back again, the willow will sway again. In a large system, isn't willow a perpetual motion machine? (But pay attention to the period of exercise. If the energy can't come back, the willow will enter a state of "dead silence".
I think, don't look at things like frogs at the bottom of a well, you must have a big mind to have big thoughts, great ambitions and great wisdom.
If my friend who opposes me says that I am picky, then we may not be talking about the same perpetual motion machine. You may be talking about the simplest perpetual motion machine that "people will starve to death if they don't eat (absorb energy)" This is an isolated point of view, and there is no need to discuss this perpetual motion device at all.
There are also some friends who object, because they always think that energy is a one-way motion that will never return (the second law of thermodynamics), so these friends might as well look at the dissipative structure theory or the "principle of minimum energy consumption".
Acknowledgement: Thank you for your advice.
Let the dream of perpetual motion machine be shattered.
The word perpetual motion machine is not appropriate. For example, once a flywheel starts to move, it can continue to move permanently without friction and resistance, which is not easy to realize in practice, but it is meaningful and can be regarded as a practical limit situation. The so-called perpetual motion machine does not mean this situation, not trying to keep eternal motion, but expecting to get useful work continuously without external energy supply, that is, without consuming any fuel and power. If this perpetual motion machine can really be made, then we can get infinite power out of nothing without using any natural energy. When people haven't mastered the basic laws of nature, this idea has tempted many people with outstanding creative talents, who have devoted a lot of wisdom and labor to pursue the realization of this dream. However, no perpetual motion machine has been actually manufactured, and no design scheme of perpetual motion machine can stand the scientific test.
An early famous design scheme of perpetual motion machine was put forward by the Frenchman Henneckau in the13rd century. The device designed by Henneko was not called perpetual motion machine at that time, but was called "magic wheel" according to its particularly attractive nature. He installed 12 movable short rods on the edge of a wheel at equal intervals, and put a heavy ball at each end of the rod. No matter where the wheel turns, the heavy ball on the right is always farther from the axis than the heavy ball on the left. Hennikau imagined that the bigger effect on the right side, especially the heavy ball thrown in the past, would press the wheel to rotate endlessly in the direction shown by the arrow, at least until the axle was worn out. In fact, however, the wheel turned once or twice and then stopped.
Later, Leonardo da Vinci (1452- 15 19) made a similar device in Renaissance Italy. When he designed it, he thought that the heavy ball on the right was farther away from the center of the wheel than the heavy ball on the left, and the wheel would rotate endlessly in the direction of the arrow under the action of imbalance on both sides, but the experimental results were negative. Leonardo da Vinci keenly concluded that perpetual motion was impossible.
In fact, according to the principle of lever balance, in the above two designs, although each weight on the right has a great rotating effect on the wheel, the number of weights is small. Accurate calculation can prove that there will always be a suitable position, so that the opposite rotating action (torque) exerted by the weights on the left and right sides on the wheel is just equal, which cancels each other and makes the wheel balance and come to a standstill.
The drop of flowing water can push the turbine to provide power to the outside. Can running water be used to design perpetual motion machines? 16 In the 1970s, Italian mechanic Steyr put forward the design scheme of perpetual motion machine. In his design, he thinks that the water flowing from the upper water tank will impact the rotation of the waterwheel. While driving the waterwheel to rotate, the waterwheel will drive the screw pump through a set of gears to lift the water in the reservoir to the upper water tank again. He believes that the whole device can continue to operate in this way and work effectively. In fact, less and less water flows back into the water tank, and soon all the water in the water tank flows into the reservoir below and the turbine stops running.
Buoyancy is also a good helper in designing perpetual motion machines. It is a famous design scheme of buoyancy perpetual motion machine. A series of balls, wrapped around the upper and lower wheels, can rotate like a chain. Some balls on the right are put in a container full of water. The designer thinks that if there is no water container on the right and the number of balls on the left and right sides is equal, the chain will be balanced. However, now these balls on the right are immersed in the water and floated by the water, and they will be pushed up by the water, driving the whole string of balls to rotate around the upper and lower wheels. There is a ball on the water. There is a ball below, which passes through the bottom of the container and is added.
Is it because it is technically difficult to let the ball below pass through the bottom of the container without water leaking out? Technical difficulty is not the main problem, but the principle of design. When the ball below passes through the bottom of the container, it bears the pressure of the water above, just like the bottom of the container, and because it is at the bottom of the water, the pressure is great. This downward pressure will counteract the buoyancy of the ball above, and the fluid power machine will not stay still forever.
In addition, people also put forward various designs of perpetual motion machines that use the inertia of wheels, capillary action of thin tubes, electromagnetic force and so on to obtain effective power, but all failed without exception. In fact, in the design of all perpetual motion machines, we can always find a balanced position, where the forces just cancel each other out and there is no longer any driving force to make them move. All perpetual motion machines will inevitably stop at this equilibrium position and become unpowered.
The endless design schemes of perpetual motion machine all failed under the strict examination of science and the ruthless test of practice. 1775, the French Academy of Sciences announced that "undergraduate colleges will no longer review all designs related to perpetual motion machines". This shows that the scientific community has realized from the long-term accumulated experience that there is no hope of success in trying to create a perpetual motion machine.
The failure of all kinds of perpetual motion machine design schemes and the disillusionment of perpetual motion machine's beautiful dream are a big blow to everyone who is looking for perpetual motion machine. However, reflecting on this failed exploration process will enlighten mankind from the opposite side. Some scientists began to think from this negative conclusion and put forward such a problem: perpetual motion machines can't be built. Does it mean that there is a law in nature that makes it impossible for us to get energy out of nothing? In other words, there is a certain transformation relationship between various energies in nature. Thinking in this aspect is one of the clues to establish the principle of energy transformation and conservation. H Helmholtz (182 1- 1894), a famous German physicist and physiologist, studied and discovered the principle of energy transformation and conservation from the fact that perpetual motion machine could not be realized. He wrote in his paper: "In view of the failure of previous experiments, people ... no longer ask' how can I create eternal motion by using the known and unknown relationships between various natural forces', but ask' if eternal motion is impossible, what kind of relationships should there be among various natural forces?' "
/kloc-In the middle of the 0/9th century, the principles of energy transformation and conservation were generally recognized by the scientific community. This principle points out that all substances in nature have energy, corresponding to different forms of motion, and energy also has different forms, such as kinetic energy and potential energy of mechanical motion, internal energy of thermal motion, electromagnetic energy of electromagnetic motion, chemical energy of chemical motion and so on. They are represented by specific state parameters of various motion forms. When the form of exercise changes or the amount of exercise shifts, the energy also changes from one form to another, from one system to another. In the process of transformation and transfer, the total energy remains unchanged.
There is also a wonderful fantasy that does not violate the principles of energy transformation and conservation. If all the heat energy in the air or seawater can be converted into the mechanical work we need by clever machines, it can become an inexhaustible energy source. The idea of inventing this machine is much smarter than the previous idea of generating energy out of thin air. If you can really invent this machine, there is another advantage. On the one hand, we can take out the heat energy in a thing to do work, and at the same time reduce the temperature of this thing. In this way, we can build some huge factories on the ocean, and use the heat energy in seawater to do all kinds of work, such as using it to generate electricity. A ship can use the heat in seawater to travel around the world without burning coal or oil. Isn't this a beautiful thing? This can be called the second perpetual motion machine, but it is also impossible to realize, because it violates the second law of thermodynamics.
The second law of thermodynamics is an objective law proved by countless practices. It can be expressed as: "It is impossible to absorb heat from a single heat source and convert it into useful work without other functions." That is to say, the heat engine cannot have the efficiency of 100%. It is necessary to turn part of the heat absorbed from the high-temperature heat source into useful work, and at the same time put the other part into the low-temperature heat source.
The failure experience of pursuing perpetual motion machine can give us two inspirations: first, the failure experience also has positive scientific research value, and the failure of various design schemes of perpetual motion machine has aroused people's reflection, stimulated the idea of energy transformation and conservation, and became one of the thinking clues to establish the principle of energy transformation and conservation; Secondly, we should act in accordance with scientific laws. People who pursue perpetual motion in history are not because they don't have a good wish, nor because they lack the spirit of studying hard, but because they have done work that violates objective laws. Before people know the law of energy transfer and transformation, we can only feel sorry for the failure of those efforts to seek perpetual motion machines. However, if anyone designs a perpetual motion machine today, he is stupid, violates the laws of science and will never succeed.