Children with hyperactivity psychological problems are very active. Although it is children's nature to be lively and active, some children's behaviors are not simply lively and active, but suffer from a kind of ADHD called children's attention deficit disorder, which is often called "ADHD".
Children with depressive psychological problems show loneliness, unhappiness, anxiety, sadness, disappointment and mental pain, and their mood is pathological low or bad, which is also called children's neurotic depression. According to reports, 28% of children in psychiatric clinics were diagnosed with depression, and the proportion of children with depression in psychiatric inpatients was 59%.
Children with psychological problems of loneliness mostly occur in infancy, which is a common developmental disorder in many aspects such as perception, language, emotion and intelligence. It is a serious mental disorder of children, which is called autism in psychology. The prevalence of autism in children is about 4‰~5‰. At present, there is no specific medicine for treating autistic children, but if it is found early, special education, behavior correction and drug treatment can achieve good results.
Children who often show anxious behaviors mostly suffer from psychological anxiety, which is the most common emotional disorder of children. Children with anxiety often have cautious, timid and suspicious personalities. Under the influence of some mental factors, such as serious illness, accidents or academic failure of their loved ones, they get sick.
Children's obsessive-compulsive psychological problem is a neurosis characterized by obsessive-compulsive ideas and behaviors. Subjectively, patients feel that there are some irresistible thoughts, intentions and behaviors that they can't control. Although patients can realize that these thoughts, intentions and behaviors are unnecessary or meaningless, it is difficult to rule them out. The onset age of obsessive-compulsive disorder in children is mostly before 10, which is a typical psychological conflict disease with both self-compulsion and self-counter-compulsion.
The psychological problem of children's fear refers to children's excessive fear and anxiety about general objective things and situations in daily life, reaching an abnormal level. Fear is a common emotional experience in the process of normal children's psychological development, and it is a normal psychological reaction of children to objective things around them.
Children with psychological problems should be treated seriously and treated and taught as soon as possible, otherwise their normal life and study will be seriously affected.
There is a boy named Lei Lei. He is only five years old and has a "lively" personality. Noisy all day. He is either jumping rubber bands or playing football all the time. Even if he stays in the room for a while, he will climb up and down on the cupboard, table or bed chair. In a word, he has almost no leisure time all day, unless he is particularly sleepy at night.
At first, parents thought that children were lively and playful by nature, which didn't matter much. Later, after being reminded by a friend who knows a little about psychology, I realized that the child was suffering from ADHD, which is very common in children.
Etiology of ADHD in children
Some doctors believe that the cause of ADHD in children may be a pathological state caused by the lack of one of the neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin in the ascending activation system of the reticular structure of children's brain stem, which makes the nerves unable to transmit information in time. The decrease of neurotransmitter concentration in brain can reduce the inhibitory activity of central nervous system and increase children's movements.
Many researchers have found that ADHD in children is closely related to heredity. Some experts compared ADHD children with normal children and found that parents of ADHD children had a history of ADHD in childhood.
Lead poisoning has recently been found to be one of the causes of ADHD in children. Eating food containing too much lead and aluminum can induce ADHD even if it does not reach the toxic dose. Some people think that a variety of food additives, such as food pigments, a variety of drinks, candy, ice cream, sausages, may lead to ADHD.
The main obstacles of ADHD in children are mental or psychological and behavioral aspects, among which attention disorder and hyperactivity are the main characteristics of ADHD. There is a big difference between the loyalty of ADHD children and the playfulness of ordinary children. Psychotherapy of ADHD in children.
Children with ADHD symptoms that seriously affect their studies should be treated with drugs. Commonly used drugs are central stimulants such as dextroamphetamine, ritalin and miladrin. The effective rate of these drugs is generally 70%-80%, so they are the first choice for treating ADHD. 1 ~ 2 weeks later, children are generally quiet, less active, more focused, able to act according to the requirements of adults and easy to manage.
Drugs can't replace education, but provide good conditions for education. Parents and teachers should not discriminate against children with ADHD, let alone damage their self-esteem. Praise and encourage children's good behavior in time. Similarly, aggressive behaviors such as fighting and wounding, destructive behaviors such as vandalism, and bad behaviors such as lying and truancy should not be justified on the grounds of illness, but should be resolutely stopped like normal children.
Master is the only daughter in the family. Her parents are intellectuals and have high expectations of her. Therefore, children have received more education than others since childhood, their intelligence development is earlier than others, their academic performance has been very good, and they are excellent in every exam.
During a mid-term exam in grade four, Mastema Lester caught a bad cold. Due to physical discomfort, lack of energy and nervousness, I didn't do well in one subject. Affected by this, the test scores of other subjects are also not good.
Since then, Mast mast has become reticent, pessimistic and disappointed, listless, eating less, and gradually developed into a fear of meeting teachers and classmates. Later, he simply stopped going to school and slept at home all day.
Parents began to wonder what had happened to her. She couldn't say clearly, just shed tears. Parents thought that their children were seriously ill and took them to the hospital for examination. No abnormalities were found.
So parents suspected that their children were suffering from mental illness and came to consult and treat them. After a detailed diagnosis by a psychologist, it turned out that Mastema had a common depression in children.
Etiology of childhood depression
Children's depression is mainly induced by psychological stimulation. It is more common to encounter a major emotional blow, such as the death of a loved one, the tension between parents or divorce, and the failure in exams (especially not being admitted to an ideal school), which often leads to intense emotional reactions and aggravates emotions.
Frustration of self-esteem and self-confidence can also induce children's depression, such as poor academic performance, unattractive appearance, always thinking that they are inferior to others, not valued by teachers, and inconspicuous, thus resulting in a sense of loss.
Children whose parents suffer from depression can also lead to depression. Parents with depression usually talk less, don't participate in social activities, don't make friends, or care too much about their children's health, which will directly affect their children's mood.
Children's depression is mainly caused by psychological factors, so psychotherapy is also the main treatment. When children are found to have depressive symptoms, parents should talk with their children more, give them more care and comfort, accept their confidences, give them emotional understanding and support, and accompany them to do the things they are most interested in.
Psychotherapy of children's depression
To treat children's depression, we should first choose supportive therapy to enhance children's self-confidence. Children's depression is mostly caused by their dissatisfaction with themselves, and this dissatisfied standard is often an idealized standard. When this standard is not reached, it will cause depression.
To improve self-confidence and overcome depression, it is necessary to help children change this standard and make it practical. When children achieve their goals by lowering standards, they should be actively encouraged and strengthened to help them build their self-confidence.
In addition to psychological support for children, behavioral therapy is mainly used for psychotherapy, that is, exercising in life and study practice, cultivating strong willpower and improving the ability to withstand setbacks. In behavioral therapy, parents must act according to the plan, treat the treatment seriously, and can't accommodate their children's likes and dislikes, otherwise it will affect the treatment effect.
There is a 5-year-old boy who seldom talks. The head teacher reported that he had spoken six sentences in two months.
He can't talk about common things in life. Kindergarten plays alone all day and doesn't associate with people. Parents always thought that the pronunciation organs were defective, but after many consultations in the specialty, they thought that the pronunciation organs were normal. After testing and diagnosis, it was found that the little boy had normal other abilities, but his language development was slow and accompanied by obvious personality variation, which belonged to autism.
Through further understanding, the caring class teacher learned that the little boy's parents are geologists and have been working and living in the field for a long time. The child was sent to his grandmother's house in the countryside shortly after birth, and was not sent to the base kindergarten until he was 4 years old. Grandma, on the other hand, is uneducated and a widow, thus forming a withdrawn character.
Manifestations of autism in children
Language barrier is a prominent symptom of autistic children. Children's language development is mostly slow and looks quiet. They often use gestures to express their wishes and demands, and in severe cases, they are almost silent for life.
In addition to language barriers, autistic children will be lonely, unsociable and lack social skills; Emotional indifference, expressionless; Symptoms such as narrow interest and monotonous behavior.
The physical quality of autistic children is extreme, either very good or very weak. Children are prone to diseases such as wheezing and autotoxicity related to autonomic nervous system disorder.
In real life, children must be encouraged to express their wishes and demands, and some simple information can also be passed on. When the child speaks. There are often some phenomena such as improper use of words and inversion of words. At this time, we must listen patiently and don't show impatience, so as not to hurt the child's self-esteem, lose interest in speaking, have fear of speaking, and have a stuttering language barrier, which will form the child's autism over time.
Psychotherapy of Autism in Children
Strengthening speech training is an important part of treating autism. For children who are just beginning to understand the language, extra words will confuse them, so try to use short sentences that children can understand.
Psychotherapists for autistic children take the following four steps:
Step 1: Mother and child sit face to face on the floor. The mother holds the books that children like in one hand and the things that children usually like to eat in the other hand, and puts them where children can't see them.
Step 2: The mother suddenly presents the book to the child and puts it on the ground. At this time, the child may show that he likes the book very much and reach for it. Then mom takes out what he likes to eat and puts it in front of him. He may reach for it. At this time, the mother should put the food away from the child and let him get it himself. Children will be very happy to eat it. Do it every day and repeat it many times to form a fixed pattern: as soon as the book appears, you will also look for food with your eyes.
Step 3: change the position of the book from the ground to the small chair. When the child saw it, he reached for it and immediately put the candy on the chair. In this way, make the book close to the horizontal direction of the child's eyes.
Step 4: Put the book on the mother's left eye side, then move it to the right eye side, constantly stimulate and strengthen the candy, let the child's eyes gradually adapt, and slowly look at the mother's eyes. Then gradually change to hug and kiss the child, and slowly let the child and mother establish a mother-child relationship.
The little girl is 9 years old and is a fourth-grade student in a key primary school. My father is a martial arts actor in a troupe and my mother is a factory worker. Parents are only highly educated.
According to the teacher's report, the patient is anxious, introverted, timid and withdrawn, and can't get along well with his classmates. The academic performance is below average, the Chinese performance is good, and the math performance is poor.
Parents are strict with their children's learning, but they are unable to provide guidance.
Etiology of anxiety in children
In modern society, people often don't have enough time to take care of their children, and many parents even neglect to take care of their children on the pretext of being busy. Some parents can't communicate well with their children when they are together, so most parents don't understand their children's worries and can't establish close relationships with their children.
Parents and teachers' improper educational methods and excessive demands or doting on children make children highly dependent and poor in independence. Once they leave their parents, they don't know how to face the society and how to deal with interpersonal relationships, which leads to anxiety. This tense state causes great psychological pressure. Often doing things will not only fail to achieve the expected goals, but also have some negative effects, which will also make children feel anxious.
Parents and teachers should take children with anxiety seriously. First of all, we should create a good living environment for children with a harmonious family atmosphere and a relaxed and happy relationship between teachers and students.
Psychotherapy of children's anxiety disorder
Generally speaking, when acute anxiety attacks are severe, anti-anxiety drugs should be taken under the guidance of doctors according to the symptoms of children. When chronic anxiety attacks, psychotherapy is the most appropriate. Submergence therapy is a common method to treat anxiety disorder.
In the process of treatment, the therapist "shocks" the child with the stimulus that can arouse the child's strongest anxiety, so that the child can overcome the anxiety response to certain situations and events. Relaxation therapy is a common method to treat children's anxiety. Through the gradual relaxation training for children, it has a good effect on relieving and eliminating children's anxiety.
Lu Lu badminton, a boy of 10 years old, according to his parents' reaction, children always count street lamps when walking on the road, and count them again and again. Repeated harsh accusations are still ineffective and diagnosed as obsessive-compulsive disorder in children.
Etiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in children
Mental factors are the main inducement of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Children encounter major changes in their lives, such as parents' divorce and the death of their loved ones, which will cause fear and make children worry and fear.
Most of the sick children are introverted, timid and cautious, especially polite, indecisive and inflexible. Parents' introversion, cleanliness and compulsive behavior will also have an impact on children.
Children's obsessive-compulsive disorder is different from that of adults. There is no obvious psychological conflict in children's compulsive behavior, but they just repeat some behaviors mechanically. At the same time, children's obsessive-compulsive disorder is mainly manifested as obsessive-compulsive behavior, not obsessive-compulsive concept, and the younger they are, the more obvious this tendency is.
Psychotherapy of obsessive-compulsive disorder in children
The treatment effect of obsessive-compulsive disorder in children is good, and most children can return to normal in a short time through treatment.
Systematic desensitization therapy is an effective method to treat children's obsessive-compulsive behavior. Firstly, the times and situations of compulsive behavior are listed, and then the compulsive behavior in each situation is desensitized step by step.
Reaction-stopping therapy is a leading stimulus to children, leading to obsessive-compulsive symptoms and anxiety. Then take coercive measures to stop its compulsive behavior. Slowly, the child's compulsive behavior and anxiety will fade.
The treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder concept is suitable for thinking blocking therapy. When children have compulsive thinking, drink "stop". On this basis, children can practice shouting "stop" to themselves to stop thinking.
In addition, psychotherapy techniques such as immersion therapy and imitation learning can also be used for treatment. The commonly used drugs for adjuvant treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder are clomipramine, Zoan and clonazepam.
There is a 7-year-old primary school girl who is in Grade Two. Because she saw a car hit a woman riding a bicycle on her way from school, which made her sweat and her legs tremble. At the sight of the car, her legs go weak, let alone take the car, and she is still in fear when she comes home from school every day.
Etiology of childhood phobia
Children's fear barriers are mainly caused by environment and education, among which improper parents' behavior and education methods are the main reasons. Parents dote on their children, overprotect them, restrict their children's many behaviors, or treat their children's disobedience in a threatening way, and speak some terrible things in front of them unscrupulously. Adults are too strict and demanding, family members are not harmonious or lack of consistent education for children, which can also induce children's fear barriers.
Psychotherapy of children's fear disorder
For the treatment of children with fear disorder, we should first understand the causes of the disease and then carry out targeted treatment.
Fear disorder is learned by children through conditioned reflex in daily life. We can use the principle of antagonistic conditioned reflex to eliminate children's fear step by step. The general practice is to use mild and weak stimulation first, then gradually increase the intensity of stimulation, so that it can gradually adapt, and finally achieve the goal of eliminating fear barriers.
Many children's fear disorders are influenced by family members, so we should not only look at children's fear disorders in isolation, but also understand the whole background of children's behavior and emotional problems and their influence on children.
Children with school phobia behave differently from those who play truant. In order to avoid going to school, children who play truant often create a series of illusions about going to school, while children who are afraid of going to school openly tell their parents that they don't want to go to school.
Entrance phobia
School phobia refers to the phenomenon that school-age children have a strong fear of school and refuse to go to school, especially boys aged 7~ 12. Japanese data show that among the 2 million school-age children, 50,000 children have to stop classes and drop out of school every year because of this disease.
Most children with school phobia are good students, and a few students are generally obedient even if their academic performance is high, and their intelligence level is either above or below average.
There are many reasons for entrance phobia. It is generally believed that timid, suspicious, too careful, too cautious and too sensitive personality is easy to induce this disease. Being spoiled and overprotected by adults at home will make children more dependent and less independent, thus increasing the difficulty for children to adapt to school. Parents and teachers expect too much of their children, and even some children have high expectations of themselves under the influence of adults since childhood. If you exceed your psychological endurance and gradually form an anxious state of mind, you will show your fear of admission or examination.
Children with school phobia are prone to anxiety symptoms. If adults force children to go to school, children will show obvious physical symptoms of anxiety and anxiety. For example, crying, losing your temper or looking sad, unwilling to talk, nervous, like a catastrophe; Pale face, shortness of breath, even headache, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and so on. Once listening can't be said to be learning, all these anxious reactions of children disappear and return to normal.