Present situation of project management organization mode in China
Comparing the domestic engineering consulting industry with the engineering consulting industry in developed countries, we will find that the biggest difference between them lies in the different involvement depth of design units in the project. International advocates that design consultants should also be supervision engineers, because once a company is engaged in design, its supervision engineers are more familiar with the project than those of other companies. The design unit not only undertakes the design task of technical consultation, but also actively participates in management consulting services, such as assisting the owner to select contractors and undertaking construction supervision tasks by himself. When he does not undertake the task of construction supervision, he will assist the owner to choose the construction supervision. In fact, in most cases, the design unit undertakes the task of construction supervision. In contrast, domestic design units usually ask the construction unit and installation team to explain the drawings or make design changes according to the situation, but they do not play other roles. Theoretically, the domestic construction industry has just realized the feasibility that the design unit is responsible for the supervision work. For example, it was not until last year that Shanghai decided that the design and supervision of the same unit did not belong to the same supervision category. Theoretically, because the design unit has a complete understanding of the design drawings, organizing the construction supervision work by the design unit can simplify the procedures and reduce the work intensity. Because supervision and design are the same, when design defects or better suggestions are found in the process of engineering construction, on the one hand, the supervisor will give more positive feedback, on the other hand, the designer will actively accept them.
At present, China's relevant laws and regulations only stipulate that supervision must be employed in the construction of engineering projects, but there is no explicit provision for the implementation of all-round project management, resulting in that the supervision in many engineering projects can only be responsible for quality supervision, and no one is specifically responsible for the control of other project objectives. Practice has proved that investment control, schedule control and quality control of engineering projects are often mutually restricted, so problems in any one link will bring problems in other links, and the problems of engineering projects are always easy to focus on engineering quality in the end, giving people the illusion that engineering quality should continue to be controlled while other aspects continue to be ignored. Like several vicious engineering quality accidents exposed continuously in China last year, the most fundamental reason is not only construction quality control, but other management problems. The interactive relationship between all aspects of project management requires that there must be a unit that controls the whole project in the project construction. The original intention of carrying out supervision in China is to hope that he can do this work well. Now, the supervision unit is working hard in this direction from theory to practice.
Analysis of the causes of the present situation
The reasons for this situation are as follows:
"Sequela" of planned economy
Many domestic owners are state-owned enterprises. Because the person in charge of state-owned enterprises can't distinguish the rights and responsibilities, the identity of the owner's representative is ambiguous. Many times, the so-called owners are not real owners, that is to say, their actions may not fully represent the interests of the country, or their working principle is not to maximize interests or put economic interests first. Therefore, there are often too many irrational factors in investment control and schedule control, which will affect the quality. Especially in investment control, many owners realize that investment is very important and are often unwilling to hand over the responsibility of investment control to the supervision unit. Of course, there are also reasons for supervision itself, which will be further elaborated in this paper.
The theory of supervision needs to be further improved.
At present, a lot of work has been done in introducing project management theories from western developed countries. For example, some time ago, the academic circles made a lot of introductions and comparisons to the construction management systems at home and abroad. China has been developing related theories since 1980s. But generally speaking, the number of people engaged in this research is not enough, and there are only a handful of colleges and universities offering this course in China. Even though the construction management system and engineering consulting system in different countries are quite different, how to introduce foreign theories and systems that are most suitable for China's situation and how to absorb them correctly can never be completed in a short time.
Reasons for supervisors' own quality
Since the implementation of supervision system in China from 65438 to 0988, the supervision industry has developed vigorously. For example, there are more than 400 supervision companies and engineering consulting companies in Shanghai. Especially since the Ministry of Construction clearly stipulates that construction projects must be 100% engaged in supervision work, the importance of supervision industry has become increasingly prominent. The internationally accepted view is that "the level of a country's construction industry mainly depends on the overall level of its engineering consulting industry". Engineering consulting industry is divided into two parts: technical consulting and management consulting. Supervision belongs to management consulting, so the level of supervision is also the embodiment of the level of China construction industry. Theoretically, as a supervisor, he should be proficient in investment control, schedule control, quality control, contract management, information management and organization and coordination. Domestic supervision engineers, especially the older generation, are mostly transferred from construction units. They have rich construction experience and are familiar with every process. They can do quality control well, but they are not familiar with other parts of target control. Therefore, in our work, we often unconsciously focus on quality supervision, and due to the ignorance of the owners, many domestic supervision has also evolved into synonymous with engineering quality supervision. The international practice is "who is responsible for the construction". The supervisor can supervise the construction quality, but it is generally enough to achieve comprehensive control, and there is no need to be responsible for too detailed procedures. However, the influence of the domestic regulatory system for so many years is not so easy to eliminate.
Optimization of organization mode of engineering project management
Based on the above situation, this paper puts forward an organization chart of project management for discussion, which is based on the general subcontract or design/construction general contract widely used at present, as shown in figure 1.
The biggest difference between this structural diagram and the current popular practice in China is that (1) the supervision unit signs a contract with the design unit instead of the owner, and the design unit is responsible for selecting the supervision unit and sending the architect's representative. In the past, the contractual relationship between the owner and the supervisor changed into the contractual relationship between the design and the supervisor. (2) The owner hires another consulting unit or project management company to coordinate with the design unit. From the picture, the position of the design unit is more prominent than before, which is in line with the effective practices in the world. (3) The nature and content of each unit's work have changed. First look at the consulting unit. In the popular organization chart of engineering projects, it is similar to design supervision, but the design supervision is only responsible for the supervision of the design stage, while the consulting unit in the chart is responsible for the whole process control of the project to maintain the continuity of project management. Look at the supervision unit in the picture again, and its work content is clearly engineering quality supervision and management, which is consistent with the actual work content of most supervision units now. Then look at the design unit, which is different from the usual practice now. The design unit has added two work contents, sending architects' representatives and selecting construction supervision units. Because design units are knowledge-intensive units, it is actually the improvement of social efficiency to let design units play a greater role.
For the general contracting mode of engineering projects, according to the same idea, we only need to add a general contracting unit in figure 1, and then change the unit coordinating with consultants into the general contracting unit.
Concluding remarks
Generally speaking, the task of engineering project consultation has been adjusted to a certain extent, and its work is divided into two levels, the upper level is project overall planning and project control, and the other level is pure construction quality supervision. This can avoid the hollowing out of some work of target control, improve the importance of design units, and its purpose is to connect with international practices. In addition, in order to better combine with the actual situation in China, the construction supervision is particularly emphasized. So as to improve the efficiency of project management organization and operation and better realize the ultimate goal of project management.
[References]
[1] Richard. daft . essentialsoforganization theory and design . south-western college publishing . 1998
[2] Wan Renyi, Gui. International practice of project execution and supervision. China Finance Press,1996,9.
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