Albert Einstein (1879 ~ 1955) was the greatest physicist in the 20th century and the standard-bearer of the scientific revolution. 1March 879 14 was born in a Jewish family in Ulm, Germany. The small electrical appliance factory run by his father and uncle and the liberal thought of his family made him influenced by science and philosophy and music in his childhood. His cerebellum is full of strange ideas. For example, when he was 4 years old, he wanted to know why the compass always faces south. What is driving it? The wave of anti-Semitism in primary schools, militaristic education methods and religious etiquette made him hate authority. He said: "I suddenly ended my life as a believer when I was 12 years old. By reading popular science books, I soon realized that many stories in the Bible were not true. I think young people are deliberately deceived by the government with lies. " At the age of 65,438+02, he finished reading Geometry in one breath. He practiced proving theorems in his own way. He especially likes reading books such as force and matter in the popular series of natural science. /kloc-at the age of 0/3, he read Kant's Critique of Pure Reason and turned his thinking to the logic in the universe, philosophy and natural phenomena. He is excellent in math and physics, but his other academic achievements are not good. 15 years old, when he didn't graduate from middle school. However, the school let him drop out of school because of his liberal ideas. He failed in the humanities examinations in Italian and Swiss universities because of his poor literature level in middle school and poor grades in foreign languages and biology classes. 1938+0895 entered the preparatory class of Alau University and spent a happy year studying and living. He will always think about the little books around people, such as Chasing Light: Will the observer see the standing wave of electromagnetic waves stop when he advances with light? 1896 Joined the Faculty Department of Zurich University of Technology (actually the Department of Mathematics and Physics). He likes to observe actual phenomena in the physics laboratory, read original scientific works and think about important problems in modern physics. 1900 After graduation, he was unemployed for two years before becoming a third-level appraiser in the Swiss Patent Office. The seven years here are his brilliant scientific creation period. +0902 ~ 65438+. He and two young friends read and discuss philosophical and natural science works every night. Nicknamed "Olympia Academy of Sciences", he is also a part-time lecturer at the University of Bern, 1908. He left the Patent Office in 0909 and became an associate professor of theoretical physics at the University of Zurich. 19 1 12 was a professor of theoretical physics at the Deutschland University in Prague and a professor at his alma mater, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich. Einstein was persecuted and forced to leave Germany. 1933 moved to the United States and served as a professor at Princeton Institute of Advanced Studies until 1945 retired. During his stay in the United States, 1940 obtained American citizenship.
Einstein is one of the most creative and intelligent figures in human history. He created four fields of physics in his life: special relativity, general relativity, cosmology and unified field theory. He is one of the main founders of quantum theory, and has also made great contributions to the theory of molecular motion and quantum statistics.
1905, Einstein wrote six papers in the patent office in his spare time. In April, May and June of 5438+February, three papers were about Brownian motion of suspended particles in liquid. He imagined that the actual size of molecules could be determined by observing the irregular motion of suspended particles caused by the fluctuation of molecular motion. This paper tries to solve the problem of whether atoms exist in the scientific and philosophical circles for a long time. Three years later, it was confirmed by the precise experiment of French physicist Perrin. In March, the paper "A Speculative Viewpoint on the Generation and Transformation of Light" applied Planck's quantum concept to the propagation of light, arguing that light is composed of light quantum, which is both fluctuating and granular. So Einstein won the Nobel Prize in Physics with 192 1 In June, he put forward the special theory of relativity in Electrodynamics of Moving Objects. Because of his historical achievements in these three different fields, he was destined to enter this world on 1908. Starting from the fact that the gravitational masses are equal, Einstein founded the general theory of relativity in1915 ~1916 after years of hard exploration. Later, Einstein used the results of general relativity to study the space-time structure of the whole universe. 109 17 published a paper "He used scientific arguments to infer that the universe is finite and unbounded in space, which is a revolution in cosmology. In 2004, he and Indian physicist Bose put forward the quantum statistical theory of monatomic gas, that is, from bose-einstein statistics. From 1925 to 1955, Einstein almost went all out to explore the unified field theory. He tried to extend the general theory of relativity to include not only gravitational field, but also electromagnetic field, that is, to seek a unified field theory. Unfortunately, he never succeeded. However, since the 1970s, the idea of unified field theory has shown its vitality in a new form, pointing out the direction for the future development of physics.
Einstein's scientific achievements are closely related to his philosophical thoughts. He inherited the tradition of natural science materialism that a natural scientist must have, absorbed Spinoza's rationalism and Hume's and Mach's empiricism, and formed his own unique scientific thought and research method after his lifelong pursuit of truth and scientific practice. He firmly believes in the unity and rationality of nature and man's rational thinking ability. It is the highest goal of his life to gain a unified understanding of nature, rules and surnames. As the guiding ideology of scientific activities, the thoughts of unity, simplicity, relativity and symmetry have been widely used in his scientific exploration. He is also a master who skillfully uses empirical thinking, imagination and logic, intuition and mathematics.
Perhaps only Newton and Darwin can match Einstein's contribution to scientific thought in history. At the same time, Einstein cared about social progress and human destiny with great enthusiasm. He has always waged an indomitable struggle against the war of aggression, militarism and fascism, national oppression and racial discrimination. +09 14 When World War I broke out, Einstein signed an anti-war declaration endorsed by only four people, and then actively participated in the activities of underground anti-war organizations. After the war, he devoted himself to the activities of restoring mutual understanding among people of all countries, and went to France, Britain, the Netherlands and other places to shout for it. At the urging of Hungarian physicist szilard, Einstein suggested in 1939 that Roosevelt should develop an atomic bomb before the Germans. On the eve of the end of World War II, he was shocked and indignant when he learned that American atomic bombs bombed densely populated Japanese cities. He felt very sorry for writing to Roosevelt. After the war, he waged unremitting struggle for launching a peace movement against nuclear war and fascist terror in the United States. He expressed deep sympathy for the working people living in dire straits in old China. After the September 18th Incident, he repeatedly called on all countries to adopt joint economic sanctions to stop Japan's invasion of China. Shen Junru and other "Seven Gentlemen" were arrested in 1936. He enthusiastically participated in the rescue and solidarity. Einstein made an epoch-making contribution to the establishment of natural science and treated social and political issues with such a serious and enthusiastic attitude, which is very commendable.
Throughout Einstein's life, we can say that he is not only a great scientist, but also an outstanding thinker with the spirit of philosophical exploration. At the same time, he is also a world citizen with a strong sense of justice and social responsibility. He advocated reason all his life. I believe that the progress of mankind is to make science benefit mankind and integrate truth, goodness and beauty. He believes that "only by devoting oneself to society can one find the meaning of a short and risky life." The true value of a person depends on the degree and significance of his self-liberation first. This is a true portrayal and perfect embodiment of Einstein's life.
Einstein died at Princeton. According to his will, no activities will be held. Without a monument, the ashes will be scattered in a place that will never be kept secret, and no place will be sacred.