Problem description:
The cause, process, result, background, measures and failure reasons of the reform, thank you ~
Analysis:
The content of Wang Mang's reform and the reasons for its failure
Wang Mang took advantage of the influence of his consorts and ascended the throne of the emperor in 8 AD. According to the principle of "more orderly", he changed the name of the country to "new". In order to alleviate the sharp class contradictions at that time, a large-scale reform was carried out in the second year, which was called "entrust an orphan to reform the system" in history.
The main contents of follwed restructuring are six:
(1) "After changing the name of farmland, private sales were not allowed, and the land problem was solved by restoring the farmland system.
(2) Change handmaiden to "private ownership" and do not buy or sell.
(3) Implement "five levels and sixty thousand", that is, set up five senses in Chang 'an, the capital and five major cities, * * * manage credit loans and manage prices, levy business tax, * * * manage salt, iron, wine and coins and levy mountain ze tax.
(4) Reform the monetary system.
(5) Reform the central organization, adjust the division of counties, and change official names and place names.
(6) Change the names of ethnic minorities and the titles of leaders.
Reflection on Wang Mang's reform: Wang Mang's reform was carried out by the landlord class for self-help, and the reform was aimed at the social reality of land annexation and handmaiden flooding at that time. From the content of the reform, the "Wang Tian" system is a system of restricting land equalization under the form of "Jing Tian", and its essence is to restrict land merger and ease class contradictions; However, it is not allowed to buy or sell handmaiden, which includes the requirements of caring for the sufferings of the people and protecting and fostering the interests of small farmers. There are some reasonable factors in its plan. However, the result of Wang Mang's reform did not achieve the expected goal, but intensified various social contradictions, including contradictions within the ruling class, contradictions between the landlord class and the peasant class, contradictions between Wang Mang Group and ethnic minorities, and finally the regime perished in the storm of peasant uprising.
? There are many reasons for the failure of Wang Mang's reorganization.
First of all, some policies introduced during Wang Mang's restructuring violated objective laws. For example, the "Wang Tian system" nationalized the whole land and redistributed it according to the well field system. Here, Wang Mang intended to eliminate land annexation immediately, which was not good at first, but this policy violated the development law of feudal private ownership of land at that time and doomed its failure. Another example is the monetary reform to restore the original currency eliminated by history, which directly violates the law of monetary development and only increases the obstacles to currency circulation.
Secondly, the reform is too rapid, and it is easy to take some radical policy measures to harm the interests of most people, leading to the loss of the social foundation of the land. For example, Wang Mang changed handmaiden to "private ownership" and banned the sale of handmaiden, which was intended to stop the expansion of the number of handmaiden and solve the increasingly serious handmaiden problem in society. However, this measure has also met with opposition from the slave houses down to the landless people, because the prohibition of selling handmaiden not only infringes on the interests of bureaucrats and the very rich, but also cuts off the back road for farmers who have lost their land and have no choice but to sell themselves into slavery.
Thirdly, Wang Mang also took administrative measures to force inappropriate reform measures, which caused widespread dissatisfaction. For example, monetary reform, small is easy to be big, light is heavy. The weight of the big spring is only 12 baht, which is only 2.4 times that of five baht, but it should be used as 50 pieces of five baht. The weight of Koizumi's casting is equal to 1 block of five baht. With such an unreasonable proportion, it is difficult to prohibit stealing private money. Wang Mang had to enforce cruel laws such as "casting money privately to death" and "casting money once, sitting on it for five, sinking into slavery" and forcibly banned it. However, policy coercion is irresistible to economic laws. Therefore, no matter how much Wang Mang strengthens political coercion, there are still orders and prohibitions. The reform measures taken for granted will not be implemented after all.
In addition, Wang Mang has repeatedly provoked wars with neighboring ethnic minorities, trying to divert people's attention, increasing their burden and intensifying ethnic conflicts.
Background: During the seven or eight years before and after Mang proclaimed himself emperor (AD 7- 14), political reform was mainly carried out. In the late Western Han Dynasty, the tax burden of the imperial court became more and more serious, the ruling class was "too many slaves, and the land was infinite", the people were in poverty, the country was empty, land annexation and the number of slave refugees expanded viciously, which became serious social problems at that time, and class contradictions and internal contradictions of the ruling class became increasingly acute. In this context, the ruling Wang Mang tried to solve the increasingly serious social contradictions and began to reorganize.
Measures:
Wangtian system
In the first year of the founding of the People's Republic of China (AD 9), Wang Mang promulgated the imperial edict of Wang Tian system, pointing out that Jing Tian system was implemented in ancient times to enrich the country and strengthen the country. Since Qin and Han Dynasties, Jing Tian's system has been destroyed and land annexation has been serious. "So, the rich are arrogant and evil, the poor are not tired of dross, and the poor are traitors"; The scheme of Wangtian system is put forward:
Today, the name of Tianxiatian is "Wang Tian", and the handmaiden is "private", so it is not allowed to buy or sell. If the male population is less than eight, but a well (900 mu) is cultivated, the remaining fields will be distributed to the Jiuzu Neighborhood Committee. Therefore, there is no field, and now it is a system.
The so-called Wang Tian system is essentially a land equalization system. This is a land system reform plan for the purpose of land annexation and the division of poor officials, aiming at "one man, one woman and one hundred mu of land, one paying taxes" and alleviating class contradictions. This system of "Wang Tian" refers to the ancient well field system from books to solve the real land problem. This is the reform of Tuogu, which is better than Stan's land restriction policy. However, a few years later, in the fourth year of the founding of the People's Republic of China (AD 12), the corps commander proposed to abolish the land consolidation system for a long time and it was impossible to restore it. Now, "the world is settled, and the people are newly attached, so it cannot be implemented." Wang Mang also knew that it was difficult to implement, so he ordered: "All celebrities who eat Wang Tian should be sold and not arrested by law." This is actually a compromise to the big landlords, allowing land to be bought and sold, and announcing the abolition of the Wang Tian system.
Handmaiden policy
In the imperial edict issued by Wang Mang, Wang Mang accused the sale of handmaiden of violating the meaning of "the nature of heaven and earth is precious" and stipulated that "handmaiden shall not be sold". This is a handmaiden policy, which recognizes handmaids as human beings, not livestock, and restricts them by prohibiting buying and selling. However, four years after the founding of the People's Republic of China, Wang Mang announced that land could be bought and sold, and at the same time ordered that "those who illegally buy and sell Shu Ren should not be punished". The new handmaiden policy was abolished. Later, in the fourth year of Tianfeng (A.D. 17), Wang Mang ordered: "Those who have handmaiden under the Three Mansions shall pay 3,600 yuan." This is a search for money, but it also means limiting handmaiden.
Five times and six times on average
In order to limit the merger of merchants and price fluctuation, Wang Mang formulated the policy of "five average prices and six prices" in the second year of the founding of the People's Republic of China (AD 10). The so-called "five precepts" means setting up five commanders in Chang 'an, Luoyang, Handan, Linzi, Wan and Chengdu, which are called "five commanders" from the original order and long-term management. The work of the marketing department of Wu Jun Company is as follows: First, evaluate the price regularly, which is called "market leveling"; The second is to control market supply. When the goods on the market are unsalable, they are purchased at the original price, and when the prices of the goods rise, they are sold at the parity. The third is to apply for credit loans and issue interest-free loans (credits) or low-interest loans (loans) according to specific conditions; The fourth is to collect miscellaneous taxes such as the tax of Yamazawa. The so-called "six-year plan" means that the government is in charge of six economic undertakings, namely, the state monopolizes salt, iron and wine, specializes in minting money, collects product tax from Yamazawa, and handles fifth-class credit loans. Wang Mang said that the purpose of "five averages and six policies" is to "unite the masses and curb mergers". He ordered the imperial edict of Liu Jian and said:
Husband salt, can eat vegetables; Wine, the length of a hundred medicines, the goodness of Jiahui; Iron, the foundation of farmland; Famous mountain Ozawa, Rao Zhizhi's hiding; Five are all on credit, and the people get even and support them; Money is used to make copper, transportation and civil use. These six items, not all the people can do, will be appreciated by the market. Although it is several times more expensive, I still have to buy it. The rich are rich in Jia, that is, Jia is poor and weak, and the sages know it, so they swim.
Liu Jian's purpose is to limit the speculation and merger activities of wealthy businessmen, ensure the people's living and production needs, and at the same time increase the government's fiscal revenue. Although Wang Mang relied heavily on "sages", he actually inherited the economic policy of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, with a slight modification. In the case of political corruption at that time, the policy of five averages and six averages was a tool for officials to profit from it and exploit the people, which brought disaster to the people.
Change the monetary system and other things
Five baht has been used since Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty. Wang Mang changed the currency system four times. For the first time, he lived for two years (AD 7). In addition to the five baht, he cast three new coins: "Wrong knife, one is worth five thousand; Seven values of 500 yuan; A lot of money is worth fifty. " All three are high-value currencies, and only five baht is low. However, the copper content of each currency is not very different, so "there are many people stealing coins", resulting in currency confusion. The second time, in the first year of the founding of the People's Republic of China (AD 9), Wang Mang ordered the abolition of five baht money and coins such as wrong knives and deed knives, and cast another penny, weighing one baht and worth one baht, which was divided into two currencies, big and small. However, the relationship between the weight and value of these two currencies is also unreasonable, so the phenomenon of private use of five baht and stolen casting has appeared. The third time was in the second year after the founding of the People's Republic of China. Wang Mang reissued the currency, which was named "Treasure Goods" in total, and was divided into six currencies: gold goods, silver goods, turtle goods, shellfish goods, money goods and cloth goods. The six currencies were subdivided into 28 varieties. Due to the variety and unreasonable conversion ratio, "people are poor and goods are poor". Wang Mang enforced it, so "farmers and merchants lost their jobs, and all food and goods were wasted", and many people broke the law. Wang Mang had to restore small money and big money. For the fourth time, in the first year of Tianfeng (A.D. 14), large and small coins were abolished, and two currencies were issued: cloth (weighing 25 baht, valued at 25) and goods spring (weighing 5 baht, valued at 1). It is more reasonable to change the currency system this time. However, due to the repeated changes of currency, the monetary system is extremely chaotic. "Anyone who changes money easily leads to civil bankruptcy and is severely punished", "Those who repeatedly commit crimes can't win", and those who fail to serve as officials and servants because of breaking the law implicate others, "send the officials of Chang 'an to mourn for the dead", thus deepening the people's resentment against Wang Mang.
In addition, Wang Mang also changed the official system and official name of the imperial court and local government, frequently changed the local administrative system and name, and even changed the name of a county five times, which made the officials and people unable to remember clearly, and the old name had to be attached to the official document. There is also a five-level knight, and the big line is divided into two parts. However, due to the fact that "the atlas is undecided and the map city has not been awarded", some governors just printed it empty. There is also a new system of appointing officials and salaries, with distinct grades and varying degrees. However, due to the troublesome system and "unreasonable curriculum plan", officials often don't get paid, so "every official is a traitor and takes bribes to confess himself". This aggravated the people's disaster.
Wang Mang also plays with ethnic relations. He unreasonably insulted all ethnic groups and demoted the kings of all ethnic groups to princes, causing dissatisfaction and resistance from all ethnic groups. Follwed then made another conquest, which further insulted each other. For example, he renamed Goguryeo "Xiajuli" and Xiongnu Khan "conquered people", which destroyed the friendly relations between Han and other ethnic groups, especially the relationship between Han and Hungary, cut off the traffic between Han and the western regions, and launched several wars with heavy losses.
Subjective reasons for the failure of reorganization
There are many reasons for the failure of Wang Mang's reorganization. As far as objective reasons are concerned, there are political corruption, corrupt officials' style, opposition from political enemies and resistance from the rich. As far as subjective reasons are concerned, Ban Gu pointed this out in the Biography of Wang Mang:
Mang thinks that the formulation of the world will balance itself, so he has a keen mind in the field. The System of Rites and Music is about the Six Classics. At dusk, bureaucrats come in and out and talk about the years, so they have no time to save the prison and settle the people's grievances. Those who have been slaughtered in the county for several years are very greedy. The corps commander and embroidered clothes enforce the law in counties and counties, and use their power to preach and teach to solve doubts. There is a chapter 1 1 in "Men Scholar", which exhorts farmers to cultivate mulberry. This kind of case goes hand in hand in four seasons, criss-crossing, with officials and people calling each other, leaving arrest tickets, collecting taxes in counties, paying bribes, and reporting to their hometown. Since I saw that he was in charge of power to win over the Han Dynasty, all the affairs were handled by him alone, and some departments were spared from success. All the names of treasuries, treasuries and officials of Qian Gu were received by officials, and the officials and the people wrote them down and sealed them. The eunuchs spread around, but the ministers didn't know. It is afraid of becoming a vassal. It's also good to change the system, and the decree is troublesome. When you are a follower, you need to ask questions and multiply them before and after. A headstrong person often keeps the lights on, but he can't win. Because Shangshu was a sleeping rape, people who wrote to the newspaper were not allowed to go for many years, and those who were detained in counties and counties were pardoned and then went out. The guards didn't specify their age of three.
Ban Gu explained the subjective reasons for the failure of Wang Mang's restructuring: (1) Wang Mang thought that "the world would be flat if formulated", and he only paid attention to customization, but not to realization, so most of the restructuring remained on paper. (2) Wang Mang's reform often "combines the theory of Six Classics". Although he also pointed out the disadvantages of the times, he did not lack the bookishness of Confucian dogma. (3) The officials used were the original class or flatterers, versatile, but good at evil, so they failed. (4) Because Wang Mang conspired to usurp power, he was on guard against the example of his deputies and manipulated everything because he was "afraid of preparing his deputies", so it was naturally difficult to support the construction by himself. (5) Wang Mang is autocratic, the trusted lieutenants will be able to practise fraud, while the suspected lieutenants are "sleeping as a traitor", so they don't care about political affairs. (6) Wang Mang's degree of restructuring is "good", and his decrees are "troublesome". He keeps changing and does not pay attention to the effect, so the more he changes, the faster he is, the more tricks he has, and the less the effect. All these are inseparable from Wang Mang's nature as a representative of aristocratic landlords and his literati personality. He knew some disadvantages and wanted to solve social contradictions, but when he really did it, he did not fundamentally touch the interests of his class, nor was he smart and capable, but showed an ugly state of being crazy when he succeeded and regretting when he was frustrated. So follwed, restructuring is invincible!