The research on green building evaluation system in China started late, but it developed rapidly, and several sets of ecological housing evaluation system frameworks have been formed. At present, the authoritative green building evaluation system in China is "Technical Evaluation Manual of Ecological Residential Buildings in China" (the first edition was released on 200 1, and the third upgrade was completed in 2003). In order to realize the promise of making Beijing 2008 Olympic Games a "green Olympics", the project was established in June 2002, and in 2006, the project "Research on the Evaluation System of Green Olympic Buildings" was launched.
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Guided by the strategy of sustainable development, China Ecological Housing Technology Assessment Manual takes the theme of protecting natural resources, creating a healthy and comfortable living environment and coordinating with the surrounding environment and ecology, aiming at promoting the sustainable development of housing industry in China.
The development of 1. 1. 1
In order to make people fully understand the eco-residence, and make the environmental planning, architectural design and construction management of the eco-residential area have standards to follow, in September of 20001year, the technical evaluation manual of the eco-residence in China was officially published, which is the first evaluation standard of the eco-residence in China and the first step of the research on the evaluation of green buildings in China. In the following two years, the Technical Assessment Manual of Ecological Housing in China was revised twice. ?
The index system of the 2002 edition of China Ecological Housing Technical Evaluation Manual mainly refers to the American green building evaluation system (second edition) and the technical essentials of China national demonstration project construction and the evaluation method and index system of commercial housing performance, which is divided into five sub-items: residential environmental planning and design, energy and environment, indoor environmental quality, residential water environment, materials and resources, and puts forward the technical evaluation system of China ecological housing. ?
The evaluation system of the 2003 edition of "Technical Evaluation Manual of Ecological Housing in China" remains unchanged in the five sub-items of the 2002 edition, only some evaluation indexes are added, deleted and modified, with the focus on the projects closely related to living health.
1. 1.2 evaluation method?
The preparation of this evaluation manual refers to the foreign green building evaluation system and related materials, and carries out the pre-positioning of residential quarters from five aspects: environmental planning and design, energy and environment, indoor environmental quality, water environment, materials and resources, taking into account social and environmental benefits and user rights and interests. It mainly includes four aspects: comprehensive evaluation of planning and design, basic performance evaluation, environmental evaluation of building life cycle and later verification. ?
However, there are still some problems in this evaluation system: too few quantitative indicators, too many qualitative indicators, and some indicators that should have hard data lack due data and are replaced by vague or suggestive words, which makes the evaluation process lack of objective constraints and easy to be influenced by human factors. Some indicators in the evaluation system are too low to reduce the adverse impact of buildings on the environment.
1.2 evaluation system of green Olympic buildings
1.2. 1 development status?
In order to realize the promise of making Beijing 2008 Olympic Games a "green Olympics", the "Ten Special Projects of High-tech Olympics" project "Research on Building Evaluation System of Green Olympics" was established in June 2002, which lasted 14 months. This is the first green building evaluation and demonstration system in China. It not only includes hundreds of green building standards, but also introduces specific evaluation and scoring methods for professionals of evaluation institutions. This evaluation system also includes green building evaluation software, and professionals use computer intelligence to evaluate whether a building is "green".
1.2.2 evaluation method?
(1) Whole process monitoring and stage evaluation. The evaluation system of green Olympic architecture aims to guide and evaluate the whole process of Olympic architecture design, construction and management. According to the actual situation of construction projects in China and the guiding ideology of whole process monitoring and phased evaluation, the evaluation process consists of four parts: planning stage, design stage, construction stage, acceptance stage and operation management stage. According to the characteristics of each stage, the corresponding evaluation system is formulated to ensure the implementation of the final green building through the control of each stage. ?
(2)QL scoring method. Judging from the evaluation method, this evaluation system adopts the double-index evaluation method. The evaluation regulations are divided into Q and L categories: Q (quality) refers to the quality of the built environment and the level of service provided to users; L (load) refers to the contribution of energy, resources and environmental load. The so-called green building is the building that we pursue the minimum consumption of L and get the maximum consumption of Q. The combination of the two can comprehensively evaluate the "green" degree of the building. The system * * * is divided into two levels, including four Q-level indicators and five L-level indicators, including two levels: 15 and 18 respectively. ?
On the basis of introducing the method of building life cycle analysis, the evaluation system of green Olympic buildings puts forward the viewpoint of whole process control and the corresponding evaluation method. It is scientific and operable to evaluate Chinese green buildings by using Q-L double index system and weight system. A number of softwares that match the evaluation system and can be used for quantitative simulation calculation and optimization design guidance have been developed. Its disadvantage is that it does not involve economic evaluation.
1.3 green building evaluation standard?
On March 6, 2006, the Ministry of Construction issued the Evaluation Standard of Green Building, which was implemented on June 6, 2006. The compilation principles of this standard are: drawing lessons from international advanced experience and combining with China's national conditions; Pay attention to "four festivals" and environmental protection requirements; Reflect the process control; Combination of quantitative and qualitative; The combination of systematicness and flexibility. This is the first recommended national standard for comprehensive evaluation of green buildings in China, starting from the whole life cycle of residential buildings and public buildings. ?
Its evaluation index system includes the following six indicators: land saving and outdoor environment; Energy conservation and energy utilization; Water saving and water resources utilization; Material saving and utilization of material resources; Indoor environmental quality; Operation management (residential buildings), life cycle comprehensive performance (public buildings). Specific indicators in the main indicators are divided into three categories: control items, general items and preference items. ?
With the deepening of green building practice and research, the national green building evaluation research has made gratifying achievements. However, we should also see that the research on ecological building evaluation in China is still in its infancy. The existing evaluation system is largely based on LEED in the United States, with the emphasis on environmental impact. However, the evaluation system of ecological buildings in China needs to be improved in integrity, hierarchy, economic feasibility, quantitative analysis ratio and the establishment of related systems.
2. Suggestions on establishing and perfecting China's green building evaluation system
2. 1 Strengthen basic theoretical research?
As the evaluation of green building objectively involves multi-disciplines, multi-angles and multi-factors, it is a highly complex system engineering, and the evaluation of green building is systematic, modeled and quantified in the whole process of decision-making, planning and design, implementation and construction, management and use of this complex system. It is a qualitative and quantitative decision-making method, so the process of index selection and evaluation system construction is very complicated, and the establishment of the system needs the integration of disciplines and the long-term cooperation of researchers. At present, the research done in this field is still relatively small, and the connection between theory and practice is not enough, which needs to be further deepened in many aspects. Only by strengthening basic theoretical research and linking the green building evaluation system with other disciplines can we lay a solid theoretical foundation for the improvement of China's green building evaluation system.
2.2 The evaluation system moves from standard to refinement?
At present, China adopts the same standard for the same type of buildings, regardless of nature, service life and function, which is obviously not in line with the actual situation. It is necessary to further subdivide the characteristics of different types of buildings and make a more targeted index system for the evaluation index system of different types of buildings. We can learn from the concept of "building importance coefficient" in structural design and introduce the concept of "ecological coefficient" to different buildings so as to treat them differently according to their nature, service life and function. In addition, China has a vast territory, different climate and different natural conditions, so the evaluation system must consider regional differences, and it is unrealistic to establish a unique national standard system. In the standard setting of the evaluation system, it is allowed to have some flexibility according to the specific conditions of each place, rather than the same national standard. We should divide several regions in the whole country, and give different "values" after analyzing the main representative characteristics of the local areas.
2.3 evaluation method from qualitative to quantitative?
In the evaluation method, we should combine qualitative evaluation with quantitative evaluation, especially strengthen the research and application of quantitative indicators. The evaluation system of green buildings in China includes the evaluation criteria of green buildings, and the evaluation method of calculating the total evaluation result by using the cumulative method to evaluate the final score. In recent years, it has been mathematically proved that this evaluation model is unreasonable in most cases.
The evaluation system of green building is essentially a relatively reasonable quantitative index system, which mainly focuses on the evaluation of ecological and environmental benefits and economic benefits. The evaluation of green buildings should conform to the scientific nature of physical laws, and accurate quantitative data is the soul of the evaluation system, but China still lacks some basic data for ecological evaluation. The research and application of quantitative evaluation method is an important aspect to improve the evaluation system of green buildings in China.
2.4 The evaluation system implements the third-party accreditation system?
To advocate the development of green buildings and implement the green building certification system nationwide, the government must cultivate an independent third-party evaluation agency to comprehensively evaluate the implementation of architectural design schemes, the whole process of architectural development, building materials and building equipment.
At present, the building green assessment in China is implemented by a special expert group organized by the Ministry of Construction. Due to the lack of third-party evaluation institutions, there are problems in the evaluation of implementation plan, the whole construction process and the green evaluation of environmental protection performance of building materials. Therefore, the government must cultivate third-party evaluation institutions in time while carrying out expert evaluation. The establishment of a third-party evaluation agency combines this external evaluation commission with internal expert evaluation, and the evaluation standards or contents are jointly drawn up by both parties. On the one hand, it gives full play to the professional advantages of professional consulting institutions, on the other hand, it ensures the objectivity and scientificity of the evaluation results from an objective, fair, scientific and reasonable perspective. ?
It should be noted that the third party involved in the evaluation must pay attention to the professional training of the appraisers, and the government should strengthen the technical specifications and scientific training of green buildings and train the corresponding professional technicians of green building evaluation.
2.5 Use economic leverage and adopt incentive policies?
Green building should not only consider the macro (national or even global) environmental impact, such as co? 2. Discharge, saving water resources, building materials production and energy consumption in the process of building operation, etc. It should be beneficial to users and take into account the interests of developers. ?
The government should play a leading role in the development and evaluation of green buildings, and encourage different actors from the aspects of laws and regulations, policy environment and tax system on the basis of the overall goal of sustainable development. Through subsidies, low-interest loans, taxes and other financial incentives, we will promote the development of environmental protection technologies, implement environmental protection policies, and improve economic feasibility. Different buildings have different impacts and contributions to society, environment and resources in their life cycle, and developers have to bear all the costs for all the consequences, so the government should adopt a biased tax policy to reflect social equity. Financial incentives such as tax reduction can enable real estate developers to reduce operating costs and provide economic guarantee for the development of green buildings.
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