Composition of infringement:
The broad sense of infringement includes the following three situations, and the narrow sense of infringement refers to the anti-social infringement.
(1) Injury: physical injury and verbal injury.
(2) Motivation (intention) of infringement and reasons for infringement.
(3) Social evaluation: A. Violating and destroying social norms is antisocial.
B. It is prosocial to violate the social norms and norms.
C. the infringement between the two is recognized as infringement.
Cause of infringement:
(1) explanation of instinct theory;
A. LucianFreud believes that human sexual instinct is the driving force of individual behavior, which makes people follow the principle of happiness, and self-protection instinct makes people adapt to the environment and seek advantages and avoid disadvantages. Aggression is part of sexual instinct. As a kind of psychological energy, attack impulse must be vented, otherwise it will be harmful to physical and mental health.
B Rolenc believes that aggression is an instinct with biological protection significance, and its survival significance is very important. Aggression is inevitable in human life. In order to avoid aggression and its "escalation", we should adopt the method of dissipative aggression instinct.
(2) frustration-invasion theory:
Frustration not only refers to the situation that prevents individuals from achieving their goals, but also refers to the psychological tension that individuals have when their behavior is blocked.
A. Dollard believes that aggression is always the result of setbacks, and the occurrence of aggression always depends on the existence of setbacks.
This theory has three main points: first, the attack intensity is positively related to the target obstruction intensity. Second, there is a linear relationship between the power to restrict the infringement and the expected punishment intensity that the infringement may receive. Third, if the intensity of setbacks is certain, the greater the expected punishment, the less likely the infringement will occur; If the expected punishment is certain, the greater the frustration, the greater the possibility of infringement.
B. Miller believes that setbacks can also produce results other than aggression, which does not necessarily lead to aggression.
According to C.Berkowitz, frustration leads not to the attack itself, but to the emotional readiness of the attack, namely anger. The occurrence of aggression is also related to the clues of aggression in the situation, and the stimuli related to aggression may strengthen aggression.
(3) Social learning theory:
Bandura believes that aggression is acquired. Learning is the main factor of infringement. Individuals can learn infringement through learning, and can also eliminate infringement through new learning. Aggressive learning mechanism is reinforcement, association and imitation.
Overview of altruism
1. The essence of altruism: (1) Altruism is a prosocial behavior.
(2) Altruism is a prosocial behavior with people as its object.
(3) Altruistic behavior is caused by altruistic motivation, which is characterized by being completely beneficial to his goals.
2. Conditions of altruism: (1) External factors: A. Natural environment B. Social situation: The more people present, the less altruism.
C. time pressure: time is tight and it is difficult to be altruistic. D characteristics of others: people who are similar to altruists (attitudes and values)
Someone who has never hurt an altruist.
Attractive people
(2) The psychological characteristics of altruists: A. Emotion (pleasure) B. Guilt.
C. Personality (social responsibility and sympathetic understanding of others are positively related to altruistic behavior)
(3) Altruistic skills: more rescue skills and means.
3. Explanation of altruistic behavior: (1) Biological point of view: animals have the instinct of individual "self-sacrifice" in exchange for the existence of species.
(2) Social exchange theory: Altruism is a kind of social exchange. The contribution of altruists is to help others, and its benefit is to improve self-worth and reduce anxiety.
The concept of attitude
1. The concept of attitude: the stable psychological tendency held by individuals when responding to specific objects,
There are: a. evaluation; B. immanence; C. objectivity; D. stability
2. Composition of attitude: C (cognition), A (emotion) and B (behavioral tendency) are collectively called ABC model of attitude.
3. Attitude and value: Attitude comes from value, and value is the core of attitude. Personal attitude depends on the value of this object. Value determines the degree of attitude.
Dimensions (attributes) of attitude
1. direction: that is, attitude orientation, whether the individual points positively or negatively to the attitude object.
2. Intensity: the degree of attitude direction.
3. Depth: the degree to which individuals participate in attitude objects.
4. Moderation: the degree to which an attitude is close to the core values in the attitude system and related value systems.
5. Externality: the externality of an individual in an attitude is the exposure of his behavior direction and behavior mode.
Formation of attitude
Cherman of the United States put forward that the formation of attitude includes three stages: obedience-identification-internalization.
1. From the formation of attitude, individuals always identify with others in explicit behavior according to social norms and social expectations or the wishes of others, in order to get rewards and avoid punishment. Controlled by external factors, obedience is superficial and temporary.
2. Identification: Individuals voluntarily accept other people's opinions, information or group norms to keep themselves consistent with others. Active convergence to the object, emotional factors play an obvious role, and identity depends on the attraction of the object to the individual.
3. Internalization: In the final stage of attitude formation, individuals genuinely believe and accept other people's opinions and incorporate them into their own attitude system, which is called an organic part. Internalization is the coordination process between the original attitude and the attitude recognized by individuals, which is based on rationality, that is, the composition of human beings. The examination time for psychological counselors in the first half of the year is 20 17.