From the source of funds, the education funds of Yuelu Academy are mainly guaranteed by renting land. 1 194, Zhu Weiyue set up a field of 333.3 hectares, which was the beginning of setting up a field. During the Xuande period of the Ming Dynasty, Zhou Xinfu and his son, who were in charge of funeral affairs in Ningxiang, Changsha, donated money to repair Yuelu Academy and set up 5.8 hectares of Daolin Temple Field.
During the Jiajing period, King Changsha expanded the Academy and donated 1.2 hectares. The following year, Sun Cun succeeded to the throne and donated 4.5 hectares of land for study, asking the government to allocate 96.6 hectares of public land. The financial resources of the college are already quite abundant. Later, Ji Ben, a Changsha magistrate, carried out a large-scale renovation of the academy. He donated 6.8 hectares of study fields himself and 3.3 hectares of Tongzhi Hualin. For the first time, a large-scale fund-raising boom appeared in Xiangcheng. During this period, Yuelu Academy had 148.2 hectares of study fields, of which private donations reached 22.2 hectares, accounting for 15%.
In addition to the income from studying in the field, another source of funds for Yuelu Academy is government support. For example, during the Yongzheng period of the Qing Dynasty, the Qing government called a number of key academies such as Yuelu Academy "provincial capital academies", and each academy gave 1000 taels.
Sufficient teaching funds provide a good learning environment and living guarantee for teachers and students in the college. According to historical records, in 1763, the annual income of the person in charge of Yuelu Academy was 465 taels of silver, while students enjoyed full government scholarships, with an annual income of1/kloc-0 taels of silver.
It is also important to choose the dean of the college. Shantou is the dean, and the dean is the host of the teaching and administration of the academy. After the Song Dynasty, most academies used the name of Shanchang. Literally, the "mountain leader" has the respect of the elders in the mountain. At that time, most of the people employed by the academy were studious and good at doing things, so they lived in the mountains and were not officials. The academy was built on the mountain and chose the resort, hence the name.
Most of the local famous Confucian scholars who presided over the academy were appointed by the academy itself, not by the government. This reflects the independence of college administrators to some extent. Later, even though the government controlled the selection and appointment of college teachers, their academic reputation should still be considered when looking for candidates.
The academy implements the responsibility system of mountain leaders, and the so-called "mountain leader" is the principal. The morality, knowledge and social reputation of mountain leaders are outstanding. Successive mountain leaders are not only rigorous in their studies, but also well managed.
Yuelu Academy was an institution of higher learning at that time. Students and apprentices entering the school have a certain understanding of classics and history, and they also have a certain foundation in writing poems. They even have to pass some exams or recommendations to be admitted. "Tanzhou Three Schools" reflects the enrollment of students and apprentices in Yuelu Academy.
According to the records of Yuelu in Ming Dynasty, the so-called "three schools" refers to the trinity of Tanzhou School, Xiangxi Academy and Yuelu Academy, which is divided into three levels. Students pass the exam and are promoted step by step according to their scores. Those who do well in the national school can be promoted to Xiangxi Academy, and the highest one can be promoted to Yuelu Academy, which is the highest institution among the "three schools".
At first, after Li Yun, the governor of Tanzhou, rebuilt the academy, the number of students was more than 60. By the time of the Northern Song Dynasty, Zhou Shi was the head of Yuelu Academy, which made Yuelu Academy enter the most prosperous stage in the Northern Song Dynasty and soon developed to hundreds of students. In the Qing Dynasty, the number of students was divided into two types: regular courses and supplementary courses. During the Qianlong period, the number of formal students increased to 68, and the number of supplementary students increased to 35, accounting for 103.
During the Jiaqing period, 35 students were added, totaling 138, which has remained unchanged since then, and sometimes more students were admitted. Therefore, the number of inpatients in Yuelu Academy is generally between 100-200. In the case of stable students, Yuelu Academy takes the cultivation of healthy moral personality, pragmatic scholarship spirit and erudite scholarship methods as its teaching principles. Zhang Wei once emphasized in Yuelu Academy that the educational purpose of Yuelu Academy is to "preach and teach and dispel doubts", that is to say, the goal of academy education is to make every educated person's moral self perfect day by day and promote the completion of his inner personality, and moral personality must realize external social value.
In the course of running a school for thousands of years, Yuelu Academy has always taken "pragmatism" and "truth-seeking" as its running philosophy, which is mainly reflected in three aspects: practical value orientation, practical thinking method and academic study style. Practical application is the academic purpose and educational purpose advocated by Yuelu Academy. The academy emphasized that all knowledge must be beneficial to the national economy and people's livelihood, so as to have value and significance.
Pragmatism is not only a value orientation, but also a way of thinking that respects facts and pursues truth. Whether engaged in academic research or education, people should be guided to explore this true "reason" or "Tao" from all things in the world, that is, "seeking truth from facts".
In research, we should attach importance to facts, induction and evidence. Later, it developed into the empirical spirit of modern natural science. The academic style of "learning is worthwhile and doing something" is to regard cognition and practice as a process of mutual promotion and deepening, that is, "knowing and doing advance together" and "knowing and doing go hand in hand".
At the same time, teachers in Yuelu Academy always regard extensive knowledge acquisition as an important purpose of academy education. On this basis, "thinking" is to obtain profound and comprehensive truth from facts and knowledge, that is, to study the causes of things and to ask questions, thus causing scholars to think deeply and solve problems. As the base of Neo-Confucianism, Yuelu Academy also advocates the spirit of dare to doubt.
In the long-term teaching practice, the course content of Yuelu Academy is relatively fixed, mainly focusing on philosophy, history, literature and philology, as well as learning eight-part essay and imperial examination poems.
During the discussion with bishops in the Ming Dynasty, Chen devoted himself to spreading the neo-Confucianism thoughts of Zhou Dunyi and other neo-Confucianism masters, and also set up a course of "learning to shoot", and hired Changsha Wei to direct Yang Pu to teach. Later, in the Qing Dynasty, the academy gradually evolved from a folk to an official.
In terms of sacrifice, Yuelu Academy in Qing Dynasty set up 29 places of sacrifice for many times, with nearly 100 worshippers. Later, Wenchang Pavilion was built after the lecture hall to worship Wenchang Emperor. Those who became famous in the examinations of all the students in the college learned this title. In addition, Kuixing Building was established in Tufu in front of the hospital, and the original Sixth Scholar's Academy was changed to Yue Temple.
With the rise of textual research in Ganjia, Yuelu Academy is often presided over by a famous sinologist who is engaged in textual research of Confucian classics, and its learning content has also changed from Neo-Confucianism to textual research of Confucian classics and history. When Luodian Ren Shan grew up, he "only studied classics, inspired and lured backward". During the Daoguang period, Governor Wu Rongguang added a "Xiangshui School Classroom" in Yuelu Academy, focusing on Sinology. Later, the School Classics Hall developed into the School Classics Academy, which further developed the pragmatic style of study of the School Classics Hall.
During the Guangxu period of Qing Dynasty, Wang Guangqian, the head of Yuelu Academy, implemented the curriculum reform, and divided the teaching content into two courses: "Jing Yi" and "Management Affairs" to add two new courses: arithmetic and translation. 1903 In March, the new governor of Hunan Province, Zhao Erxun, moved an institution of higher learning that was restructured from a current affairs school to a Hunan institution of higher learning. The school offers arts and sciences, including classics, history, Chinese, geography, mathematics, physical chemistry, natural history and physiology, English and gymnastics.
Judging from the teaching methods of Yuelu Academy, Yuelu Academy is different from the traditional teaching methods of official schools and has explored a unique and effective teaching method. Yuelu Academy emphasizes students' self-study and attaches importance to the guidance of students' self-study. Zhu once said to the students, "You should read this book by yourself, and you should explore the truth by yourself. A person who can only lead the way and prove it will only discuss with you when there are difficulties. " In order to guide students to learn by themselves, Zhu also developed a set of reading methods.
Yuelu Academy adheres to the concept of "opening to the outside world". The college receives visiting scholars all the year round, allows outsiders to attend and arranges accommodation. In this context, Yuelu Academy has always maintained a high level of teaching and academic research.
The teaching of Yuelu Academy is not limited by region and school. Teachers and students from different academies and schools are allowed to give lectures, attend lectures, debate and communicate with each other, among which "talking" is the original teaching form of Yuelu Academy. Lecture is an academic activity of Yuelu Academy. Schools with different academic views discuss and argue in a large or small scope, and students can also participate, which not only promotes academic research but also promotes teaching.
Yuelu Academy is not only an educational institution, but also an academic research base. Academy does not aim at taking part in imperial examinations, but flaunts its research and dissemination of knowledge and moral practice. Most of the founders and hosts of the academy are well-known scholars. When they are lecturers, they usually talk about their academic experience, and many research results are also spread and recognized by the society during the lecture.
In teaching management, Yuelu Academy adopts relatively free teaching methods. Generally speaking, you or other teachers give lectures once every ten and a half months, and the rest of the time is mainly self-study. If you have any questions about self-study, you can always ask the teacher for advice or discuss with each other.
Yuelu Academy has clear learning rules. The academic norms of Yuelu Academy originated from Zhu's Academy Theory. During the reign of Emperor Qianlong of Qing Dynasty, when Ouyang Zhenghuan was the dean of the Academy, he put forward the four-word academic rules of "integrity, unity, strictness and purity", as follows:
Always ask parents; Looking forward to sages; Deviation from the customary name; Be neat and serious; Eat frugally; Foreign affairs must not be done; Walking and sitting must follow the order of teeth; Pain and restraint, short and long; Bad friends must refuse; Don't waste time chatting; Three times a day; Read a few pages of outline every day; Familiar with current affairs physics; Participate in reading ancient poems and fu; You must use a pen to read; Finish class on time; Reading at night is still forbidden; Doubts and mistakes must be fought for.
The curriculum of Yuelu Academy is clear and orderly, and there are several rigorous examinations every month. After the exam, students with excellent grades will be rewarded and those with poor grades will be punished. In addition, students must also record their daily reading in the "work textbook", and the mountain leader will conduct regular spot checks. It is based on the perfect and effective education system of the academy that makes the talents of Sanxiang come forth in large numbers. After thousands of years, string songs are endless.