With the improvement of modern people's quality of life, higher requirements are put forward for the quality of water supply and drainage design of modern buildings. However, the design of water supply and drainage specialty often begins after the basic completion of civil engineering, which is largely restricted by the specialty of architecture and structure, and also influenced by the specialty of electrical and HVAC. Water supply and drainage design should be completed with high quality under the condition of multi-discipline mutual restriction, which requires designers to have various knowledge and skills.
First, we should have a clear concept of space. After accepting the design task, don't start the design immediately, but have a comprehensive understanding of the whole environment "up, down, left and right", and choose a suitable and reasonable location to arrange the pipeline after being familiar with it.
Second, we should strive for perfection in the knowledge of this major so as to control it at will in a complex environment.
Third, we should have a principled understanding of professional knowledge such as architecture, structure, electricity and HVAC. Let us take the initiative when dealing with the intersection of majors and not be led by other majors.
Fourth, we should grasp the overall situation and pay attention to details.
I. Drainage system
Drainage system includes: sewage system, rainwater system, wastewater system and circulating water system. In the design of chemical laboratory building, due to the different wastewater treatment methods, it can be divided into organic wastewater system, inorganic wastewater system and high concentration waste liquid system.
1, the rainwater drainage system should be independent and self-contained, but some designs start from saving pipelines and connect wastewater to rainwater risers, which is very inappropriate. Because the outlet of rainwater riser is often blocked, once blocked, rainwater and wastewater will fill the room, which will have serious consequences and directly endanger the residents' living and life.
2. In the rainwater drainage system of the inner roof gutter, the catchment area of the downpipe shall be calculated according to the local rainstorm. Generally, the catchment area of each downpipe with φ 100 in our province is controlled at about 200m2. Important buildings should be reduced as appropriate. For buildings located in wooded areas, it should be considered that the rain outlets are often blocked by leaves and garbage, and downspouts should be appropriately increased to reduce the catchment area. At the same time, pay attention to whether the gutter is blocked by the structural beam. Although there are holes in the structural anti-beam, the cross section of the water hole is small, which reduces the cross section of the gutter and is more likely to be blocked. These unfavorable factors cannot but be estimated. At the two settlement joints of the gutter, there should be at least two rainwater gutters and rainwater risers. Even if one rainwater riser (or rainwater outlet) is blocked, the other rainwater riser is enough to discharge the maximum amount of rainwater. The drainage of the outer gutter is smoother than that of the inner gutter, so we should try our best to persuade the architectural profession not to do the inner gutter.
3. Indoor drainage system should be scattered nearby, not too concentrated. In the case of little difference in pipe consumption, more pipes are set and less horizontal branch pipes are pulled. Each riser is discharged separately, which can not only reduce the contact between the horizontal drainage pipe and other pipes, air ducts, beams and windows, but also reduce the influence caused by the blockage of the water outlet pipe. In the chemical laboratory building, the drainage pipes should be dispersed rather than concentrated, so as to avoid harmful gas or explosion or sediment blocking the pipes after the waste water that reacts with each other is collected.
4. In order to improve the elevation of the external drainage pipeline and avoid the difficulty of leaving holes in the construction caused by the drainage pipeline passing through the reinforced concrete ground beam, the bottom drainage system is often separated from the floor, and the bottom floor is drained separately. In Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, due to the high groundwater level, the buried depth of outdoor drainage pipes is shallow, and the structural foundations of buildings are mostly shallow. In order to improve the elevation of outdoor drainage pipes and ensure the safety of users at the bottom (especially in the case of floor drain at the bottom), there are generally more than four floors, and the bottom is mostly discharged separately.
Second, the drainage outlet
1. Discharged into urban sewer: First, the information of inspection well elevation and bottom elevation of existing (or planned) urban drainage pipes near the design building should be collected in detail to find out whether there are hidden obstacles (such as urban water supply mains, cables, street trees, etc.). ) between the designed building drainage pipe and the urban drainage pipe inspection well. For example, the urban sewage pipe reconstruction project of Tiantai Labor Road, the urban sewage main pipe is located on the sidewalk in front of the building, and there is a DN900 urban water supply main pipe in the middle of the road. The sewage pipe cannot pass through, so an inverted siphon pipe has to be installed to flow to the urban sewage pipe.
2. Rainwater is discharged into the natural water body: not only the data of the highest water level and normal water level, but also the elevation of the riverbed section at the exit should be known. The natural water level in Jiangsu and Zhejiang Plain is high, so it is often impossible for the outlet of the drainage pipe to be above the normal water level, and sometimes it has to be submerged below the normal water level. However, it should be noted that the pressure difference between the outlet and the water surface is smaller than that between the inlet and the water surface, otherwise there will be backward flow. Of course, the drainage demand can also be met by improving the indoor and outdoor elevation, but the general cost is large, so it is necessary to contact the architectural profession. Large residential areas, schools, industrial areas, etc. If there is too much fill, natural (artificial) ponds can be used as regulating ponds, and pumping stations should be set up to improve drainage.
Third, the layout of indoor drainage pipes
The vertical pipe connects the drainage branch pipe at the top and the drainage pipe at the bottom, which is the hub and central link of the indoor drainage system. Whether its location is appropriate or not directly affects the economy, rationality and aesthetics of the drainage system.
In the design of "1" and "initial expansion", it is first required that the building and technology should be as close to the same axis as possible, and the toilet should be as high and low as possible, which can save pipelines, reduce horizontal branch pipes and affect the beauty of indoor space.
2. Risers should be located in corners that do not affect indoor furniture layout and human activities.
3. Pay attention to whether there is a way out for the vent pipe on the upper part of the riser: in hotels, office buildings and other buildings, the top floor is often a large space such as a large conference room (or a large restaurant), and the vent pipe on the lower floor can't get through, which is too ugly to be exposed. Consider installing ventilation pipes in the wall of the top floor; Ventilation pipes can also be connected to the outside of the wall in combination with the building facade. Never extend the ventilation pipe into the flat roof.
For example, the John Yang Building on the rooftop is located in the toilet in the semi-basement below the lobby, and the riser is harmful to wear in the lobby, and the sewage pipe is buried in the reinforced concrete column.
4. When determining the direction of the drainage pipe under the riser, the direction of the outdoor drainage pipe, the location of the outdoor septic tank, oil separation tank, neutralization tank, inspection well and other structures should be properly considered. Pipeline layout is based on the principle of simplicity to reduce the possibility of blockage. The discharge pipes at the lower part of the riser should be dispersed as far as possible (that is, discharged to the outside in the shortest distance). It is not advisable for some designers to artificially reduce the number of air outlets and diversify the exhaust. In this way, once the main outlet pipe is blocked or needs maintenance, it will affect the use of more sanitary equipment, and also make the indoor branch pipes of the drainage pipeline more, and the lines are longer, which will increase the trouble.
For example, in the ward complex building project of Tiantai People's Hospital, the building requirements were excessively accommodated. In order to reduce the impact on greening, manholes and septic tanks were set on the main front of the site, and all indoor drainage pipes were discharged to the back. As a result, the drainage pipeline coiled, turned, crossed beams, columns and crossed other pipelines indoors, which greatly increased the workload and consumed more pipelines.
5. When determining that the riser drain pipe passes through the foundation, it is necessary to calculate the lap height of the branch pipe on the riser, pay attention to the elevation of the outdoor drain pipe, and pay more attention to the construction method of the foundation, so that the drain pipe out of the wall does not wear reinforced concrete ground beams as far as possible, which will neither affect the structural safety nor reduce its own design workload. If it is necessary to pass through the reinforced concrete ground beam, the accurate position and size should be provided to the structure immediately. For high-rise buildings, the ground floor is mostly discharged separately, and the pipeline garbage is diverted. There are many wall management pipes in the same building bay, which often makes the ground beam almost empty. In this case, it is recommended that the structure be hollow in the bay. When the bearing capacity of the ground foundation is high and the structure adopts shallow foundation, the position and elevation of the outlet pipe should be closely coordinated with the structural specialty.
6. When the riser passes through the floor and roof, it needs to be positioned in the early stage and provide information to the structural specialty so that the structure can reserve holes. It is forbidden to make holes in the later period, which will affect the structural strength. The problems of "crossing the foundation" and "leaving holes" are the most common and frequent links in indoor water supply and drainage design, which must be paid enough attention to.
7, riser, branch pipe as far as possible don't pass through the main room. For example, bedrooms, corridors, hospital operating rooms, balance rooms, computer rooms, rooms that require moisture protection for precision instruments and equipment, and rooms that may explode due to water or cause serious economic losses due to water. If it is really unavoidable, please build a corner to make a tube well and lift the ceiling to solve the problem. Drainage pipes generally cannot pass through settlement joints, flues, air ducts, etc.
8. When designing the riser, we should pay attention to whether the thickness of the upper and lower external walls is consistent and the section form of the foundation, and indicate where to add the "V" pipe to turn in the perspective view. For example, the rooftop center vegetable farm project has a bottom external wall of 370 thick and a second external wall of 240 thick. In the design, the vertical pipes go all the way to the end. As a result, the vertical pipes at the bottom are close to the external wall, but the vertical pipes above the second floor cannot be close to the external wall (moving inward 120 mm). After installation, it was found that the bathroom was too crowded, so we had to install a bathroom on each floor.
When the pipeline passes through the external wall foundation at the bottom, it should adopt uniform elevation as far as possible to facilitate the construction, avoid mistakes in the construction, and be careful not to expose the pipeline to the outdoor ground.
9. The ground floor is a commercial and residential building and a comprehensive office building for shops. When the upper floor is residential, the vertical pipe cannot go straight down. It is often necessary to transfer a section of horizontal pipe from Galla to the external wall, and the horizontal pipe is covered with a suspended ceiling. However, attention should be paid to the floor drain and other drainage pipes on the second floor, which cannot be directly connected to the vertical pipe. Instead, a horizontal branch pipe should be pulled separately and connected to the turning riser to prevent floor drain and water. Or the second floor drain pipe is discharged separately.
10, water storage tank drain pipe, overflow pipe, water boiler drain pipe, etc. Should be indirectly connected with the waste water pipe.
1 1. Rainwater risers are buried in reinforced concrete columns, which is a common building treatment method now. Attention should be paid to the connection with the structure, and the arrangement of riser and inlet and outlet pipes should be chosen in a position that does not affect the stress of beams and columns and does not collide with the stressed steel bars, otherwise the good wishes will not be realized. For example, in the original design of Tiantai Hotel project, the rainwater riser was buried in the column. Because the layout is similar to the above principles, the riser has to be moved indoors and passed through every floor of the guest room, which brings permanent regret: the noise of the rainwater pipe affects the rest of passengers; The seepage of individual manholes makes the room damp; Affect the indoor beauty; Affect the room furniture layout.
12, when there is drainage facilities in the basement, a water collecting well should be built and lifted by a water pump. The collecting well should be built in the basement, so as to ensure that when the building sinks, the collecting well will sink with the basement. If the collecting well is built outdoors, uneven settlement may occur between the building and the collecting well, and the drainage pipe connected here may be broken. Because this pipeline is buried under the foundation of the building, it will be very difficult to repair once it breaks and seeps.
13, bathrooms, washrooms, bathrooms and other rooms with frequent water accumulation, should closely cooperate with the architectural profession to do a good job in ground drainage slope and waterproof measures for interior walls and floors in order to achieve a good indoor environment.
Fourth, the courtyard drainage design
1. Septic tank location: For buildings with high building density in general layout design and "everything must be sold" in old city reconstruction, the buildings along the street are facing the urban roads, and the back space is not large, so it is difficult to arrange drainage pipes and septic tanks. Therefore, attention should be paid to the location of water supply and drainage pipelines, septic tanks and grease traps. , so as not to make the later design passive. In the construction procedure, when the septic tank is close to the building foundation, the septic tank should be constructed first.
2. Avoid "cross flow". Drainage pipes, especially sewage pipes and wastewater pipes, can be connected as shown in Figure 2 according to the specifications before entering septic tanks, which is feasible in theory. But in fact, when the flow rate is large, the water pressure is also high, and the sewage can't flow along the chute in a balanced way, so it will form a hydraulic jump, which will cause the sewage of adjacent units to cross each other, and "cross each other" will easily cause pipeline blockage. If the manhole moves outward for a certain distance, there will be no such disadvantage.
Similarly, in the indoor drainage system, the above situation should also be avoided.
3. Grease trap: The sewage discharged from hotels, restaurants, canteens and other kitchens contains a lot of grease, so grease trap is essential. According to the field investigation, the kitchen without grease trap drains water, the pipeline is seriously blocked, and thick oil stains are accumulated on the pipeline wall and manhole, and the DN 150 drain pipe is easily blocked. Therefore, this kind of kitchen must be equipped with a grease trap, and the diameter of the outdoor drain pipe is not less than DN200.
4. Rainwater manhole needs to set a grit chamber with H = 300mm at the bottom of the manhole, especially when the road surface standard is low and the green space coverage condition is not ideal, it is even more necessary to bring a lot of mud and sand into the sewer with rainwater. According to the investigation, there is no grit well or manhole with insufficient depth, and the drainage pipe is seriously blocked. Of course, reasonable design also depends on proper management and timely removal of gravel.
5. The ornamental water surface (i.e. pool) in the courtyard should be provided with overflow ports and emptying and cleaning pipes. The setting of overflow port is convenient to control the elevation of water surface and prevent the overflow and discharge of pool water during rainstorm. Overflow in the garden should be carried out in the dark, and there should be a grating to prevent the fish from jumping away.
6, drainage pipe through the trees should pay attention to the pipe interface and CMC wall, to prevent the roots grow into the pipeline or CMC, damage and blockage of the pipeline.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) Use of standard drawings
Using standard drawings and selecting complete sets of equipment in water supply and drainage design can not only greatly improve the design speed, but also reduce errors and improve the design quality. However, when selecting the standard drawing, we should pay attention to the drawing number, model and related matters indicated in the "Description" for the design decision. In order to facilitate the construction and reduce the errors in the installation process, the design methods of the same project should be unified, such as the selection of pipe diameter standards, pipes and foundation crossing elevation.
Intransitive verb others
1. On the outlet pipe of the closed cooling circulation system, an observation port should be set to observe the water flow to show whether the outlet water is unobstructed.
2, indoor floor drain should be located in a well-lit place, generally arranged on the floor that is easy to overflow against the wall, so that it can be cleaned immediately when there is a jam, and should not be located in a hidden place that cannot be cleaned.
3, sewage manhole must do chute, otherwise the fecal sewage pipe section is easy to deposit, the manhole becomes a small septic tank, and the feces stay for fermentation. This is also one of the reasons for indoor deodorization.
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