Human nature is evil, and the good are also false.
Today's human nature, born with good and good, shun, so fight for life and give up death; Born with disease and evil, follow it, so thieves are born with loyalty to death; It is appropriate to be born with a desire for eyes and ears and a good sense of sound, so fornication is born with courtesy and righteousness. But in terms of human nature, obeying people's feelings will be divorced from competition, suitable for committing chaos and returning to violence. Therefore, there must be a way to learn the law, be polite and righteous, and then rule out resignation and be in line with the arts and sciences. However, in this view, it is obvious that human nature is evil, and good and false are also good.
Therefore, holly wood must be hidden, straight and straight, and dark gold must be sharp and sharp. The viciousness of today's people must first be a teacher, then a righteous one, and then a cure. People today are more dangerous than integrity if they don't learn from others; Rude and righteous, rebellious and dead. The ancient holy king regarded human nature as evil, thought it was dangerous but not right, and died in chaos. Thinking that it is a courtesy, pretending that human emotions are correct, is also a guide to disturb human emotions. From the beginning, it was out of cure and suitable for Tao. Today's people, those who study the law, those who accumulate articles, those who are polite and righteous, are also gentlemen; Those who are temperamental and peaceful and violate etiquette and righteousness are also villains. However, in this view, human nature is evil and clear, and human nature is good and false.
Mencius said, "A scholar is good in nature." . Say: no! It is better to know human nature, but not to observe the difference between human nature and falsehood. People who have sex are born, can't learn and can't do anything. People who are courteous and righteous, born of saints, and those who learn, act in moderation. Those who can't learn and do things are called nature; Those who can learn and do things are called fake; This is the difference between sex and falsehood. Today's human nature can be seen with eyes and heard with ears. The husband can see clearly without leaving his eyes, listen attentively without leaving his ears, see clearly without listening, and learn clearly. Mencius said: "Today's people are good, and they all lose their sex." Say: if it is, it will be too much. Today's human nature, born from simplicity and capital, will be lost and lost. However, with this view, it is obvious that human nature is evil. The so-called good man is beautiful without leaving his simplicity, and beneficial without leaving his roots. Let her husband's capital be simple and beautiful, and her mind be kind. If the husband can see clearly without leaving his eyes, he can listen attentively without leaving his ears, so his eyes are bright and his ears are alert. Today's human nature, hunger is full, cold is warm, fatigue is rest, and this person's affection is also. If you are hungry today and dare not eat first, make some concessions; People who work hard and dare not ask for interest will be replaced. The master resigned by his father, and the younger brother resigned by his brother; The son generation depends on the father, and the younger generation depends on the elder brother. Both walkers are against sex and love. However, filial piety is also the art of propriety and righteousness. Therefore, if you have compassion, you won't give up, and giving up is contrary to your feelings. However, in this view, human nature is evil and clear, and human nature is good and false.
The questioner said, "Human nature is evil, and propriety and righteousness are evil?" It should be said that people who are polite and righteous are born of the vanity of saints, not human nature. Therefore, Taoists are embarrassed to make utensils, but utensils were born from Taoists' imitation, not from human nature. So a worker becomes a device in his eyes, but the device is born of the worker's falsehood, not human nature. Sages think carefully, learn from falsehood and learn from ceremony. However, those who abide by the laws of propriety and righteousness are out of the vanity of saints, not out of human nature. If the husband has lustful eyes, good ears, good mouth, good heart and good skin care, it is natural human nature; Feeling is natural, and people who don't wait for things are epigenetic. My husband thinks he can't do it, but he must wait for something to happen. It is said that he was born in falsehood. It was born in sexual delusion, and it was different. Therefore, the sage turns into a pseudo, pseudo-generation, ritual generation, and ritual generation. However, people who are polite and righteous are born of saints. Therefore, the reason why saints are like others is because they are no different from others. Therefore, everything that is different from others is fake. A man who wants what he wants is also affectionate. Fake people have rich brothers, and they need them by feeling. If they do, their fraternity will take it away. And the arts and sciences of propriety and righteousness, if so, let the people go. So, if you have compassion, your brothers will fight. Politeness will make people in China.
There are good and evil desires of mortals. The husband is thin and willing to be thick, the evil is willing to be beautiful, the narrow is willing to be wide, the poor is willing to be rich, and the base is willing to be expensive. If there is nothing inside, you must look outside; Therefore, if you have money, you don't want money, and if you are expensive, you don't want power. If you are in the middle, you might as well be outside. From this perspective, people's desires can be divided into good and evil. Today's human nature is rough, so learning and seeking something is also strong; Sex is impolite, and it is also worth thinking about and learning. However, being born a man will be rude and have no manners. People's rudeness is chaotic; If you don't understand etiquette, you will be reversed. However, once born, it was chaotic. From this perspective, human nature is evil and good is false.
Mencius said, "Human nature is good." Say: no! All so-called good people in ancient and modern times should be treated fairly and peacefully; The so-called evil people are in danger. There is a difference between good and evil. Is it sincere to treat evil with human nature? Then there is the evil use of the holy king and the evil use of etiquette! Despite the sacred king's courtesy, it is also right to talk.an excellent corpse. Otherwise, human nature is evil Therefore, the ancient sages regarded human nature as evil, considered it dangerous but not right, and rebelled against chaos and died. Therefore, they established the monarch's momentum in the face of it, and clearly wanted to reform the etiquette, formulate laws to govern it, and ban it with heavy punishment, so that the whole world would be well governed and suitable for doing good. It is the rule of the holy king and the transformation of etiquette and righteousness. Now it's time to try to be the monarch, to get the essence from the rough, to rule by the right law, to avoid punishment, and to look at the world; If it is, the husband is strong and takes it away, the public is violent and arrogant, and the chaos in the world cannot wait for a while. However, in this view, human nature is evil and clear, and human nature is good and false.
Therefore, what was said well in the past must have a festival today; He who speaks well of heaven must ask others. Everything said is worth distinguishing and verifying. Therefore, in terms of sitting, it can be set up and implemented. Today Mencius said, "Human nature is good." It's too much to sit down and talk, not to set it up, not to implement it. Therefore, if you are kind, you will go to the sage, and you will be polite; Malignant is related to the holy king, which is expensive and positive. So the life of seclusion is also wood; From the beginning of rope ink, it is not straight Li Jun, Li Yi, inherent vice. However, with this view, people's viciousness is obvious, and goodness is also false. Straight wood is not to be hidden, and its nature is straight; If the mother must be obscure, correct it and then straight, because it is not straight; The evil nature of modern people. It will be ruled by the holy king, the ceremony and righteousness will be transformed, and then everything will be based on the rule of goodness. However, in this view, human nature is evil and clear, and human nature is good and false.
The questioner said, "It is human nature to accumulate vanity, propriety and righteousness, and only saints can be born." Answer: No! Taoism is born with tiles, but tiles are not the nature of Taoism. Workers are born of wood, but is it also the nature of workers? A saint is born in courtesy and righteousness, and a gentleman is born in pottery. However, if propriety and righteousness are forged, what is human nature? Human nature, Yao, Shun, Jie and Zhi, its nature is also; Gentlemen and villains have the same nature. Today, we will pile up false humanity with courtesy? However, there are nobles Yao and nobles Yu, who is the noble gentleman? Anyone who values Yao, Yu and gentleman can change nature, be false, and be false and have a gift; However, saints are also the students of propriety and righteousness, and they are also the students of Tao. However, from this point of view, those who accumulate falsehood in etiquette and righteousness are not people. Those who are not as good as Jie, Zhi and Villain should go with the flow and be complacent in order to compete for greed and profit. The old man's nature is evil and clear, but good and empty.
Heaven is not private, money and filial piety are outsiders; Zeng, Qian and Xiao are all in the name of filial piety. It is also a matter of courtesy and righteousness. Heaven is not private, but outside the Qin people. However, as far as the meaning of father and son and the difference between husband and wife are concerned, literature is not respected as much as Qi and Lu. With Qin people's obedience to emotions, they are leisurely, careless and slower than courtesy, so it is different!
Attached:
Xunzi's theory of evil nature
order
Xunzi was one of the important thinkers in the Warring States period and played an important role in the development of Confucianism in the pre-Qin period. But as far as historical facts are concerned, he has not been highly respected by later Confucian scholars. For example, in the article The Original Road, Han Yu thought that the Tao of Yao and Shun "failed to spread well" after the death of Mencius, and criticized Xunzi for "being selective but not refined and vague" (note 1). Obviously, Han Yu thinks that Xunzi is not as pure as Mencius among Confucian scholars, and puts him on the same level as Yang Xiong in the Western Han Dynasty. In addition to Han Yu, later Neo-Confucianism criticized him more severely, made a negative evaluation of Xunzi, and finally judged Xunzi as miscellaneous.
There are many reasons why Xunzi became the target of public criticism, but the theory of evil nature is probably one of the important reasons. However, judging from the basic structure of Xunzi's "born of natural people", Xunzi's understanding of human nature is indeed different from that of Mencius, and the theory of evil nature in his ethical system is more consistent and necessary. Xunzi's theory of evil nature is generally found in chapter 23 of Xunzi. This paper attempts to discuss Xunzi with this as the center.
Second, the special definition of sexual evil.
Xunzi's famous article said, "Nature is born. The sum of nature is born, and the essence is feeling. This is natural. " Xunzi made a statement from the natural signs of natural life. He believes that the natural signs of natural life will cause subjective reactions through the contact between sensory elves and foreign objects. These are all natural things that don't need to be learned the day after tomorrow.
"Sexual likes and dislikes, joys and sorrows are called feelings." (famous article)
"Sex, heaven is also; Love, the quality of heaven; You should respond to your feelings if you like. " (famous article)
"So, although I am a janitor, I can't go if I want to." (famous article)
"Today's human nature is born with good interests ... born with disease and evil ... born with eyes and ears, good feelings and good voices." (article on evil nature)
Here, the three nouns of sex, emotion and desire described and explained by Xunzi are actually intertwined in essence. "Sexual likes and dislikes, emotions, joys and sorrows refer to feelings", which is the emotional expression of sex; "Emotion is the essence of sex", but it is stipulated by emotion instead; However, the reason why Xunzi is divided into three categories can be explained from the perspective of the whole life: sex is the root of his abstract persistence, emotion is the situation of his activities, and desire is the actual content of emotion. Therefore, no matter what Xunzi's words and feelings are, Xunzi's eye-catching point always falls on ".
Xunzi's explanation of sexual evil by "taking desire as nature" does not violate the natural meaning of "living by sex".
"The essence of life is what it is." (famous article)
"Humans are born, can't learn, can't do things ... and those who are in people are called people." (evil nature)
"Today's human nature can be seen with eyes and heard with ears; The husband can see clearly without leaving his eyes, listen attentively without leaving his ears, see clearly with his ears and learn clearly. "
(sexual evil)
"Today's human nature is to be full when you are hungry, warm when you are cold, and rest when you are tired." (evil nature)
"If a husband has a lustful eye, a good ear, a good mouth and a good heart, he is happy in his bones, body and skin, and he is born in human affection. He feels natural and doesn't wait for things.
And so is the person who happened. "(evil)
"Everyone is together, hungry is full, cold is warm, tired is resting, good is beneficial, evil is harmful, and people are born with nothing to do.
Yu Jie and Yu Jie are the same thing. Eyes distinguish between black and white beauty and evil, ears distinguish between voiced sounds, mouth distinguishes between sour, salty and bitter, nose distinguishes between fragrant and smelly, bones and skin distinguish between cold and heat,
People are born with it, people can do it without waiting, and it is the common ground of Yu Jie. "(honor and disgrace)
The above six items are enough to cover the natural meaning of Xunzi's theory of nature. "Those who are born are called nature" and "those who are born cannot learn or do things ... but those who are human are called nature", which can be said to be a replica of the word "born". It is worth noting that the son is talking about sex and only about natural delivery. Gentlemen and villains have the same nature. ""So, saints are different because they have the same nature. "It also emphasizes the universality of nature, which is based on desire. The determination of this universal principle is not only a necessary condition for the establishment of any theoretical system, but also plays a special role in Xunzi, that is, it shows that the propriety of justice is effective for everyone, thus demonstrating the propriety.
Third, the theory of evil nature
According to the natural meaning of desire, sex itself does not contain the meaning of value or not. Moreover, Yao Shun is rebellious, a gentleman and a villain, and his sex is one. How can you assert that the evil of sex lies in Xunzi? Naturally, he has some reasonable arguments.
(A) compliance confusion
"People's evil nature ... today's human nature is born with good interests, and it is suitable, so they fight for life and resign; Born with disease and evil, follow it, so it is a thief.
Born faithful, die without regret; It is appropriate to have a natural desire for eyes and ears and a good sense of sound and sound, so fornication is naturally polite and liberal arts. However, from the human nature, it is suitable for people.
Love must be out of competition and suitable for chaos, but it is because of violence ..... If we use this view, human nature is evil. "
"Today's people, ... are willful and careless, and those who violate etiquette and righteousness are villains. If we use this view, human nature is evil. " (evil nature)
"Today's human nature, born without this, destroyed without this. However, from this point of view, human nature is evil. " (evil nature)
"Today's human nature, hungry and hungry, cold and warm, tired and want to rest, this person's emotional nature is also ... so, if you have compassion, you will not give up; Concessions are the opposite.
It's emotional If we use this view, the viciousness of people will be clear. "(evil nature)
The above four arguments are all in the first paragraph of The Theory of Evil Nature, which can be said to be the main part of Xunzi's theory of evil nature. "Today's human nature is born with good interests ... born with disease and evil ... born with eyes and ears and good manners" is obviously based on desire and does not need to wait. From the dynamic trend, this kind of nature lies in "profit" and "profit". If it is not effectively stopped and allowed to develop freely, it will "fight for life and give up death, the remnant thief will live and die with loyalty, and fornication will die with etiquette". So what Xunzi got was: "If you obey human nature, there will be disputes, and if you obey mistakes, you will be violent." "If you are reckless, you will be a villain. A series of conclusions, such as resignation, are contrary to emotional nature and come to the conclusion that "human nature is evil." "
(2) Want more than you want.
Song Zi Zi said: People have few feelings, but they all want more from their feelings, which is too much ... It should be said that the ancients thought it was human feelings.
In order to want more, not less, we need to reward the rich and punish the injured. "
"People's feelings have a humble appetite, clothes should be embroidered, lines should have horses, and the husband's surplus wealth should be accumulated. However, people are not satisfied in poor years. "
Love also. "(honor and disgrace)
"People are born with desires, but they can't think about it, and they can't want nothing; Without the pursuit of measuring demarcation, there can be no struggle. Fighting is chaotic, and chaos is poor. " (Book of Rites)
As far as "sex" is concerned, people have both good and evil sides; As far as "desire" is concerned, it is often much better than evil, or there is only good and no evil. The spirit of quantity is the main thing to cover up desire, and goodness is the spiritual requirement to truly and appropriately express quantity, so "desire" always tends to the side of "goodness" and is manifested as greed. Because Xunzi takes desire as his nature and completely centers on the desire of material pursuit,
(3) Being ruled but not autonomous.
"People's evil nature ... so, there must be a way to learn from others' strengths, be courteous and honest, and then treat them with the attitude of resignation and consistency of arts and sciences." (evil nature)
"The husband who wants money is also affectionate. Fake men who have money to share are also greedy. If so, his brothers will take it away.
And the arts and sciences of propriety and righteousness, if it is, will make China people. So, if you sympathize, brothers will fight; Courtesy will make people feel better. "(evil nature)
"The ancient sages thought that people were dangerous and not upright, and they died of rebellion. Therefore, they set the trend facing the monarch, and clearly put forward that propriety should be transformed into law.
Rule with righteousness, forbid with strictness, and make the whole world be good from rule. "(evil nature)
"Therefore, Miao Wei's life is also an holly tree; From the beginning of rope ink, it is not straight; Standing on the throne, polite, righteous and righteous, is also evil in essence ... Those who are straight and don't wait for shackles,
Its nature is also; The hook must be corrected before straightening, and its nature is not straight. The viciousness of today's people must be based on the holy king, courtesy and righteousness, and then all.
It is also good for governance. In this way, human nature is evil. "
This is the goal that Xunzi, who has the ideal of Confucian spirit and calls himself Confucianism, must pray for. However, if human nature wants to achieve this goal, it is powerless, but it must be "posturing" or "disturbed" by an external force, that is, the so-called "learning from the law and the way of courtesy and righteousness". People can "learn the law, accumulate literature, and be polite." Ancient sages and sages saw clearly the crux of this problem, so they specially "stand up for it, show courtesy and righteousness, enlighten the law with righteousness, and prohibit heavy punishment", just like treating holly as a warning and treating blunt gold as a sharp weapon, and then it is expected to be realized.
Fourthly, the theory of "turning nature into falsehood" in dealing with sexual evil.
Although Xunzi advocated that "human nature is evil" and thought that "obeying human nature and people's feelings must be out of contention and violence", he did not use emotion to represent the whole of life, so he called it "human nature is evil", which made life completely hopeless. On the contrary, he put forward the concept of "turning nature into falsehood" according to an external standard that I don't know where it came from.
(A) the nature of false points
"People who can't learn and do things are called nature. Those who can learn and do things are called fakes. It is also the distinction between nature and falsehood. " (evil nature)
"If a husband has lustful eyes, good ears, good mouth, good heart, good bones, good body and good skin, he is born in human nature." Feel the nature and don't wait for things.
Later generations also. Those who feel that they can't do it, but must wait until something happens, are called born in fallacy and born in sexual fallacy, and so are their different characteristics. "(evil nature)
First of all, we should understand that Xunzi's so-called "pseudo" is "artificial". Xunzi likes to define all famous things with a clear concept every time, and the above two can be seen clearly. The former, "if you can't learn, what people can't do is called sex." You can learn and have the ability, but you can do things on people, which means falsehood. " Explain the different characteristics of falsehood more specifically ... Xunzi's division or definition of this step focuses on "falsehood". To be clear, it is to make a living by pursuing evil and provide an opportunity for doing good.
(B) the meaning of sex can be changed.
"I can't do what I can if I have sex, but I can change." (Confucianism)
This statement is easy to grasp. If we don't know the boundary between its theme and its statement, we will inevitably feel some contradictions. In fact, Xunzi's so-called "can't" refers to the nature (desire) with evil tendency, which is natural and natural. Now that you have come like this, you can only bear it like this, and you can't refuse it at all. "However, it can be changed" refers to the natural and natural nature (desire).
"Love (accumulation) is not my own, but it can be a wrong custom, so it is also cultural; And one is not the other, so it becomes a product. The custom remains the same.
Ambition, the long-lasting quality, must be unique, then connect with the gods, towering. Therefore, the accumulated soil is a mountain, and the accumulated water is the sea; The product of dusk is called age, and the highest one is called age.
Heaven, to the next place, six-character pole; The people who painted them are called saints, who accumulate goodness and do everything they can. They ask and then get, and then become it.
After accumulating, it is high, and it becomes a saint. Therefore, there is the accumulation of saints and people ... and the people who live alone have no worries about food and clothing, and live in Chu and Chu, and the more they live, the more they live.
It is unnatural to live in summer. Therefore, it is a gentleman to correct mistakes, be cautious and accumulate wealth for the best. It would be despicable to indulge in temperament without asking for knowledge. "
(Confucianism)
Xunzi's so-called "accumulation" refers to both the activities of experiential learning and the contents of experiential learning. "Those accumulated are not mine, but they can be done." It refers to the activities and contents of experiential learning. Although it is not innate, it can be acquired through acquired efforts or practice. "People who live in the countryside wear comfortable clothes, live in Chu and Chu, and live in Xia Xia." It seems that experiential learning can only acquire knowledge, but in Xunzi's view, knowledge is also where morality lies, so his so-called "accumulation of learning" is the same as his so-called "accumulation of goodness". So he concluded: "The accumulation of perfection and beauty is called a saint", "Therefore, a saint is also the accumulation of human beings". A saint is a person with the highest moral character, and the only way to accomplish it is accumulation.
(3) the true meaning and connotation of falsehood
The "falsehood" that Xunzi refers to is based on the unity of propriety and righteousness and the achievements of the ethics and legal system of the holy king. Therefore, "liberal arts leave is also prosperous." And because of the accumulation of knowledge, one of the legal effects belongs to the holy king ceremony, which is "the way to learn the law and the way to be polite and righteous", which makes people "reconcile with the arts and sciences out of resignation" and return to governance.
(D) the origin of etiquette and righteousness
Xunzi believes that saints have the false meaning of founding the country, and then human society is a system of etiquette and even all constitutions, which ordinary people can use for learning or legal effect. This is a necessary step for Xunzi to emphasize the objective "unity of propriety and righteousness".
"Therefore, the sage turns nature into emptiness, and the emptiness gives birth to propriety and righteousness, and propriety and righteousness give birth to law. However, those who salute righteousness are born of saints. However, they are saints. "
What, like the public, is not too much for the public; Therefore, what is different from others is also fake. "(evil)
In the preface or form of the sage's "falsification", it has been clearly put forward that "falsification" comes first and "falsification" comes later, which is quite consistent with Xunzi's original intention of establishing the country with the falsification of saints. A saint can only say: "He who salutes righteousness is born of a saint."
However, this is still only about the actual relationship between saints and rituals. In addition, the motivation of saints to produce rituals has another side inspired by objective conditions.
"Ceremony from the beginning. People are born with desires, but they can't have desires, can't have nothing to ask for, and can't argue without measuring the boundaries. Fighting is chaos, chaos is chaos.
Pity. Mr. Evil is also chaotic, so the system of propriety and righteousness is divided to support people's desires and give them what they want, so that they don't have to be poor and things don't have to succumb to them.
Persistence and long-term, is also the role of politeness. "(on etiquette)
"The ancient holy king thought that human nature was evil, dangerous but not right, and died of rebellion. He thought it was a matter of propriety and righteousness, making laws and regulations, and being artificial and correct.
Therefore, it is also oriented to disturb the people. "(evil)
"Therefore, the ancient sages thought that they were dangerous and not upright, and they rebelled and died. So they established the monarch's adherence to it, and the etiquette was transformed into it.
Law is the rule, and severe punishment is forbidden, so that the whole world can rule it and be suitable for good. "(evil nature)
These three words have the same general idea. "people are born with desires, but they can't have desires, so they can't ask for nothing ... they can't argue. There is chaos in the struggle, poverty in the chaos, and "human nature is evil" ... taking risks but not being right, and going against chaos and not being right "are inevitable situations in the objective society; For this situation, the saint must feel uneasy and unbearable. Therefore, it is necessary to "divide the etiquette and justice for it, educate people's desire, get what they want", "correct people's feelings, disturb people's feelings and guide them" and "rule the world according to the Tao", which can prove that the etiquette and justice legal system is born of saints and even its cause.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) conclusion
Xunzi talked about sex from the innate instinct of creatures and natural signs without any modification. When it comes to people's life, ordinary people have: innate sensory perception, primitive physiological desires and simple feelings, likes and dislikes and so on. , all belong to the category of human nature, and the combination of the three forms a * * * structure, which is Xunzi's basic cognition of human nature. Moreover, in this natural ability, the homogeneous relationship between desire and sex is the first step for him to establish the theory of evil nature. According to this view, we can draw a conclusion that Xunzi's fact is to understand sex from the inherent lust of biology.
Secondly, generally speaking, there is no distinction between good and evil in the natural lust of talent, but Xunzi advocates that sex is evil. His unique views come from his special views on good and evil. Xunzi believes that only the behavior that conforms to etiquette can achieve goodness and ensure social stability and harmony, and the society that does not abide by etiquette will be chaotic and corrupt, so the highest standard of good and evil is etiquette. In addition, Xunzi also regarded courtesy as the result of human efforts, but in human nature. Therefore, human beings always follow the direct reaction of natural instinct, and can never do it according to etiquette. Under the choice of either good or evil, sex will of course be judged as evil.
The proposition and proof of Xunzi's theory of evil nature is to reflect natural humanity with artificial courtesy, and draw the conclusion that natural humanity is evil on the grounds that there is no good courtesy. The proof of evil nature in the chapter on evil nature is mainly to express this meaning again. Therefore, in Xunzi's system, "evil" should be understood as "the lack of goodness".
annotations
Note 1: "The View of Ancient Chinese Literature", page 4 14, published by Sanmin Bookstore.
Note 2: Collected Works of Han Changli, page 2 1, reprinted by Taipei Heluo.
Note 3: Yang Xu's note: "If people are born with their own nature, they will be stupid and simple, and fools will hate their own materials and lose their lives."
Note 4: Yang Xu notes that "illness" is the same as "jealousy".