What country does Zhuangzi come from?

Where is Zhuangzi from? The answer to this question was first found in Sima Qian's Historical Records? 6? Biography of Lao Feilie: "Zhuangzi was a Mongolian named Zhou. He is also a lacquer garden official with Liang, and. " Where is the "Meng" here? What are the "Meng" and "Lacquer Garden" in Zhuangzi's hometown? Academic circles have been racking their brains on this issue. Because the ancients paid great attention to pen and ink when writing articles, they were famous for their conciseness, which led to different opinions today. Some people think that today's Mengcheng, Anhui Province, is called "Shansang, Beizhong and Ancient Lacquer Garden" in the world. Although it was renamed Mengcheng during the Tianbao period of Tang Dynasty, the "Meng" of Mengcheng has a long history. They think this is not only well known, but also well documented. Miro's History of the Road in the Southern Song Dynasty said: "Pan Geng chose to move to the North; Yameng Beibei. " "Jiajing Shouzhou Zhi" also records: Qianlong's "Yingzhou Prefecture Zhi" "Qiyuan City, in Lisan, Hebei Province, the old Mengcheng; Zhuangzi is the lacquer garden official here. ". There are many opponents, and they look for the answer from Geography of Sui Shu under Joe Junsan Sang. "Geography of Sui Shu" records: "Houtao is located in Guoyang County and also in Qiaoxian County. The Liang Dynasty changed Wozhou to West Xuzhou, the Eastern Wei Dynasty to Qiao Zhou, and the first emperor abandoned the county. In the sixteenth year, Wozhou was changed to Feishui, and the state was abolished at the beginning of the great cause, and the county was changed to Shansang. Liang also set up Xin 'an county in the north, Meng county in the eastern Wei Dynasty, Meng county in the later Qi Dynasty and county in the later Qi Dynasty. Liang also set up a county, and the Eastern Wei Dynasty was abolished. "They think that the above quotation seems to say that' Shansang' (later Mengcheng) was once called' Meng'. In fact, Geography of Sui Shu is about the establishment and evolution of three regions in Qiao Zhou (in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, counties were ruled by states and counties by counties). Among them, the changes of Yang Guo, Feishui and Shansang belong to Mengcheng today, while Beixin 'an, Meng Jun and Mengxian still belong to Shangqiu today. It is considered that the note "Liang is located in the north of Xin 'an County, looking for waste" in The Story of Liang's Guarding the City (now Shangqiu) is an explanation and care for the above, and it is derived from this. As late as the Sui Dynasty, Mengcheng has never touched the word "Meng". There is a saying among scholars in the Tang Dynasty that Zhuangzi was born in Cao Zhou. Lee Tae et al.' s "Extended Records of Yuanqu County" said: "The old city of Lacquer Garden is located in the north of Yuanqu County, Cao Zhou, and Zhuang Zhou is the official of Lacquer Garden. That's it. " Zhang Shoujie also quoted this record in Historical Records of Justice, saying: "According to: its land belongs to Meng County in ancient times." Li Bai, a poet who lives in the east foot, said in the poem "Brother Gifts": "I am a lacquer garden, and I have been away from Xianyang West for a long time." This shows that the literati in the Tang Dynasty regarded Cao Zhou Lacquer Garden as the official place of Zhuangzi. This view has always influenced modern times, even today. It is fair to regard Cao Zhou and Henan as "ancient Mongolian counties", but whether they can be linked is far-fetched, at least there is no material proof. Zhu, a scholar in Song Dynasty, made a systematic textual research on Zhuangzi's hometown. Zhuzi School said: "Ed Lee asked:' Why didn't Zhuangzi and Mencius meet at the same time? I don't know anything about it. How about that?' Yue:' Nobody lived in Zhuangzi at that time. He only spoke in a secluded place, but it was only Yang Zhu's study. But Yang talked too much, so Mencius pushed it out. ""Zhuangzi didn't go far from Mencius, but he didn't speak as well as Mencius and didn't know each other. Today, Mingdao Palace in Bozhou is the place where I was born. Zhuangzi was born in Mongolia, and between Huai and He, Mencius only visited Qi, Song, Zou and Lu, and even stopped in Liang, without going south. "In Zhu's view, Zhuangzi is a Mongolian of Chu." Huaixi "refers to northern Anhui, eastern Henan and the north bank of Huaihe River. Anhui Mengcheng belongs to Chu, in this position. Li Shifang, a scholar in Ming Dynasty, advocated that Zhuangzi's hometown was Mengcheng, Anhui Province. His textual research was not innovative and insightful, but only defended the views of Wang Anshi and Su Shi. But he objected that Zhuangzi was from Cao Zhou. Some scholars hold extremely strong opposition to the views of Su Shi and Wang Anshi. Strictly speaking, the hometown of Zhuang Zhou mentioned by Su Shi and Wang Zhi is not verified in Mengcheng, Anhui. It's just that Su Shi once wrote an inscription for the Zhuangzi Ancestral Temple built in Mengcheng, Anhui Province in the Song Dynasty, which is the famous "Zhuangzi Ancestral Temple". Liu Wengang, a contemporary scholar, thinks that Su Shi's inscription is a social entertainment work, not a textual research article. Su Shi just uses it to express his admiration and praise for Zhuangzi. Wang Anshi wrote a poem "Poems of Yan Qing Tang in Mengcheng", among which the most famous four sentences are: "The new monument is self-absorbed, and it seems to be sung in this hall. Without the spirit of the Tian family at that time, the people had the style of Zhuang Zhou. "With two sentences in a poem, even if the poet is famous again, it is not enough for some literati to show that Zhuang Zhou's hometown is Mengcheng. This statement. Where is Zhuangzi from? We think: Historical Records lists Zhuangzi as Mongolia, and Hanshu lists Mengxian as Liang. Then, if today's Mengcheng was called "Meng" in the Han Dynasty and belonged to "Liang State", the dispute over Zhuangzi's hometown would be well settled. The "Liang State" of the Han Dynasty was originally the "Party County" of the Qin Dynasty, which is now Shangqiu, Henan Province. Its territory includes both Meng Xiao in the northeast of Shangqiu and Dameng in the southeast of Shangqiu. Liang was once a fief, and a "Liang Garden" was built in Shangqiu. Small Mongolia is close to business. Although there is a "beam garden", there is no "paint garden". Although big Mongolia is remote, it is called "paint garden". It can be seen that the "Meng" written by Sima Qian should be "Da Meng" rather than "Xiao Meng". The territory of "Dameng" was once vast, with the northwest border of Daluoheji (now Yang Guo) dozens of miles north, reaching the junction of Henan and Anhui, only a hundred miles away from Shangqiu. With the change of history, the evolution of architecture has also changed after several times of separation and integration, but in any case, Dameng is linked with today's Mengcheng. So we tend to think that Zhuangzi is Mengcheng. This is the view of Anhui scholars Sun and Qian Gengsen. In addition, scholars in Anhui Province, especially in Mengcheng County, tend to say that Zhuang Zhou is from Mengcheng, Anhui Province. This may not rule out the suspicion of glory, but if the argument is reasonable and the evidence is sufficient, then this argument should attract the attention of people who study Zhuangzi. In addition, understanding the attribution of Zhuangzi is also of great benefit to the study of Zhuangzi's literary, artistic and ideological origins. For example, we know that Zhuangzi belongs to the Huaihe River Basin, so what kind of cultural background and tradition is there in the Huaihe River Basin, and what is the connection with Laozi's hometown? Is Huaihe River Basin the birthplace of Taoist culture? Why did Zou Lu give birth to Confucianism? Why Taoism was born in Huaihe River Basin? Where is Zhuangzi's hometown? Answering these questions should be said to be very beneficial to the study of traditional culture in Zhuangzi and even in China. By visiting some experts or enthusiasts who study Zhuangzi in Mengcheng, Anhui Province, it is concluded that Zhuangzi is from Mengcheng, Anhui Province. In addition to the arguments made by experts such as Sun and Qian Gengsen, I would like to add another argument to prove that Zhuangzi is from Mengcheng. Besides, I won't mention their previous arguments. Zhuangzi's life story is a mystery, and so is Laozi's life story. Why? The genealogy of Confucius and Mencius is very clear. Why? Why do we know nothing about the life experience of Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi? The key point is that Taoism advocates that everything should be unmoved and that everything should run in the process of maximization, whether it is articles or life. The so-called "transcendental dust". Yan Hui's "following the trend" failed to keep up, which means that Taoism thinks that "Tao cannot be said" and "Tao cannot be taught", so the books of Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi are unpredictable, just because of harmony. It can also be said to be a typical "agnosticism". "Success is also destruction, and destruction is also achievement." Laozi and Zhuangzi's thoughts originated in the Huaihe River Basin. Why did Confucianism come into being in Qilu? Why Taoism was born in Huaihe River Basin? We have some reasons to ask these two questions. The spirituality of soil and water is different, so are the plants and animals that grow. When time and space change, everything will change. The Meng Bo area in the Huaihe River Basin was originally the hometown of Shang Tang. So far, archaeologists have discovered Shang pottery in the altar city of Mengcheng. After the death of Shang Dynasty, Zhou was enfeoffed as a vassal state, while Duke Zou was enfeoffed in Lu, and the descendants of Shang remained in the area, which is now Mengcheng. We say that Zhuangzi was neither a Song man nor a Chu man, and Zhuangzi should be a Shang and Zhou man. "Chu of Zhuangzi" means that Zhuangzi is not a Chu. From the article Zhuangzi, we can find that Zhuang Zhou seems to be the evidence of Song people. But I think it is better to know that Zhuang Zhou was a "Shang and Zhou" person between Song and Chu than to know that Zhuang Zhou was a Song person. In the passage "Cao Shang got the car", although Cao Shang was said to be "anti-Song", he met Zhuangzi and showed off to him. Why didn't he meet Zhuangzi on his way back to Song? Some people say that "Shangqiu" in Zhuangzi's article refers to Shangqiu in Henan today, which is not necessarily arbitrary. Can it be regarded as a hill in Shang and Zhou Dynasties? Can't say that there is no such possibility. The place name Shangzhou was first seen in the book Zhuangzi. Confucius was trapped between Wei, Song, Shang Zhou and Cai Chen, which shows that Shang Zhou was a place name at that time. Compared with Wei, Song and Cai Chen, it can at least show that Shang Zhou was a small vassal state. "Shang Zhou" is the place where the descendants of Shang Dynasty are located, and the mainstream culture of Shang Dynasty is heaven, so-called "merchants are still in the dark". "Heaven" is the ideology of the whole country; The whole mainstream culture of Zhou is "ceremony". Zou Zailu presided over the whole ceremony, making it a symbol of centralization. This cultural soil gave birth to Confucius and Mencius. In the country where Zhuangzi lived, that is, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the whole culture of Heaven prevailed, and the concept of Heaven in Yin and Shang Dynasties was not banned. Peking University Zhang Xianglong's book Heidegger and Paradise in China illustrates this problem. It can be seen that the thought of heaven at that time had a great influence. Zhuangzi grew up here, and what he saw and heard contradicted the traditional education of Heaven. Therefore, he will try to make up for it. Just like Confucius's "self-denial" and the maintenance of ethics and morality, Zhuangzi has a great sense of mission, that is, to safeguard heaven, advocate the freedom of life and the return of nature, and oppose the harm of rulers to human nature. Therefore, our conclusion is: Zhuangzi is not a Mongolian in Song Dynasty, nor a Mongolian in Chu State, but a Mongolian in Shang and Zhou Dynasties between Chu and Song States. Therefore, to prove this problem, we must first judge that Shang and Zhou Dynasties were the fiefs of Shang Tang's descendants; Secondly, it demonstrates the fact that people in Shang and Zhou dynasties advocated heaven; Thirdly, it is proved that Zhuang Zhou is neither a Song person nor a Chu person, but a Mongolian between Chu and Song. Finally, we must prove that Shang and Zhou Dynasties were between Chu and Song Dynasties. It should be said that this is a very complicated demonstration process. As far as the materials I have at present are concerned, it is not enough to prove this point. So I only put forward a hypothesis here, which needs further research and reasoning. Another way of saying this is that there is no need to argue about Zhuangzi's hometown, because the so-called "Mongolia" refers to a large area, including Song, Chu and Shandong. Sima Qian only said one sentence: "Zhuangzi is a fool." Just because he doesn't know where Zhuangzi is from, saying "Mongolia" only means that Sima Qian only determined that Zhuangzi is a Mongolian, and "Mongolia" is definitely not just a small country, a small place. That's enough. At the end of this paper, several important findings are added: 165438+ On June 24th this year, the archaeological team of China Academy of Social Sciences officially announced that Mengcheng County was probably the capital of the early Shang Dynasty. There is a large ancient wall of Shang Dynasty in Tancheng County, and the next excavation plan is drawn up. It is claimed that the excavation of the ancient wall of Tancheng may have a discovery that shocked the whole country, that is, the ancient capital of Shang Dynasty, which has not been found, may be here. In addition, the excavation work of Weichi Temple for several years is also in full swing. Among the pottery unearthed in Weichi Temple, there is the only "bird-shaped artifact" in China. According to textual research, it belongs to the symbol of the original village head or right in Dawenkou culture period. Weichi Temple is the first primitive village relic in China that shocked China and foreign countries. Can this "bird-shaped object" be a relic of Shang Dynasty? The early Shang Dynasty should exist in the period of Huangdi and Di Ku, and the period of Huangdi and Di Ku should be the Dawenkou culture period. According to "Ode to Shang Dynasty", "The life of the mysterious bird fell to Shang Dynasty." According to the legend of Shang Dynasty, Qi State, the ancestor of Shang Dynasty, was born in this way: one day Judie was taking a bath in the river, and suddenly a mysterious bird fell from the sky and landed in the bathing place of Judie, so Judie was pregnant and gave birth to Qi State, and the whole Shang Dynasty was born. Therefore, birds have always been the totem worshipped by businessmen. Since this is the only place in the country where such a "bird-shaped artifact" has been found, why can't we doubt that this is the location of the business capital? Because this artifact can only be owned by the king with the highest power, and archaeologists have proved that it is a symbol of the highest power. Combined with the excavation work of Weichi Temple and the whole altar city and the existing findings, we can draw a conclusion that Mengcheng is the place where the descendants of Shang Dynasty are located, and it is probably the old capital of the early Shang Dynasty, because everyone knows that the old capital of the late Shang Dynasty is in Shangqiu, Henan Province, but there is no sign of the old capital of the early Shang Dynasty that has always attracted the attention of archaeologists. "Zhou people came from the west" and "merchants came from the east". Archaeologists believe that it should be from Kaifeng to the east until the Yellow River estuary. However, because this place belongs to the Yellow River flood area, it has always brought difficulties to archaeological work. So far, only ancient merchant sites have been discovered in Mengcheng. This is very convincing. According to the origin of Zhuangzi Thought, the first article in Zhuangzi's article begins with "Dapeng spreads its wings", which is a standard "blackbird". Dapeng is transformed from Kun in Beihai, and Kun is a deer. This also reflects Zhuangzi's admiration for birds and the relationship between birds and fish, that is, the relationship between heaven and water. Businessmen are still dark. Businessmen are a dynasty that worships God. It was not until the Zhou Dynasty that there was a "dispute between man and god". Throughout Zhuangzi's works, the worship of facial expressions and mythological features is rare among pre-Qin philosophers. "Tianshui relationship" is actually the relationship between yin and yang, and the relationship between birds and fish is the relationship between simple business and business. It can be inferred that Mengcheng is the old capital of ancient merchants, and Zhuangzi is the descendant of merchants. Combining the above conclusions, we can draw a conclusion: Mengcheng was the old capital of the early Shang Dynasty, and Shang and Zhou Dynasties were descendants of Shang Dynasty, probably in today's Mengcheng, and Zhuangzi was a painter. In history, Mengcheng is the only place with both a name and a lacquer garden. Taking care of Zhuangzi's ideological origin, we can draw the conclusion that Zhuangzi is probably a Mengcheng person today.