China is currently in a period of accelerated industrialization. At this stage of development, the transformation from China manufacturing to China creation is bound to be a difficult and long-term process, and the task of future transformation is very arduous. The transformation from "Made in China" to "Created in China" is the proper meaning and the key to building an innovative country.
Over the past 30 years of reform and opening up, China has achieved an average annual economic growth of 9.8% mainly relying on high input, high consumption and cheap labor resources, ranking third in the world in economic aggregate and first in the world in output of major industrial products, making it a veritable "world factory". However, China's manufacturing industry is generally in the downstream and low-end position in the global industrial chain, with low added value, small proportion of products with independent intellectual property rights and lack of international competitiveness. The international financial crisis that broke out in 2008 had a great impact on China's manufacturing industry, especially in the coastal areas. Due to insufficient external demand, many processing trade enterprises went bankrupt. The international financial crisis has sounded the alarm for us. The traditional growth mode of extensive economic is unsustainable. We must change the traditional mode of economic growth and accelerate the transformation from "Made in China" to "Created in China".
It is an inevitable choice to realize sustainable development to accelerate the transformation from China manufacturing to China creation.
The core of the transformation from China manufacturing to China creation is to master the intellectual property rights in key technical fields and improve the international competitiveness of the industry. The fundamental reason for the transformation is that the traditional comparative advantage is weakening, and we must rely on independent innovation to establish new competitive advantages in order to achieve sustainable economic and social development.
The contribution of labor force to economic growth is gradually declining. For a long time, China has abundant and cheap labor resources, which has provided a "demographic dividend" for economic growth for more than 30 years. However, it cannot be ignored that China has entered an aging society, and the increase in the proportion of the elderly population will coexist with the decrease in the proportion of the working-age population in the future. According to the United Nations population forecast report, since 20 15, the working-age population in China 15 ~ 64 years old has decreased year by year after reaching the peak, and now there has been a rapid decline in the growth rate of the working-age population. Therefore, the problem of labor shortage will inevitably appear, and the labor cost advantage will quietly disappear in the near future, which will inevitably lead to a decline in the contribution rate of labor to economic growth.
High investment rate without innovation is difficult to maintain long-term sustained economic growth. Investment is the basic condition to realize economic growth, but the improvement of investment rate is limited by the scarcity of capital. Once the investment rate reaches a high point and cannot be improved, if the total factor productivity is not improved, economic growth will stagnate or even fall into recession. The Asian financial crisis of 1997 fully proved this point. The economic growth of East Asia in 1980s and 1990s can be attributed to the increase of inputs of production factors such as labor and capital, rather than the improvement of productivity. The high-speed growth under this model is definitely unsustainable, and it is inevitable that the economy will fall from the peak to the trough. In recent ten years, China's factor productivity has shown a downward trend. According to relevant research, during the Eighth Five-Year Plan period, China's total factor productivity was the highest, reaching 7.2%, and its contribution rate to economic growth was 58.9%. During the Ninth Five-Year Plan period, it dropped to 2.77%, and the contribution rate dropped to 32. 1%. During the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, it increased slightly to 3.67%, and the contribution rate increased to 38.3%. After entering the Eleventh Five-Year Plan, it dropped to 3.4 1%, and the contribution rate dropped to 29.7%. The obvious decline of total factor productivity reflects that China's economic growth is still mainly from capital investment and still belongs to the capital-driven model. The revelation of the Asian financial crisis is that if we don't rely on innovation to improve the total factor productivity, it is difficult to maintain long-term sustained economic growth only by high investment rate.
The development mode of processing trade restricts the promotion of China's industrial competitiveness. Since 1990s, China has absorbed a large amount of foreign capital, undertaken the global industrial transfer, and gradually integrated into the global production network, thus forming a huge production and processing capacity in China. A considerable number of export products are produced by foreign-funded enterprises in China and sold back to their home countries. At present, the proportion of China's processing trade is still around 50%. Being at the low end of the international industrial chain, the enterprises engaged in processing trade are highly dependent and sensitive on foreign markets. Once the international market fluctuates, it may face a crisis of survival. In the high-tech industry, although the high-tech industry is growing rapidly and its scale is huge, it has a great "virtual high" component. It is estimated that the profit rate of high-tech industries in China is only about 4%, which is lower than many traditional industries. Except monopoly industries, most domestic high-tech industries are under the actual control of foreign capital, and the dependence on foreign trade exceeds 70%, of which 60% of industrial exports come from foreign-invested enterprises. The main reason for this result is that the development of high-tech industries in China relies heavily on processing trade. To fundamentally reverse this situation, we must realize the transformation from resource consumption to innovation-driven development mode at the national strategic level.
In addition to the above factors, western countries led by the United States will inevitably unite to formulate new rules (such as levying carbon tariffs) and intervene in environmental pollution, which will not only endanger the health and sustainable development of their citizens, but also pay a huge price in economic accounting. The absolute scarcity and high-speed consumption of natural resources have greatly restricted the sustained and rapid development of China's economy. Nowadays, resources are not only an investment in product production, but also an investment in financial derivatives market. The excessive derivative of financial products has caused violent fluctuations in the prices of some natural resources, greatly increased the uncertainty of the production and operation of enterprises in China, and made the bottleneck of resource shortage in China more prominent. Breaking through the bottleneck of resources and environment requires us to improve our independent innovation ability and change from manufacturing in China to creating in China.
The main difficulties and problems in the transformation from China manufacturing to China creation
The in-depth implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development, the initial establishment of market economy system and the continuous improvement of economic strength have provided a certain ideological, institutional and economic basis for China's transformation from China manufacturing to China creation. At the same time, the financial crisis triggered a major adjustment of the international political, economic and scientific and technological pattern, which gave birth to a new round of scientific and technological revolution and provided a rare historical opportunity for realizing this transformation. However, we should also see that there are still some difficulties and problems to be overcome in the transition from China manufacturing to China creation.
R&D investment is seriously insufficient. With the implementation of the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education, China's investment in science and technology has increased rapidly, ranking sixth in the world. 1995-2008 Social Research and Experimental Development in China (R&; D) The total expenditure rose from 34.87 billion yuan to 457 billion yuan, with an average annual increase of more than 20%. However, the investment intensity of R&D still lags far behind that of major developed countries. In 2008, China's R & ampd funds accounted for 1.52% of GDP, while the major developed countries were above 2.5%, and Japan reached 3.39% in 2006. From enterprise research and development; Investment intensity, in 2008, research and development of industrial enterprises above designated size in China; D the input intensity is only 0.6 1%, while the proportion of major developed countries is generally 2.5 ~ 4%. If the R&D investment, especially the R&D investment of enterprises, does not increase substantially, the transformation from manufacturing in China to creating in China will become "cooking without rice".
Innovative talents are relatively scarce. From the perspective of enterprises, the proportion of scientific and technological personnel in China enterprises is only 5%, while that in Japan is as high as 30%. The separation of scientific and technological talents from enterprises has seriously restricted the improvement of technological innovation ability of Chinese enterprises. Among the 688 academicians of Chinese Academy of Sciences, none 1 comes from enterprises; Among the 656 academicians of China Academy of Engineering, there are very few from business circles. For example, only 4 of the 8/kloc-0 academicians added in 20001year came from enterprises, and only 6 of the 58 academicians added in 2003 came from enterprises. The education system characterized by exam-oriented education is not conducive to the cultivation of students' innovative thinking and ability, and also delays the cultivation of innovative talents to some extent.
The policy of encouraging independent innovation from the perspective of market cultivation is insufficient. No matter what technological innovation strategy an enterprise implements, it will always appear in the market in the form of a certain product or service, and realize the benefits of innovation in the market. Therefore, success in the market is the key condition for enterprises to carry out sustainable technological innovation, but China's policy of using market demand to guide technological innovation has not received due attention. For a long time, China's science and technology policy has been divorced from economic policy, and the use of innovative products has not received obvious policy support. In terms of government procurement policy, although China has formulated the Measures for the Administration of Government Procurement Supporting Independent Innovation Products, in practice, the support of government procurement for independent innovation products is still insufficient. Although the "first set first" policy has been introduced, it faces difficulties in actual operation.
The resource allocation mechanism is not perfect. From the perspective of price formation mechanism, the price formation mechanism of some production factors and resources in China is still not perfect, the administrative monopoly of factor market and the market segmentation of regions and industries still exist, and the market competition mechanism has not yet fully played its role, which leads some enterprises to prefer the high-consumption growth model and gain profits by consuming a lot of resources, which weakens the motivation of enterprises to reduce costs through technological innovation. Enterprise technological innovation needs the support of funds, especially to form a structured financial support model according to different risk tolerance. However, the financial mechanism to meet the technological innovation needs of enterprises has not been effectively established, especially for small and medium-sized scientific and technological enterprises, it is more difficult to obtain the support of the financial system, and many innovative achievements with market potential cannot be industrialized because of the lack of financial support.
The atmosphere of independent innovation needs to be further formed. Although with the implementation of the independent innovation strategy, the motivation of independent innovation of enterprises has gradually increased, but at present, it still has not got rid of the extensive growth mode and relies more on products with low technology content and low added value to obtain profits. For state-owned or state-controlled enterprises, under the existing senior management appointment system, business operators prefer the latter between establishing long-term development ability and short-term profit target, emphasizing the rapid solution of the technical needs faced by enterprises through introduction or reintroduction. The problem that academic circles are divorced from reality has not been fundamentally solved, and many academic researches are still for certain qualifications, honors and treatment. In some places, there is a tendency to unilaterally pursue the economic growth rate of expanding investment, expanding scale and attracting foreign investment, and insufficient attention is paid to independent innovation.
Rely on independent innovation to accelerate the transformation from China manufacturing to China creation
Practice has proved that key technologies can't be bought, or they can only be bought at a huge price. Therefore, in order to change from manufacturing in China to creating in China, we must unswervingly implement the strategy of independent innovation, vigorously improve the ability of independent innovation, promote the transfer of industrial chain from low-end to high-end, and transfer the industrial structure from low-end to high-end.
Further increase investment in research and development. The central government should establish a stable growth mechanism for investment in science and technology. According to the requirements of the Law on the Progress of Science and Technology, the growth rate of national fiscal science and technology funds is higher than the growth rate of national fiscal recurrent revenue. Local finance should also increase investment in science and technology, especially in research and development, according to the local economic development level, and form a linkage mechanism with the central finance. It is necessary to strengthen the implementation of preferential income tax policies for high-tech enterprises and policies such as enterprise R&D plus deduction, and effectively encourage enterprises to increase R&D investment. By developing new funding models such as credit pledge, loan guarantee and technology insurance, we will expand equity funding methods such as capital injection and equity investment, and effectively guide social funds to invest in research and development.
Accelerate the construction of innovative talents. According to the overall demand of national independent innovation, formulate the overall strategy and policies for the construction of scientific and technological talents, clarify the objectives and measures for the construction of scientific and technological talents, and build an innovative talent team with large scale, excellent quality and reasonable structure as soon as possible. According to the requirements of the Outline of the National Medium-and Long-Term Education Reform and Development Plan (20 10-2020), we should increase investment in education, reform the education system, pay attention to ability and quality education, build a learning society, and turn China from a populous country into a powerful country in human resources as soon as possible. Improve the proportion of human capital elements in distribution, improve the incentive and competition mechanism, and fully mobilize the enthusiasm, initiative and creativity of all kinds of talents. Establish a global talent information network and talent reserve system, collect global talent information in time, analyze talent flow trends and talent policies in various countries, formulate talent introduction policies on this basis, openly recruit world-class talents, study and formulate skilled immigration laws, and encourage overseas talents to work in China or innovate and start businesses.
Continue to create a policy environment conducive to independent innovation. We will implement the government procurement policy to support independent innovation, and implement the system of purchasing independent innovation products with financial funds and the first purchase policy and order system for important high-tech equipment and products with independent intellectual property rights. Improve the credit service and financing environment for high-tech enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprises, increase financial support for high-tech industrialization, develop venture capital and capital markets, and support high-tech industries. Relying on national and local key construction projects, we will actively promote independent research and development and manufacturing of major equipment, and regularly publish catalogues of major technical equipment and major industrial technologies that are prohibited or restricted from being introduced to prevent blind and repeated introduction. Improve the legal system, severely crack down on all kinds of violations of intellectual property rights in accordance with the law, and provide effective legal protection for the emergence and transfer of intellectual property rights. Attach importance to the application and protection of independent intellectual property rights, and support the formation of major technical standards based on me.
Improve the resource allocation mechanism. Further eliminate all kinds of institutional obstacles, break the monopoly of industries and markets, and create a level playing field for all kinds of enterprises. Establish a mechanism for enterprises to take the lead in implementing major national science and technology projects. Industrialized projects should highlight the leading position of leading enterprises in the industry, take enterprises as the leading factor, organize universities and research institutes to carry out joint development, form a reasonable division of labor and cooperation, and solve the * * * and key technical problems that restrict industrial development. Encourage and support enterprises to jointly set up R&D institutions, industrial technology alliances and other technological innovation organizations with scientific research institutes and universities, and further give play to the organizational role of industrial technology alliances in promoting industrial technology innovation. Strengthen the construction of enterprise technology innovation service platform, improve the science and technology intermediary service system, and improve the ability to serve the technological innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises.
Promote the construction of a cultural environment conducive to independent innovation. To improve the ability of independent innovation as an important part of implementing Scientific Outlook on Development and the correct concept of political achievements, as the central link of structural adjustment and transformation of development mode, and strive to create a good legal environment, policy environment, market environment and public opinion environment for independent innovation. It is necessary to widely spread scientific knowledge, scientific methods, scientific ideas and scientific spirit in the whole society and improve the scientific and cultural quality of the whole nation. Efforts should be made to cultivate the spirit of innovation, encourage all walks of life to carry out mass inventions and innovations, advocate academic equality and free exploration, curb academic misconduct, and vigorously create a cultural atmosphere of being brave in innovation, respecting innovation and encouraging innovation. Efforts should be made to publicize the typical examples of innovation and entrepreneurship that have experienced setbacks, and encourage people to innovate and pursue success with the power of example.
Expand and deepen the opening up of science and technology. With the deepening of economic globalization and technological globalization, any country's economic transformation needs to absorb the world's advanced scientific and technological achievements and share R&D resources and management experience. Therefore, China should make full use of the favorable conditions of opening to the outside world, expand and deepen the opening of science and technology, carry out various forms of international and regional scientific and technological cooperation and exchanges, and make full use of international scientific and technological resources. Considering that China is still in the stage of learning and catching up in some important technical fields, it is necessary to increase the intensity of introducing foreign advanced technologies, and realize the digestion, absorption and re-innovation of imported technologies through various forms such as intellectual introduction and cooperative research. It is necessary to scientifically formulate China's overseas R&D investment development strategic plan, clarify the policy orientation of utilizing international scientific and technological resources, and encourage and guide enterprises to choose investment fields and investment methods by implementing different financial support policies. It is necessary to establish and improve the international information base of scientific and technological resources, and actively provide information consultation and technical services for enterprises to go global.