Machinery manufacturing industry is the pillar industry of national economy, and modern manufacturing industry is changing people's production mode, lifestyle, management mode and even social organization structure and culture. Because of China's huge potential market and abundant labor resources, the world manufacturing industry is shifting to China, and China is becoming a world manufacturing power. China ranks first in the world in the output of several products such as home appliances. However, there is still a big gap in innovative design of independent intellectual property rights, advanced manufacturing technology and equipment, and modern management. First, the management status and characteristics of China machinery manufacturing industry. After decades of efforts, China's machinery manufacturing industry has reached a considerable scale and accumulated a lot of technology and experience. However, with the formation of world economic integration, due to China's huge potential market and abundant labor resources, foreign technology, capital and products have flooded into China, and China enterprises are facing unprecedented fierce competition at home and abroad. Competition requires enterprises to update their products quickly, with high quality, low price, timely delivery and good service. These weapons of market competition are closely related to enterprise management mode, management method, management means, organizational structure and business process. However, the ideology of a considerable number of enterprises and people in China is still influenced by the planned economy, and the above competitive weapons are far behind those in developed countries. (1) The control mode of production plan is backward. Almost 100% of machinery manufacturing enterprises that have not implemented ERP adopt the mode of platform planning. That is, the longest production cycle of the product is taken as the procurement lead time and production lead time of various materials that make up the product. Over-exaggerated lead time is the root cause of high inventory and WIP reserves and large occupation of working capital. The production plan is out of line with the purchase plan, and the level of complete sets of parts is poor, so it can't be delivered on time. Or use high reserves to ensure delivery time. It is far from modern management science MRP, JIT, VMI and synchronous production. (2) The adaptability of enterprises is poor. Nowadays, the market is changing rapidly and the demand is diversified. Assemble MTO according to order, manufacture MTO according to order, design MTD according to order, and customize MC on a large scale. There are many varieties and specifications, and the production and procurement are extremely complicated. From customer-sales-design-production-procurement-finance-cost, a complete supply chain management is needed to dynamically and quickly respond to customer needs and adapt to the changing market and customer customization needs. (3) inaccurate cost calculation and poor cost control. Generally, labor cost accounting can only calculate the product cost, but not the parts cost. Cost allocation is very rough, and a lot of cost data are collected manually, which leads to inaccurate cost calculation. Generally, the standard cost is not calculated, and the cost analysis is rarely carried out, so the cost control is poor. (4) The information is scattered, untimely, inaccurate, and does not enjoy the manufacturing industry. Production, supply, sales, people, goods and materials are an organic whole, and there is a lot of information exchange between them. However, the information of manual management is scattered, lacking perfect basic data, and the information is scattered, untimely, inaccurate and enjoyable, which greatly affects the scientific nature of management decision-making. (5) Multi-level organizations, rather than flat organizations oriented to business processes, generally have unreasonable business processes, irregular business process management and control, and are arbitrary. (6) Lack of standardized, standardized, institutionalized and stylized management, and the management quality varies from person to person. Although a series of program documents have been formulated through ISO9000, the implementation effect varies from enterprise to manager. (7) The management methods are backward, and most enterprises are still in the stage of manual decentralized management or microcomputer single item management. Some enterprises have also established computer networks throughout the factory, but the applications are still scattered, and information sharing and optimal allocation of resources have not been realized. (8) The application of new ideas, new methods and new technologies in modern management is poor. For example: agile manufacturing AM, virtual manufacturing VM, JIT, CRM, SCM, BI, EC, ERP, etc. The management of machinery manufacturing and other manufacturing industries has both individuality and individuality; Different production types, production batches and production organization methods have different management methods of machinery manufacturing industry itself; Compared with developed countries, China's manufacturing industry has its particularity due to the differences in corporate culture, laws and systems. (1) Machinery manufacturing industry is a typical discrete manufacturing industry, and its management software needs different solutions according to the different production types, production batches and production organization methods of enterprises. The characteristics of these manufacturing types: discrete manufacturing-different materials move discontinuously and produce different materials and products through different paths. Such as automobiles, machine tools, airplanes, computers and household appliances. Processing industry-after materials are mixed, separated, molded or chemically reacted, most materials continue to produce valuable products through the same path. It is divided into continuous production, batch production and mixed manufacturing. In management, we need formula management, by-products, joint products, multiple units of measurement, multiple quality grades, batch tracking and shelf life of the same item, and generally use professional process industry software. Piece-by-piece production-products are designed according to orders and produced according to customers' needs, and the products are very complicated. The production cycle of products is generally very long. Sometimes a contract is delivered in multiple times. Such as heavy machinery and shipbuilding in three major power plants (large motors, steam turbines and boilers). The production organization is divided according to the process, and the equipment is universal. In production management, in addition to applying the whole set of methods of multi-variety and small batch production, it is also necessary to increase network planning (project management) and sort key resources. CRM is not important here. Multi-variety and small batch production-products are standard or optional. Demand can be predicted, and it can also be manufactured and assembled according to orders. Production organization is divided into workshops, sections and teams according to process characteristics, such as casting, forging, riveting, welding, turning, milling, planing, grinding and assembly. The characteristic of production planning is typical MRPII plus configuration control. They also need CRM, SCM and so on. Mass production-products are standard or optional. Demand mainly depends on forecast, and orders are also considered. Production equipment is an assembly line for materials (parts). The production plan is characterized by mixing the traditional MRPII and JIT, using MRP for medium and long-term planning and mass production parts, and JIT, electronic kanban, backflush inventory, bar code material tracking and other plans for implementation. CRM and e-commerce are very important. Mass customization-combining the advantages of multi-variety and small batch production to meet the individual needs of different customers, mass production improves productivity and reduces costs. The production organization is still an assembly line, but the product configuration is diverse. In production planning control, it is necessary to combine MRP, JIT, configuration control and other comprehensive applications. It is a mixed manufacturing mode of the first two. Therefore, enterprises have different production types, so when choosing ERP software, we should look for software that meets the needs of enterprises according to these different management characteristics. You are a manufacturer with an annual output of 654.38 million cars. There is no JIT in the software, which I don't think is appropriate. You are a heavy machinery factory, and there is no project management for its products, so the quality tracking of key components is not good. In addition, different enterprises have different management priorities. Some enterprises have complicated sales and simple production. Some purchasing and manufacturing are very complicated, but there are only a few contracts a year, and sales management is not important. So we must treat it dialectically and prescribe the right medicine. (2) Due to the cultural differences between the East and the West, we must re-examine the application of western ERP system in China. The western management mode focuses on "law", so the western ERP system is developed and designed according to corporate culture, government policies, decrees, rules and regulations, and tax policies. Pay more attention to time schedule, re-plan, take delivery as the goal, take time planning as the main line, and take standardization as the basis, emphasizing that the right materials are delivered to the right place at the right time and in the right quantity. The function and logic of the software conform to the policies, laws, regulations and tax policies of the host government. People strictly abide by contracts, re-plan and observe discipline. It should be said that ERP has solved the integrated management problem of manufacturing enterprises in developed countries. Oriental management philosophy, which is characterized by "emotion", pays more attention to people's role and value realization, but ignores the system effect and rule management, thus showing that the rational spirit is fully manifested in emphasizing personnel relations, but not fully emphasizing tasks and rules. Therefore, lax laws and regulations, excessive personnel relations and lack of rational spirit are the shortcomings and shortcomings of China management. Its performance in management is to consider "consequences" more. The so-called "master" spirit denies that both the manager and the managed pay attention to the value standard of their own behavior, and they value commitment rather than contract; Re-scheduling and light planning; Pay more attention to emotion than system; Strong randomness and poor punctuality. Therefore, the application of western ERP in China must focus on the management of people's values. Therefore, it is very necessary to establish the combination of responsibility and right and carry out enterprise performance management in an all-round way. (3) As a management tool of modern manufacturing industry, ERP has its social and natural attributes. As far as its natural attributes are concerned, there is not much difference between Chinese and foreign enterprises. They all seek to minimize the manufacturing cycle, reduce costs, reduce inventory, deliver on time, and respond quickly to customer needs. Therefore, the general principles of ERP are applicable at home and abroad. However, as far as its social attribute is concerned, enterprise management is influenced by national policies, laws and regulations, tax policies and market environment. Therefore, ERP must consider the national conditions. For example, the financial software in ERP must conform to the accounting standards promulgated by the Ministry of Finance and the requirements of accounting computerization. At this stage, we have to deal with the "triangle debt"; "grinding accounts" in the way of barter; The method of maintaining the gradual transfer and differential distribution of planned prices in cost accounting; There are both financial receivables and sales receivables; Double working hours quota. . . Wait a minute. (4) The management of China machinery manufacturing industry is the most complicated. Due to the variety and specifications of materials, discontinuous production and complicated manufacturing process, the management of machinery manufacturing industry is more complicated than other manufacturing industries. In addition, compared with foreign developed countries, China's machinery manufacturing industry is still a large and complete, small and complete production organization model, and the specialized division of labor is not as fine as that of foreign countries. The internal management of enterprises in China is relatively complicated, so the management of machinery manufacturing in China is the most complicated. Second, the role of information technology in the management of machinery manufacturing industry The above-mentioned problems in current management have seriously affected the management level, management efficiency and competitiveness of enterprises. It is an urgent task for every enterprise to adopt modern management ideas, methods and computer network communication technology to realize management innovation, system innovation and technological innovation of machinery manufacturing enterprises. Therefore, a computer network communication system connecting the inside and outside of the factory has been established, and advanced and mature software systems such as ERP, CRM, SCM, BI and EC suitable for enterprise management have been selected. Through management consulting and business process reengineering, the organization, management mode and business process of the enterprise are optimized and designed, and the above software system is applied to realize the informatization of enterprise management. It is an inevitable choice for enterprises to overcome the problems existing in current enterprise management and improve their management level, management efficiency and competitiveness in the face of knowledge economy and global economic integration. The goal of system construction is: (1) to build a computer-based management information system covering the whole company. The system enables the production and operation of enterprises to achieve a high degree of unity and parallel operation of logistics, capital flow, information flow and workflow, and realizes the full information exchange inside and outside the enterprise and the connection between the enterprise and the outside world through Intranet and Internet, thus forming an effective agile supply chain system. (2) Adopt advanced production planning control method. Break the pattern of planning, and work out the material demand plan according to the procurement lead time and production lead time of various materials. Establish an effective and flexible production plan management system consisting of master production plan, material demand plan and workshop operation plan, so as to minimize the production cycle, procurement cycle and timely delivery of products, respond to customer needs quickly, minimize inventory and cost, and improve after-sales service level. Conditional enterprises implement advanced management methods such as JIT, VMI and synchronous production. (3) Realize the unified generation, maintenance and management of basic data (such as material data, product structure data, product design process data, production capacity data, etc.). ) for authorized relevant departments to use, truly share data and avoid redundancy. Through the establishment and implementation of ERP system, the management procedures of enterprises are further rationalized, and management is institutionalized, standardized and scientific. (4) According to the current situation of information division of management departments, a dynamic information feedback and monitoring system centered on customers is established to realize the dynamic tracking of the whole process of each task from contract signing, design, production, procurement, cost accounting to finished product delivery, so that each task is under effective monitoring. (5) Strengthen financial management and improve the cost accounting function. Really establish a two-level cost accounting system, adopt advanced cost accounting methods, accurately calculate the cost of parts and products, and provide reliable basis for sales quotation and financial accounting. Conduct cost analysis, find out the factors to reduce costs, and effectively reduce costs. (6) Strengthen the statistical analysis of quality data by computer. Make full use of quality inspection data and make in-depth statistics and analysis by various analytical methods. Effectively supervise and improve the quality level. (7) Realizing enterprise information management by computer will liberate the managers from tedious manual labor, give them the opportunity to learn management theory and improve management skills, and improve the management level of enterprise managers in essence. Third, the development trend of management informatization in machinery manufacturing industry With the acceleration of global economic integration, new management models and methods are constantly emerging, and computer and network communication technologies are developing at a high speed, especially the Internet has penetrated into every corner of the world. As an important tool of management informatization in machinery manufacturing enterprises, ERP system of enterprise resource planning is undergoing profound changes and development. This paper discusses its development trend from three aspects: management thought, system performance and software development platform. (1) Development of management thought 1) With the support of network system, the new ERP system will bring the world to such a state that consumers or customers will know the performance and price of products in electronic malls through the Internet and place orders with manufacturers through e-commerce; Producers place material purchase and manufacturing orders through ERP system, and complete material purchase and payment activities through e-commerce; After the manufacturing is completed, the goods are finally delivered to the users on time, and the transaction settlement is completed online. Through the close integration of the supply chain and the uninterrupted flow of materials, it enables suppliers, manufacturers, distributors and customers to reduce inventory, minimize operating costs, respond quickly to customer needs, and improve the market competitiveness and economic benefits of enterprises. Therefore, supply chain management and e-commerce will be essential. 2) With the intensification of market competition, manufacturers should change from "product-centered" to "customer-centered" business strategy. Customer relationship management (CRM) provides an all-round customer perspective for enterprises, and endows enterprises with better ability to communicate with customers, which is a method to maximize customer yield. On the basis of fully understanding the special needs of customers, we will provide "one-on-one" personalized services to improve customers' satisfaction and loyalty to enterprises and enable enterprises to gain competitive advantages. Its purpose is to establish a system that enables enterprises to form a new and coordinated relationship in customer service, market competition, sales and support. CRM is not only a technology, but also a new management concept and mechanism. 3) Support agile manufacturing and virtual manufacturing. Agile manufacturing is an overall strategy that enables enterprises to have excellent self-adaptability in the ever-changing environment and occupy a dominant position in the competition. In the field of enterprise management, its technical means include just-in-time production, LP production, CE concurrent engineering, BPR business process reengineering, virtual manufacturing VM and so on. Accelerate the process of business process reengineering through rapid modeling tools and reference model base. Using browser/service-based architecture and software component technology, a virtual manufacturing environment can be built completely through standard virtual private network VPN technology to support the management requirements of virtual enterprises and virtual manufacturing. 4) Enterprise Performance Management (EPM). EPM sets the objectives of each department according to the strategic objectives and business objectives of the enterprise, decomposes these objectives into the objectives of each employee, collects their implementation through ERP system, and compares them with the assigned objectives to determine the salary and reward of employees. And analyze the performance of the whole company, departments and employees. EPM includes the whole process of planning, management and analysis. In order to establish a perfect incentive mechanism, promote the realization of company goals and improve enterprise performance. 5)ERP should take the road of specialization. In view of the huge differences in management details in different industries, it is necessary to set up corresponding business processes, build corresponding organizational structures and design corresponding software structures according to different industry characteristics and operating mechanisms. We can't expect to apply a universal solution to all industries, especially when it comes to business details such as production, sales, procurement and cost. There must be a solution that focuses on a certain industry, in order to effectively solve the information problems in different application environments. In addition, professional ERP software products have the characteristics of short development cycle, fast upgrade, easy implementation and low cost. (2) Requirements of system performance 1) In order to adapt to the ever-changing organizational structure and business processes, ERP systems need to develop business process management and workflow management to support business process reengineering and enterprise dynamic modeling. According to the different needs of enterprises, we can customize functions, configure systems, reconstruct processes and manage processes. 2) In order to enable suppliers, customers, partners and employees to enter the application system, ERP system must provide internal and external integration and flexibility. Internal ERP system should be closely integrated with CIMS, OA, three-dimensional warehouse, bar code, data mining and other systems. External integration with heterogeneous systems of suppliers, customers and partners to fully realize information sharing; Support mobile office and wireless access. 3) Support the business of group companies. Support multi-company, multi-organization and cross-regional business operation mode.
(3) Requirements of software development platform In order to achieve the above management functions and system performance requirements, the ERP software development platform must adopt the following technologies: 1) Multi-tier architecture based on browser/server. In order to make it possible for users to manipulate data anytime and anywhere, greatly expand the scope of customers and extend customers to the whole Internet network, J2EE or. NET development platform realizes the multi-layer architecture of client's browser layer, Web layer, business logic layer and database layer. In order to realize the interoperability between modules, the construction of management components and the deployment and management across environments need the support of middleware. 2) In order to make ERP system have good portability, integration and interoperability, it is necessary to adopt development languages, development tools, communication protocols and database systems that meet industrial standards. Make application software truly independent of operating system (nt, UNIX, Linux), database (ORACLE, SQL SERVER, Sybase, DB2) and hardware platform. 3) In order to realize system configuration and process reconfiguration, software development should adopt software component technology. 4) Support distributed application system. The new generation management software system is super-large-scale, and can also be cut into small and medium-sized application systems as needed. It will no longer be a system concentrated on the same LAN server, so supporting distributed applications and distributed databases is a feature of future management software. What is the relationship between 6.6? ERP, CRM and SCM? In the field of manufacturing management information system technology, it is a field full of concepts and terms. From the day it was born, it was called MRP, later MRPII, ERP, and now there are CRM and SCM. . . Also said that ERP is out of date, put forward what ERPII EAM. . . The author expounds in the article "It's all the fault of the name". Both MRPⅱⅱ and ERP provide manufacturing enterprises with a scientific management model of logistics, capital flow, information flow and business flow in the whole supply chain of sales, production, procurement and after-sales service. It is a true reflection of the management needs of manufacturing enterprises, not fabricated or imposed out of thin air. So far, we haven't found out which one is completely unusable now, so ERP is not out of date. However, ERP should keep pace with the times, society and technology are always developing, and new management modes and methods to adapt to the knowledge economy are constantly emerging: agile manufacturing, virtual manufacturing, refined production, customer relationship management, supply chain management, e-commerce, business intelligence, and now proposed business process management, enterprise performance management and product life cycle management. ERP must keep pace with the times and constantly add new contents to meet the new requirements of management. The software development platform and tools of ERP, like all software, always develop with the development of computer and network communication technology. From host/terminal system to client/server to today's browser/server, from COBOL, C, PB, VB to JAVA development tools, it is an indisputable fact that people have to constantly rewrite or upgrade their own software in order to apply the latest technological achievements. However, we can't change the name constantly because of the increase of management functions and the change of development platform, which will be endless. For manufacturing industry, there are many functions that overlap and overlap among CRM, ERP and SCM. Traditional ERP products contain a lot of CRM and SCM contents, while the software system that extends ERP already contains complete CRM and SCM contents, and they are seamlessly integrated with ERP. Nowadays, there are many independent CRM and SCM softwares in the society, which poses a problem for manufacturing enterprises. Do they choose a software or a different vendor? I suggest choosing extended ERP software. Because different software has different design ideas, development platforms and tools, integration is out of the question! Besides, many functions between them are redundant. For non-manufacturing enterprises, the situation is different. For example, where is the company that uses CRM better now? Telecommunications, banking, insurance, they use CRM very well, with millions of users. How to study the consumption preferences of these millions of users, the flow direction of users, develop their products, meet everyone's requirements and retain customers, CRM has played a very good role. Such an industry does not need ERP. For those large retailers and wholesalers, supply chain management is very important. For example, Wal-Mart, the most famous retail giant in the world, relies on a perfect supply chain management system, a star in the sky, a net on the ground, and one-stop distribution to supply customers with 80,000 kinds of goods and 4,000 chain stores. Scientific supply chain management saves a lot of costs, so we can provide customers with the best services and goods. Companies like Wal-Mart don't need ERP either. Therefore, whether it is integration or conceptual separation, we must first consider what industry we are. If it is a manufacturing industry, it is still necessary to expand ERP and make a very complete integrated system to reduce the cost of integration. The word "integration" is simple to say, but in fact it is not that easy. If you are a non-manufacturing industry, such as banking, telecommunications or retail, you can use CRM or SCM independently. This is my suggestion. To sum up, the management of machinery manufacturing enterprises is very complicated, and there are many problems in management at present, which is not conducive to the fierce market competition environment. There is no doubt that information technology can realize management innovation, system innovation and technological innovation and improve management level. This paper describes the characteristics of management informatization in machinery manufacturing enterprises, discusses the technical development trend from three aspects: management ideas, ERP system performance requirements and software development platform, and discusses the relationship among CRM, SCM and ERP, which can be used as a reference for ERP software suppliers to develop software and machinery manufacturing enterprises to formulate informatization schemes.