First, the characteristics of organizational decision-making
1, the characteristics of organizational decision-making
(1) Particularity of organizational decision makers. The main body of organizational decision-making is the organization that exercises state power.
(2) the particularity of organizational decision-making. The content and object of organizational decision-making is national or social affairs, and its decision-making purpose is to seek social public interests.
(3) the particularity of organizational decision-making basis. An important difference between organizational decision-making and other decisions is that the formulation and implementation of organizational decision-making must be based on relevant national laws and regulations.
(4) the particularity of organizational decision-making. Behind organizational decision-making is public power, which acts on society and citizens through means. Organizational decision-making has a mandatory role in society.
(5) the particularity of the consequences of organizational decision. The consequences and influence of organizational decision-making are generally significant, which will affect the interests of society and the direct interests of citizens.
2. Types of organizational decisions
(1) According to different decision-making methods, it can be divided into empirical decision-making and scientific decision-making.
Empirical decision-making refers to the decision-making made by decision-makers based on experience. That is, in the process of decision-making, the decision-maker's understanding of the decision-making object and the determination of the decision-making goal are judged by subjective experience and logical thinking ability.
Scientific decision-making refers to the decision made by decision makers according to certain scientific methods or technologies. That is, the decision-maker's understanding of the decision-making object, the study of decision-making characteristics and laws, the choice of decision-making objectives and the determination of decision-making schemes are all based on scientific argumentation.
(2) According to the scale and influence of decision-making objectives, it can be divided into strategic decision-making and tactical decision-making.
Strategic decision refers to those major decisions with overall situation and direction. Generally speaking, this kind of decision-making has far-reaching influence, involves a wide range, and is directional, principled and macroscopic. Such decisions are generally made by high-level organizations.
Tactical decision-making refers to those partial, short-term and specific decisions. Tactical decision-making is the continuation and concretization of strategic decision-making, which mainly serves the realization of strategic objectives.
(3) According to the specific circumstances of decision-making, it can be divided into procedural decision-making and non-procedural decision-making.
Procedural decision-making refers to those common, rigid and repetitive decisions. The content of this decision-making is relatively certain, and there are certain routines to follow, which generally belong to the scope of daily work, so it is also called routine decision-making.
Non-procedural decision-making refers to new, unusual and unconventional decisions. This kind of decision is often groundbreaking and innovative.
(4) According to the difference of conditional reliability, decision-making can be divided into deterministic decision-making, risky decision-making and uncertain decision-making.
Deterministic decision means that the environment and conditions of decision-making are certain, and the consequences of decision-making can also be determined. Because all kinds of factors and conditions are relatively clear, and the results of each decision-making scheme are relatively clear, it is only necessary to compare the advantages and disadvantages of each scheme.
Risk-based decision-making means that the decision-making environment and conditions can be determined, but they cannot be completely controlled. Although the consequences of decision-making in every environment and condition are predictable, it still needs to bear certain risks.
Uncertain decision-making refers to the decision that the environment, conditions and other factors cannot be determined, and the consequences cannot be predicted and determined.
Second, the procedures and methods of organizational decision-making
1, organizational decision-making procedure
The procedure of organizational decision-making refers to the working sequence and steps that the organization must go through and follow in the decision-making process. Making decisions according to scientific decision-making procedures can help organizations understand and master the objective laws in the decision-making process and improve the correctness and effectiveness of decision-making. The basic procedure of organizational decision-making is:
(1) Find the problem and determine the target. Finding problems is the starting point for organizations to make decisions, and any decision begins with finding problems. After finding the problem, it is necessary to determine the results and goals to be achieved in solving the problem. These results and goals are the goals of decision-making. Generally speaking, the correct goal should have three basic conditions: ① quantification. ② There is a certain time limit. (3) Clear responsibilities.
(2) Investigation and study, and draw up a plan. After the goal is determined, we must find and design the best way and method to achieve it. This has entered the second stage of organizational decision-making. At this stage, we should do a good job in two aspects: First, we should conduct in-depth investigation and study. Secondly, on the basis of investigation and study, several alternative schemes are drawn up. Attention should be paid to: ① The scheme itself should be feasible. ② The scheme should be diversified. ③ The scheme should be complete. ④ There should be a breakthrough in the scheme. ⑤ The scheme should be quantified as much as possible.
(3) Analysis and evaluation, scheme optimization. After various alternatives are worked out, the decision-making will enter the third stage. The final decision-making scheme should be the scheme that can achieve the decision-making goal in the shortest time, the lowest cost and the best effect.
Generally speaking, in the process of selecting and optimizing decision-making schemes, the principles that should be adhered to are as follows: ① The selection of schemes should be based on objectives. ② The scheme selection should adhere to the principle of overall interests. (3) The choice of scheme should conform to the objective reality. ④ The scheme selection should adhere to the principle of democratic centralism.
(4) local pilot, improve decision-making. After the scheme is determined, it enters the final decision-making stage. However, the final scheme cannot be put into practice immediately on a large scale, and local pilot projects must be carried out to verify and test its reliability.
2, the method of organizational decision-making
(1) investigation and research methods. Investigation is the basis of scientific organization decision-making. The commonly used investigation and research methods mainly include: ① systematic investigation. ② Quantitative investigation. ③ Procedural investigation.
(2) the method of scientific prediction. Prediction is a method to find out the inherent law of things on the basis of studying and analyzing the past and present situation of things, and then infer the future development of things according to the development trend of things. Common forecasting methods mainly include: ① Empirical inference forecasting method. Third, the statistical nature of the forecast results. ② Brainstorming method. ③ Mathematical model method. ④ Analog test method.
Third, modern organizational decision-making system.
Organizational decision-making system refers to the system of organizational decision-making, and it is a fixed model of institutions, personnel setting, power division and operational relations that undertake organizational decision-making tasks. Organizational decision-making system is a fully functional organizational system. It is a decision-making system with the central decision-making system as the core and the staff consultation system and information system as the auxiliary, which cooperates, contacts and coordinates with each other.
1, the central system of organizational decision. The central system, also known as the organizational decision-making center or the head of government, is an organizational system composed of organizational leaders at all levels, which has the highest decision-making power in organizations at all levels and plays a core and main role in organizational decision-making. It is in a command and dominant position in the organizational decision-making system. The main task of the decision-making center system is to (1) determine the decision-making problem and decision-making target system. (2) Choose a "satisfactory" decision-making scheme. (3) command local pilot, feedback and improve decision-making.
2. Staff consultation system. The staff consultation system is composed of experts and scholars from many disciplines. It is an auxiliary organization specializing in official or unofficial forms of intellectual development and assisting central system decision-making. The main task of employee consultation system is: (1) to assist decision makers to find and analyze problems. (2) Provide decision makers with solutions, ways and methods to solve problems.
3. Intelligence information system. Intelligence information system is a comprehensive organization composed of full-time staff, special equipment and related operating procedures and systems, which specializes in information collection, processing, transmission and storage. The main task of intelligence information system is to manage all kinds of scientific management in the process of organization and management, and provide high-quality information services for the central system of organizational decision-making and the staff system.
Fourthly, the theoretical model of organizational decision-making
1, rational decision model
This is an analytical model put forward by Simon, an American scientist who won the Nobel Prize in Economics. As a pioneer of decision theory research, a core part of Simon's conceptual system is to introduce the concept of "process" into decision research. Simon called the first stage of the decision-making process-exploring the environment and looking for conditions to meet the decision-making requirements-"intellectual activity"; The second stage-creating and analyzing possible action plans, called "design activities"; The third stage-choosing a feasible and reasonable plan from the alternative action plans as the criterion of action, which is called "selection activity"; The fourth stage-evaluating past choices is called "review activity".
Simon pointed out that generally speaking, "intellectual activity" precedes "design activity" and "design activity" precedes "selection activity", so a basic process sequence can be constructed: "intellectual activity → design activity → selection activity → review activity". However, on the other hand, the stage cycle is much more complicated than this cycle sequence, and each specific decision-making stage itself is a complex decision-making process.
2. System analysis model-policy is the output of the system.
This is a decision analysis model put forward by American political scientist Easton. In view of the problems existing in traditional political science, he simply started with the static analysis of the system and put forward a dynamic political system theory to study the operation process of the government. In his view, political system refers to a group formed by relatively related structures and processes, and its function is to provide authoritative value distribution for a certain society. As a system, in order to adapt to the environmental pressure caused by the external environment, it must take corresponding measures as necessary decisions at any time; The pressure that affects the stability of the political system in the environment is imported; Environment refers to any condition or situation outside the defined boundary of political system; The output of the political system is the authoritative value distribution of the system and the public policies constituted by these distributions.
The system analysis model describes public policy as the output of the political system. In a word, Easton's system analysis model vividly describes the various factors involved in the political decision-making process from a dynamic perspective, namely, the input, transformation process, export policy and feedback of system, environment, demand and support, and describes the position of these factors in the whole political operation process, which provides an effective conceptual tool for scientific understanding of the political process. But this is only a preliminary model, and many questions have not been answered positively.
3. Progressive decision-making model
This model was put forward by American political economist Linde blom. In his view, the formulation of policies is only based on past experience, and a consistent policy is reached through a gradual change process. In the process of policy formulation, the current policy is generally regarded as a basic scheme, and after comparing with other new schemes, decisions are made on which existing policies need to be revised or which new policies need to be added. All the other schemes mentioned here are small-scale or large-scale adjustments to existing policies, or a combination of the two. Decision-makers only make marginal adjustment in the decision-making process, and the solution to the problem lies in the comparison of margin, decision-making choice and margin, without considering every scheme or every scheme comprehensively. Linde blom believes that the whole process of government decision-making is a process of gradual adjustment, and the fundamental reason lies in:
(1) In a pluralistic social environment, in order to maintain social stability and obtain policy support, the government usually wants to maintain the current plan instead of carrying out comprehensive policy reform, because although it may promote special social goals, it will also pay a considerable price.
(2) It is a political expedient to adopt the strategy of gradual adjustment.
(3) The views of political parties and political leaders on the basic national policy are the same. When they are campaigning, winning votes and other citizens' support, they only propose gradual amendments to each policy.
(4) Difficulties in transformation. The current plan may have invested a huge sum of money, thus ruling out any fundamental changes.
(5) Technical difficulties. Policymakers don't have enough time, wisdom or money to adjust all policy options.
4. Group decision-making model. This is a decision analysis model put forward by Truman, an American political scientist. His views are reflected in the government process published by 197 1
The basic proposition of group decision analysis model is that the interaction between groups is the central fact of political activities. Generally speaking, individuals with the same interests formally or informally form a certain group in order to present their needs to the government. The existence of such interest groups is one of the main features of political life. Groups become an important bridge between individuals and the government. Government decision-making process is actually a process of group efforts to influence policies. Under this influence, policies become balanced after competition among various groups. This balance depends on the interaction of various interest groups. Once this influence mode changes, the policy may also change.
The influence of a group depends on the following factors: the number of members, the amount of wealth, the strength of organizational ability, the level of leadership, the proximity or distance from decision makers, and the cohesion within the group.
Truman pointed out that in the political operation mechanism influenced by groups, the main tasks of the political system should be to establish competition rules among groups, arrange compromises and balance interests, formulate policies to stipulate ways of compromise, and implement compromises to solve conflicts among groups.
Fifth, scientific organizational decision.
Scientific decision-making means that decision-makers and other participants make full use of modern scientific and technological knowledge and methods, especially decision-making theories and methods, and adopt scientific and reasonable decision-making procedures to make decisions. The requirement of scientific decision-making is to establish a perfect decision-making system, improve the quality of decision-makers and make decisions according to the principles of scientific decision-making.
1, establish and improve the organizational decision-making system. Modern organizational decision-making system is an organic whole with decision-making subsystem as the core and information, personnel and monitoring subsystem as the support. To establish and improve the decision-making system, it is necessary to: (1) set up each subsystem reasonably. (2) Enrich staff consultation institutions and information work institutions.
2. Follow the principle of scientific decision-making. (1) information principle. (2) Forecast principle. (3) Procedural principles. (4) the principle of feasibility. (5) The principle of democratic centralism.
3. Improve the quality of decision makers and participants. The quality of decision-makers determines the level of decision-making, and improving the quality of decision-makers is one of the important contents of decision-making system improvement. (1) It is necessary to strengthen the collective team building of decision makers. (2) Improve the professional quality of staff consultants. (3) Improve the quality of information personnel.
Democratization of organizational decision-making of intransitive verbs
Democratization of decision-making refers to ensuring that the broad masses of people, various social organizations and decision-making research organizations can fully participate in the decision-making process, reflect the fundamental interests and requirements of the broad masses of people in decision-making, and form democratic systems, procedures and atmosphere in the decision-making system and its operation. Democratization of decision-making is the unity of democratization of decision-making objectives and democratization of decision-making process.
1. Introduce the democratic mechanism into the decision-making system and create a good decision-making atmosphere.
2. Pay attention to the role of staff consultants in decision-making. Strengthening the position and role of experts and scholars in decision-making is not only the embodiment of a high degree of democratization, but also an important guarantee for scientific decision-making. (1) Ensure the relative independence of the staff office. (2) Establish a democratic atmosphere in advisory bodies and encourage free discussion of different opinions. (3) the staff adviser should be accurately positioned.
3. Improve the transparency of political life and realize the democratization of decision-making objectives. Transparency in political life means openness in government affairs and political democracy. (1) Establish a notification system for major events. (2) Strengthen the supervision of news and public opinion on decision-making. (3) Improve the level of public awareness of decision-making.
Seven, the legalization of organizational decision-making.
Legalization of decision-making means that the behavior, decision-making system and decision-making process of decision-makers are regulated and constrained by the Constitution and laws, especially the democratic rights of the broad masses of people to participate in organizational decision-making are guaranteed by laws, and the decision-making power of organizational leaders is effectively supervised by laws and people. Legalization of decision-making is an important aspect of China's strategic policy of "ruling the country according to law" and an important guarantee for realizing scientific and democratic decision-making.
1, straighten out the relationship between decision makers and improve decision-making rules. In particular, it is necessary to straighten out the relationship among the Party organizations, the National People's Congress and the government in China. The principle of straightening out the authority and scope of these three aspects is to ensure not only the leadership of the party organization in decision-making, but also the supreme decision-making power of the people's congress and the independent position and role of the government in decision-making. The specific measures are: (1) separation of party and government. (2) Straighten out the relationship between the leadership of the Party Committee on decision-making and the highest decision-making power of the National People's Congress. (3) Handle the relationship between NPC and government. (4) When supervising the government's decision-making, the NPC should strengthen its contact with the government, understand the actual work of the government, and promote the legitimacy, rationality and feasibility of the government's decision-making.
2. Legalization of decision-making procedures. Legalization of decision-making procedure is to establish the most important steps and procedures in the decision-making process in the form of legal norms. The purpose is to prevent a few decision makers from acting rashly, abusing their powers, or deliberately introducing some plans without careful consideration. The procedure that should be standardized in the decision-making process is: (1) investigation procedure. (2) Program design. (3) Feasibility demonstration procedure. (4) social programs. (5) Decision-making legalization procedure.
3. Give full play to the role of decision-making monitoring subsystem. (1) Give full play to the role of internal and external monitoring systems. (2) To protect the rights of members of the supervision subsystem according to law, we should not only protect their rights of speech, criticism and supervision of government affairs, but also ensure that they will not be attacked and retaliated for supervising government affairs.
In a word, scientization, democratization and legalization are three interrelated and closely coordinated aspects of modern decision-making. Democratization is the basis of modern decision-making, scientization is the leading factor of modern decision-making, and legalization is the guarantee of modern decision-making.