At first, the Galaxy kept their culture and continued to observe their ancient religious festivals and ceremonies, but gradually became Hellenistic, so that some Latin writers called them Greek Gauls. They were conquered by Rome in BC 189 and became vassal states, but after Pompeii the Great (lc 106-44), they became vassal states under Diotarus (ruled by "God Bull", BC 105-42) and gained a certain degree of autonomy. In 63 BC, he defeated Mithradati VI of Bendu (reigned in 120-63 BC), and was later incorporated into the Roman Empire by Augustus Caesar in 25 BC. It is called Galatians in the Bible, which is a letter written by Sao Paulo to the local Christian community.
The invasion and establishment of Celts
In 390 BC, when the Gaul chief Brunas ransacked Rome, the Celtic migration had already begun. It lasted until the 4th century BC. Around 280 BC, a group of Celts from Pannonia came to Greece to provide services as mercenaries (as they did in Italy nearly a hundred years ago) and passed through the towns and cities where they were foraging and plundering.
Galatia is not a centralized country, and the Celts are not satisfied with the settled agricultural life.
In 279 BC, some people in this huge migration army (led by another Brennas, which made scholars speculate that "Brennas" might be a title, not a proper noun) looted the holy land of the Oracle of Delphi and took its treasure. Brennan then disappeared from history, but the other two leaders, Lutorius and Leonori, were more interested in finding a permanent home for their people than in continuous war and plunder, and began to look for land for it.
At about the same time, King Nicomid I of Anatolia (reigned 278-255 BC) was fighting his brother Cheboti II, who established an independent kingdom in Pythia and challenged the legitimacy of Nicomid I. Nicomedes heard about the Celtics' fighting ability and invited them to Anatolia to help him in his war. The Celts defeated Chipotot II, established Nicomedes I as the legitimate king, and then began to plunder Anatolia, extort protection money from cities and villages, and destroy those who didn't want to pay.
Nicodemus I benefited a lot from their help. He no longer needed them, but he had no right to ask them to leave. Scholar Jehad Herm's comment on this situation is:
Nicomid hired barbarians; They gave him the freedom of movement he needed to ensure national security, but he was faced with the problem of how to deal with them now. Predict the demand for remuneration or any of his clever work to promote the great desire of the three tribes to drift; He provided them with the Anatolian region east of the territory, which is near Ankara today. This strategy provides double advantages: on the one hand, he can get rid of these guests; On the other hand, he will establish a buffer zone between himself and the savage Phrygia. Besides, this land does not belong to him at all. (40)
This land actually belongs to Phrygia, or at least is used by Phrygia people, but Nicomid seems to think that this is a problem that the Celts need to solve; They just settled there and expelled the Phrygia community. However, after getting used to the war and just getting what they wanted from the local people, they continued to carry out sporadic attacks. In 275 BC, probably inspired by Nicodemus, he attacked the territory of Seleuc Empire and was defeated by King Antioch I of Seleuc (reigned from 28 1 year to 26 1 year BC) in the battle of elephants. They resorted to peace and became valuable mercenaries in Antioch I's army.
Talos I and Galatia
At this point, it is not clear what form the Galactic community and * * * take, but it is not a centralized country, and the Celts are not satisfied with the settled agricultural life. When one tribe continued to fight for Antioch I, another tribe became Mithradati I of the capital (reigned in 28 1-266 BC) as a mercenary against Seleucus. At the same time, the third tribe, or perhaps two or three joint forces, continued to attack other settlements, which became a serious problem in Pegmont. Pegmont has been under the control of Lacey Marcus, one of the heirs of Alexander the Great who later held the deaths of Anatolia and Thrace Alexander. In the battle of 28 1 year BC, it was defeated by Seleucus I Nicato (about 305-28 1 year BC), another successor and founder of Seleucus Empire, and later claimed Anatolia.
Earlier, Recimachus entrusted Pegamon, where his treasury was located, to one of his commanders, Philatellus (282-263 BC), who would protect Recimachus' property. Seleucus I was assassinated shortly after Simak's death, and his successor Antioch I knew nothing about this treasure (according to the records of ancient historian Strappo, it contained more than 9,000 talents of silver). Instead of giving money to his new Lord, the stamp collector carefully spent it on improving his city and neighboring cities, quietly expanding his territory, and buying the loyalty of the surrounding communities through extravagant gifts.
By the time he died, Pegmont was already a magnificent city, with a acropolis dedicated to Demeter and a temple dedicated to Athena, the patron saint. He strengthened the city against the Celts, but this did not stop them from harassing caravans or attacking the city. This problem lasted until the reign of his successor, his nephew Omnis I (263-24 BC1), and he solved this problem by hiring Celts as mercenaries.
Talos I officially recognized Gaul as Gaul-grecia and granted them autonomy.
With the help of the Celts, Oemenes defeated Antioch I in the Battle of Sardis in 26 1 BC. The Celts killed Antioch I and liberated Pegmon from Seleucus. Amenes then expanded his territory and engaged in magnificent construction projects, but the Galatia Celts who were previously employed by Antioch I are now unemployed. Because Amenes was not interested in further military action, they turned their attention to attacking his territory. The only way to stop them is to pay them protection money.
He was succeeded by his cousin and adopted son talos I (reigned in 24 BC1-197). He refused to continue paying the money and attacked the Celts, driving them back to Galatia in 232 BC. In 230 BC, he repelled a large group of Celtic troops who marched into Pegmont to rebuild and protect the fund, and drove them back to their own area again. Then, talos I celebrated his victory in his Athena Temple in Pegmont by depicting monuments and statues of dying and defeated Gauls. The famous "Dying Gaul" statue (now in the Bitolli Museum in Rome) is a replica of one of the statues commissioned by talos I of Rome in the later period. During his celebrations and monuments, talos I officially recognized Gaul as the Gaul-grecia, granted them autonomy and encouraged them to establish their own kingdom.
* * * and religion
The three tribes were independent of each other, refused to unite and established independent provinces in Galatia, which was equivalent to a small kingdom. Trocmil occupies the east, Tolistogogii occupies the west, and Tectosages occupies the central region. These provinces are divided into four states, and each state is governed by a fief. Under him, there is a judge, a military leader and two subordinate commanders. People are expected to live a legal life based on fiefs (in essence, their kings) and consult with judges who have considerable power in formulating and implementing laws.
In order to prevent judges from abusing their powers, 300 representatives from the three countries and provinces are responsible for hearing major cases (especially capital crimes such as murder) and holding regular meetings in the holy land. In Drumedon, I know that Gerhard Helm commented:
One Nemton is that in Celtic France and Britain, the sacred status of peace is roughly equivalent to the original form of the Temple of Menos or Greece: the rule and sacrifice of priests here are made by God. The prefix dru- ... [from] Drus, the Greek name of the oak tree. In Celtic Ireland, the word oak is daur, which is obvious even to laymen. It is similar to Greek, just like distant cousins sometimes do. Drumedon is a place where oak trees have been neglected for a week, and sacred trees and shadows have stopped there: therefore, the Galactic Parliament itself must be sacred. (42)
Legal practice seems to originate from the combination of Celtic and Virginia traditions, but it is not clear. Some scholars think that Drumedon's * * * is similar to the Celtic Tuas (meaning "people", but it also refers to "territory" or people who rely on territory or chiefs), because Tuas is also imprisoned in * * *, and the applicable laws ultimately come from the gods. The laws of the Galatians originated from the gods, which implies the vicinity of the holy city Pessinus, which is dedicated to the mother god Cybele and her spouse Arthus, near the border of the West Galatians controlled by Tolistogogii. Strappo claimed that Poerxiusi was the religious center of the Galatians, although they did not control the city.
Pei Cinos is an ancient site, which grew up around a huge black stone. It is said that it fell from the sky, symbolizing the goddess worshipped by the Galatians under her Phrygia name Agdistis. Many responsibilities of Agdistis include protection, law and order. Archaeological evidence shows that Galatians often visit Persenus, and may even occupy the city at some time, in order to improve their position in the region by controlling the central religious sites.
The Battle of Magney, Western Asia and Rome
Galatians gradually assimilated with the people around them, adopted the customs and costumes of Syria-Greece and Phrygia, and continued their traditional role as mercenaries of various kingdoms and principalities. They fought for Antioch III of Seleucus (great, reigned from 223 BC to 187 BC), with a view to reuniting his empire between 100 AD. From 2 10 BC to 204 BC, when he invaded Greece to fight the Romans in19/kloc-0 BC, it became an important part of his army.
Antioch III was defeated by the Romans in Wenquanguan in 19 1 year BC, and was defeated again in the crucial magnesia campaign in 190 BC, and his army was defeated in flight. Antioch III had no choice but to accept all the provisions of Rome stipulated in the Treaty of Apamia in 188 BC, including seriously weakening his own empire and levying heavy war compensation from Seleuc Empire. Galatians now find themselves unemployed again, but this is only their least problem.
The Romans of Magnesia allied themselves with Eumenes II of Pegamon (reigned in 197- 159 BC, son of Tallus I), who was forced to drive the Galatians out of his city many times (no doubt encouraged by Antioch III). In west Magney, the Romans witnessed the Galatians fighting as infantry and light cavalry, and the Roman consul Gnaeus Manlius Vulso (BC 189) realized that they might be valuable military assets.
The Romans defeated the Celts in the Battle of Mount Olympus and the Battle of Ankara.
As Rome was still allied with Eumenes II and found him very useful, Walso could not negotiate with his enemies, but he could punish the Galatians for providing troops to Antioch III. In BC 189, Walso marched into Galatia and incited the Galactic War. He defeated the Celts at the Battle of Olympus and beat them in Ankara the same year. He acted on his own impulse and did not consult the Roman Senate, so he was initially accused of obstructing peace because he was negotiating with Seleucus about their surrender, and Valso had just attacked Seleucus' ally. However, after explaining his reasons, he was exonerated from all charges and won in Rome. Galatia is now a vassal state of Rome, and the four departments are essentially Roman puppets and Galatians mercenaries serving in the Roman army.
Strappo (l. 63 BC-23 CE) pointed out that by his time, the Galatians' Quaternity had gradually become a monarchy, among which the greatest king was Deiotarus, who was Pompeii the Great and Cicero (l. 106- 43 BC) and Julius Caesar (1). As an ally of Pompeii, Dior Tarus participated in the Mitterrand War, sided with Pompeii against Caesar in the war, and was later pardoned by Caesar. After Caesar's assassination, marc anthony regained power when others wanted him to step down.
Deiotarus and his son-in-law Brogitarus (63-C.50 BC) * * enjoy the rule of the kingdom, and his son Amyntas (38-25 BC) will become the last king of Galatia. After marc anthony was defeated by Octavian in the Battle of Aksin (3 1 BC), Octavian became the highest authority in Rome and became the first emperor of the Roman Empire in 27 BC (reigned from 27 BC to 14 AD). When Amin Tarsus was assassinated in 25 BC, Augustus turned Galatia into a Roman province.
Sao Paulo and Christianity
In the early days, the Galatians seemed to worship Sabazios, the god of the sky of the Phrygians, and the omnipotent Skyrider brought by the Phrygians to Anatolia, which was described as frequently in conflict with the indigenous mother god Sibelli. Cybele (formerly known as Kybeleia, meaning "Mountain") became the goddess of Guruwei and Hattie in this area as early as 1000 BC. In 2500 BC, although it was revered by the Phrygians, if the explanation of the Roman relief Sabazios' riding bull with hoofs in Sibelli (now in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts) is correct, it may have been gradually replaced by Sabazios, assuming that this means that God is higher than the goddess.
Sabiazos is depicted as a warrior on horseback, holding a scepter or spear and trampling on a snake symbolizing the chaotic world. Phrygia called him a powerful god of war, and they depended on him far more than on Sibelli. Galatians may have moved in this direction, but even if they didn't, when they preached in Anatolia, S? o Paulo (A.D. 5-64), they had accepted the information of a single owner. -A powerful male god who provides salvation through his faith in his son. Because Sabia Sotheby's is related to Zeus, and Zeus' famous son Hercules (Rome Hercules) is recognized as the savior of Anatolia, it is not difficult to change the pagan paradigm into the Christian paradigm.
Paul may have encouraged this change in the same way that he saw in Acts and Christian New Testament letters, and thought that his new faith was only the actual truth that old gods did not fully represent. As we all know, he used this argument in Acts chapter 17 and section 16-34, when he preached to the Greeks in Athens in Alobagu, emphasizing that their "unknown god" was the Jesus Christ he represented. Paul himself said that he showed himself and his message to the audience in a way that they would understand in 1 Corinthians 9:22. At that time, he wrote, "I became everything to everyone, so that I could always save some people." Undoubtedly, he adopted the same philosophy and advocated winning people's faith in Christ in Galatians.
In his letter to the Galatians, he directly appealed to their well-known love for freedom and independence (5: 1), and repeatedly compared the spiritual freedom obtained through Christ with the slavery brought about by the pursuit of worldly pleasures. He even quoted acts and sins related to Galatians for a long time, such as jealousy, drunkenness, debauchery and idolatry (5: 19-20), and compared them with the freedom from sin and corruption provided by Christianity (5:22-24). His appeal worked, and the Galatians changed their faith and exchanged the protection of Sabia Sotheby and Sibelli for the protection of Jesus Christ. Helm pointed out that "the Christian community under Drummerton's jurisdiction is one of the oldest communities established by Paul and Galatia" and later developed into one of the most important Christian centers in the region (43).
At this time, Galatians were almost completely Hellenistic and further replaced their Celtic-Greek customs with Roman beliefs and attitudes. Christianity replaced their old religion, and temples became churches. After * * * invaded Anatolia in 830 AD, when people converted to * * * religion, the church became a * * * temple, and the same paradigm was repeated with the increase of military strength. By this time, there was not much Celtic-Greek culture left in Galatia. Today, its name continues mainly through the biblical letters of S? o Paulo, and there may be galata on the outskirts of Istanbul.