1 Cost control in investment final settlement stage
At this stage, the technical and economic decision of the construction project has a decisive influence on the cost of the construction project. This is an important stage of project cost control. As a highway engineering cost manager, it is necessary to prepare a feasibility study report at the decision-making stage, make an economic evaluation of the proposed project, choose a technically feasible and economically reasonable construction scheme, and scientifically prepare the best investment estimate with high quality on the basis of optimizing the construction scheme. Investment estimation is the main cost document in the project decision-making stage, and it is also an integral part of the project proposal and feasibility study report. Investment estimation is very important to the decision-making and success of the project: investment estimation should be thoughtful and reasonable, and the benefits and risks during and after the project construction should be fully estimated, as comprehensive, accurate and reasonable as possible.
2. Cost control in the design stage
As we all know, the determination and control of highway engineering cost runs through the whole process of highway construction projects. However, engineering practice at home and abroad proves that the stage that has the greatest impact on the project cost is the design stage. In the preliminary design stage, the possibility of affecting the project cost is 75%-95%; By the end of the construction drawing design. The possibility of influencing the project cost is 35% to 75%; At the initial stage of construction, the possibility of saving project cost through technical organization measures is only 5% 10%. It can be seen that the key to control the project cost lies in the investment decision-making and design stage before construction. After the investment decision is made, the key to control the cost lies in the design stage.
2. 1 cost control target setting in design stage
The purpose of control is to achieve the predetermined goal. If there is no predetermined goal, there is no need and no control. The goal of cost control in the design stage is to make the total investment of the project less than the planned investment (or expected investment) on the premise of ensuring the highest quality of the project. Specifically, the project cost control goal of preliminary design is investment estimation; The project cost control goal of technical design and construction drawing design is design budget estimate.
2.2 Optimization of design unit and design scheme
The best design unit or design scheme can adopt engineering design bidding or design scheme election, and choose the best design and design scheme through competition. Engineering design bidding or design scheme competition is conducive to the selection and competition of design schemes, shortening design cycle, reducing design cost, reducing project cost, controlling construction project investment and improving investment efficiency. In engineering design bidding documents or design scheme selection documents, we should not only pay attention to whether the technology is advanced. Whether the function meets the requirements, but also pay attention to the cost requirements.
2.3 Design optimization in design.
Route design, structural design, construction scheme and construction organization design are three main contents of highway engineering design. In the design, we should carefully study and compare from the technical and economic aspects. On the premise of meeting most requirements of specified quality and being technically feasible, choose the scheme with the lowest cost.
(1) route design
In route design, the route direction determines the quantity of earthwork and structures. The longitudinal slope of the route and the location of the route also determine the earthwork volume and construction quantity. At the same time, the horizontal and vertical design of the route affects the choice of structures to some extent. Therefore, route design plays a decisive role in highway engineering cost. Before structural design, we should first do a good job in route design and optimize the horizontal and vertical scheme of the route:
(2) Structural design
The key of structural design is the choice of structural type. For example, the type of pavement structure in pavement design, different structures affect the selection and dosage of materials, thus controlling the cost of materials, and will also have an impact on the overall cost. In bridge design, a bridge or extra-large bridge should be divided into several holes, and the span of each hole should be large, which not only affects the use effect and construction difficulty. , but also to a great extent related to the total cost of the bridge. As far as economic requirements are concerned, the greater the span, the less the number of holes and the higher the cost of the superstructure. The cost of pier and abutment will be reduced, otherwise the cost of superstructure will be reduced and the cost of pier and abutment will increase. It is of great significance to choose a reasonable bridge separation scheme and determine the economic span to minimize the total cost of the upper and lower structures of the bridge.
2.4 Implementation of quota design
The quota design is to control the preliminary design according to the approved feasibility study (or design task book) and its investment estimation, and control the construction drawing design according to the approved total budget of the preliminary design. At the same time, under the premise of ensuring the use function, all majors control the design according to the allocated investment limit and strictly control the unreasonable changes of the design. Ensure that the total cost limit is not exceeded. Quota design is a powerful measure to control the project cost in the field of highway engineering construction, which should be vigorously promoted.
(1) quota design target
The design documents approved in each stage are the target of quota design control in the next stage. It is the control of design scale, design standard, engineering quantity and budgetary estimate index. Therefore, quota design should be regarded as a comprehensive symbol to measure the quality of design work and should always be the management goal of design quality.
(2) quota design measures
(1) quota design must run through feasibility study, preliminary design, technical design and construction drawing design, and must run through every process of every major at every stage. In every major and every process, we should take quota design as the key work content, define the quota target and implement process management. The realization of the quota of each major is the guarantee to realize the total quota; (2) Strictly control design changes, and try to control them in the design stage to reduce design changes during construction. This can avoid the consequences of large-scale cost loss caused by the cost of preparing materials. At the same time, when changing the design, the project cost should be strictly and effectively controlled after settlement; (3) Define the responsibility of quota design. To improve and strengthen the internal economic responsibility system of design units, the core of economic responsibility system is to correctly handle the organic relationship between responsibility, right and benefit. In the relationship between the three, responsibility is the core, and it is necessary to clarify the responsibility of relevant personnel and professional departments within the design unit for quota design. Therefore, the design department should establish an assessment system for investment distribution of various majors. Before the start of design, according to the different stages of estimation, budgetary estimate and budget in the design process, the project cost will be apportioned by specialty and assessed by sections, and each of them will be responsible for controlling the apportioned limit cost.
3. Cost control in the bidding stage
Whether the construction task can be completed with good quality and quantity and whether the project cost can be effectively controlled depends on the choice of the construction enterprise. Through bidding competition, the owner chooses to disturb the contractor, which is conducive to reducing the project cost and is an important means of cost control. Cost management personnel should carefully prepare the pre-tender estimate according to the current specifications, quotas and charging standards, construction drawings, site factors, construction period and market conditions. And control the pre-tender estimate within the budgetary estimate or budget. Reasonable pre-tender estimate cost is the guarantee of engineering quality. High-priced contracting makes the owner suffer losses, while low-priced contracting will lead to irregular construction and poor construction quality, and increase the maintenance cost of the whole project life.
4. Cost control in the construction stage
4. 1 Preparation of construction organization design
Construction organization design is an indispensable technical and economic document to guide the implementation of highway construction projects. According to the requirements of site construction conditions and construction technology, the reasonable arrangement of construction scheme will directly affect the total cost. For example, when arranging the construction period of the bridge, we should first consider building the underwater foundation in the sales season, and strive to get out of the water before the flood comes, otherwise the number of cofferdams, islands and slips will increase, and even the construction period will be delayed, resulting in undue waste and loss. Another example is the determination of the site layout, which determines the transportation price, the cost of temporary works, the cost of renting land and the cost of leveling the site. There is a certain dialectical relationship between construction progress and project cost, and the project progress is appropriately accelerated. The project cost will be reduced. However, when the project schedule is arranged for surprise operation (the project schedule is too fast), the project cost is high. At the same time, if the project progress is too slow and the construction time is too long, the project cost will increase accordingly. In addition, the selection of subgrade engineering, pavement engineering, construction method of structures and transportation organization scheme will also affect the project cost to some extent. Therefore, these factors should be paid full attention to when compiling the construction organization design, which is the key link to effectively control the project cost.
4.2 Strengthen on-site visa
Strictly control engineering changes In order to avoid the phenomenon that engineering managers only care about visas, they should seriously change the visa procedures and adopt the method of joint signature by the owner, the supervisor and the owner's representative on site to ensure the authenticity, rationality and economy of the changes and visas and avoid fraud. In addition, the project progress payment should be allocated in strict accordance with the regulations and contracts. Kill the claim in the bud.
5. Cost control in completion settlement stage
Completion settlement is the last link of the whole project cost control, which reflects the actual cost of the project. Both the construction unit and the owner should pay attention to the project settlement. In order to do a good job of completion settlement, we should establish a system of checking and filing the bill of quantities and an internal review system. Regular follow-up inspection, supervision and management, reduce the error rate and put an end to illegal activities. Insist on on-site check and strictly check whether the calculation of engineering quantity is accurate. Whether the material price adjustment, engineering change and engineering claim are reasonable.
There are many factors that affect the cost of highway engineering, mainly in the investment decision-making stage and design stage. Only by concrete analysis and taking corresponding measures at each stage of highway construction can we put an end to the phenomenon of final accounts exceeding budget, budget exceeding budget and budget exceeding budget, and effectively control the project cost.
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