The construction of water conservancy and hydropower projects is a major event related to the national economy and people's livelihood in China, and it plays an important role in building a harmonious socialist society. Especially in recent years, with the deepening of reform and opening up, China's economic strength has been continuously enhanced, people's living standards have been further improved, and the ecological environment protection in the process of water conservancy and hydropower construction has been paid more and more attention, especially the environmental protection standards and requirements in water conservancy and hydropower projects have become more and more strict and standardized. 1. Eco-environmental problems in the construction of water conservancy and hydropower projects 1. 1 The design and construction of water conservancy and hydropower projects need to comprehensively consider various factors to ensure the smooth construction of the project. Due to the large scale of the project, a lot of fill and excavation are needed, which may easily lead to changes in geology and landforms along the construction area. Landslides, mudslides, landslides and other geological disasters often occur, especially in southern China. During the construction of water conservancy and hydropower projects, it is necessary to carry out more ground-breaking excavation, which has a great impact on local vegetation, especially cutting down or destroying trees, resulting in serious soil erosion in exposed soil of mountains, rising rivers and silting lakes, causing floods. Large-scale mechanical equipment participates in the construction of water conservancy and hydropower projects. Because of its heavy weight, rolling soil along the line for a long time will lead to soil hardening and further degradation of soil permeability, thus affecting the fertility and water absorption of soil in this area, which is not conducive to the growth of crops in the surrounding areas. 1.2 Water conservancy and hydropower projects cause ecological and landscape damage. Generally, water conservancy and hydropower projects are relatively large, and a lot of land needs to be occupied in the construction process to build the foundation site, which may affect the surrounding nature, cultural relics and landscape, cause landscape damage, and thus destroy the overall environment of the region. Dam construction is mostly in mountainous areas. During the construction, soil erosion is very serious, which leads to the increase of sediment in rivers and waters along the line and poor hydrological environment, which affects the habitat of aquatic organisms, especially the survival of some rare aquatic organisms. It may also lead to landslides and mudslides. To build a dam in plain area, it is necessary to comprehensively consider the problem of farmland and cultivated land occupied by the project, where a large amount of soil is needed in the process of project construction, and how to recover and utilize the destroyed farmland and cultivated land. 2. Impact of water conservancy and hydropower project construction on ecological environment 2. 1 Impact of water conservancy and hydropower project construction on aquatic ecological environment Water conservancy and hydropower project construction is a huge project, which can change the hydrological characteristics along the line. The construction of the project has turned the land into water, shallow water into deep water and running water into still water. It is these changes that will inevitably affect the aquatic ecological environment in this area. Due to the expansion of water area, the fluidity of water resources is weakened, and the diffusion ability of pollutants in water areas is reduced, which affects the self-purification ability of water bodies, and the survival of aquatic organisms will be seriously threatened, especially if water bodies are deprived of oxygen, the mortality rate of aquatic organisms will increase. The slow speed of water flow in the water area easily leads to the algae at the bottom of the water receiving more sunlight, thus increasing the photosynthesis of plants, and the algae plants grow wildly, resulting in eutrophication of the water body. In addition, water is often still, and suspended matter at the bottom of the water accumulates for a long time. If it contains some pollutants, it is easy to cause large-scale pollution of water bodies. In addition, the construction of water conservancy and hydropower projects has affected and destroyed the habitat of local creatures, and the animals on the shore, fish and aquatic animals have been forced to migrate. 2.2 The construction of water conservancy and hydropower projects affects the terrestrial ecological environment. The construction of water conservancy and hydropower projects not only affects the aquatic ecological environment, but also has a certain impact on the terrestrial ecological environment. The construction of the project will inevitably affect the local soil environment. The reservoir will intercept the water resources of the river, further reduce the source of fertilizer in the plain area downstream of the river, and cause the continuous decline of soil fertility. The construction of the dam has caused the soil in this area to be squeezed by high water level for a long time, which is easy to cause soil salinization and secondary swamp in this area and affect crop yield. Generally, the reservoir area is relatively large, which inundates a lot of land resources and vegetation, destroys biodiversity and affects the normal ecological cycle of the region. 3. Suggestions on protecting the ecological environment in the process of water conservancy and hydropower project construction 3. 1 Paying attention to protecting the ecological environment in the stage of project planning and construction is related to the overall situation of water conservancy and hydropower project construction, planning possible ecological environment problems and finding out the most reasonable planning scheme. In the process of planning and design, we should avoid occupying a large number of farmland, forests and wildlife protection land to ensure that the ecological balance along the line will not be destroyed. In architectural design, everything should be based on the protection of ecological environment, and strive to achieve the harmonious unity of regional nature and humanity. In the process of construction, the excavation scope should be defined, soil protection should be paid attention to, and secondary factors should be considered comprehensively to ensure the future land recovery and utilization. Pay attention to the leveling and greening of the land when borrowing soil during construction, and pay attention to the reconstruction and beautification of the landscape along the reservoir area and construction to ensure that the ecological environment is not affected. 3.2 Strengthening the Basic Legislation of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Environmental Protection With the relevant laws and regulations on environmental protection, the smooth development of environmental protection can be ensured, and the environmental protection can be legally followed and practical. Our country is relatively deficient in this respect, so far there is only a complete provision of the Environmental Protection Law of People's Republic of China (PRC), which has long been unable to meet the needs of current environmental protection work. With the environmental protection concept of sustainable development deeply rooted in people's hearts, it is even more necessary to have a basic law that can solve China's current and future environmental protection problems. At the same time, the relevant units of the Ministry of Water Resources should also formulate relevant laws and regulations to realize the ecological environment protection in the construction of water conservancy and hydropower projects. 3.3 Strengthening the environmental supervision of water conservancy and hydropower projects and protecting the later environment is an effective means based on the environmental impact assessment and compensation measures of water conservancy and hydropower projects. Formulate detailed environmental supervision responsibilities, improve various supervision work processes, and hold those who violate laws and regulations that endanger environmental safety accountable. Supervision should be transparent, legal, standardized and standardized, so as to fundamentally ensure that there is no environmental damage in all aspects of water conservancy and hydropower projects. After the construction of water conservancy and hydropower projects, environmental impact monitoring and evaluation should be carried out in time, and if there are adverse effects, they should be solved in time without leaving future troubles. After the completion of the project, relevant compensation measures should be formulated to restore the soil and vegetation along the line, and some temporary construction land should be cleaned up in time to carry out soil and water conservation to avoid secondary disasters. 4. Conclusion In short, in the actual construction of water conservancy and hydropower projects, we should comprehensively consider the protection of ecological environment, proceed from the relevant national laws and regulations, adopt scientific and reasonable methods for project design, strictly control all links of water conservancy and hydropower project construction, ensure that environmental protection and quality management norms of project construction run through the whole construction of water conservancy and hydropower projects, and urge water conservancy and hydropower projects to maximize social and economic benefits without destroying any ecological environment, so as to realize the Chinese dream of water conservancy people.
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