Six people, such as Tan Sitong, Yang Shenxiu and Xu Lin, who died in the reform, remain in the history books, which are called "Six Gentlemen of the Hundred Days of 1898".
This title began with Liang Qichao, who escaped from Japan by luck and was eager to make things public. Under the specific circumstances of North Korea, I can only listen to rumors, cherish the memory of my comrades-in-arms who died heroically with excitement, and write down "1100 days in 898". In order to increase the publicity effect, beauty is inevitable. Later generations followed his theory and collectively referred to Tan Sitong and others as "six gentlemen of the 1898 Movement".
Confucius believes that a gentleman is an idealized personality. A gentleman takes benevolence and righteousness as his duty.
Do Tan Sitong and other six people meet this standard? Let's judge whether they are gentlemen or not.
When it comes to "Six Gentlemen in the Reform Movement of 1898", people first think of Tan Sitong. According to the records of the Qing Dynasty, in the eyes of Cixi, the order of the six gentlemen is: Kang, Yang Rui, Tan Sitong and Liu Guangdi.
Kang is a substitute!
Kang Renguang ranked first, not because Kang Renguang was the first offender, but because he was Kang Youwei's younger brother.
At the beginning (the sixth day of August), the Qing court wanted to arrest Kang Youwei and Kang, and Tan Sitong and others were arrested three days later. Prior to this, in order to avoid the intensification of contradictions with the old school, Kang Youwei was sent by Emperor Guangxu to Shanghai to supervise the official newspaper bureau, and was protected by British warships on the way, and finally escaped. I didn't catch Kang Youwei, and the culprit ran away, so I had to take Kang Dinggang. Besides, Kang is a political reformer.
Kang Tiansheng is a coward. He did the most outrageous thing, that is, he ran a letter newspaper in Macao, and once wrote some articles advocating political reform and reform. According to Liang Qichao's memory, Kang studied western medicine and went to Beijing to treat diseases.
When they arrived, it was the time when reformists and conservatives were in the same boat. Kang Ren Guang "argued, old and new fire and water, power behind (Cixi), no success, why bother?" He earnestly advised his brother to leave the wrong place.
After being arrested, Kang was imprisoned in the punishments department. Every day in Lacrimosa, he kept banging his head against the wall, complaining that he had been wronged. God, earth, how can a brother bear this burden? When the jailer came to carry the prison, he cried with fear. Seeing this, Liu Guangdi was deeply distressed and comforted him. This is just an arraignment, not a beheading.
Kang was afraid of death, and the officer in charge of beheading simply fulfilled it. He is one of the people who spilled blood in the food market.
Old and strong, Yang Shenxiu.
The second is Yang Shenxiu, a Shaanxi University scholar who is different from Tan Sitong and others. When the Reform Movement of 1898 rose, Yang Shenxiu was an old man who had been ups and downs for more than 20 years and was nearly 500 years old.
Confucius said, "I know my destiny at fifty." By Yang Shenxiu's age, I was already a tactful and sophisticated manipulator, talking less and kowtowing more.
I didn't know that Yang Shenxiu was getting older and stronger. It was an alternative in the late Qing Dynasty. Guangxu went to prison, Cixi returned, and the court was full of horses, but Yang Shenxiu asked Cixi to withdraw from the curtain and return to politics.
When his son saw his letter, he tried to persuade Cixi not to die, but Yang Shenxiu just wouldn't listen. Later, the old man got angry and went back.
Seeing Yang's memorial, Cixi's reaction can be imagined. In addition, he has always advocated political reform, and has written for Kangxin School many times during his tenure. The new school has become the target of the old school.
Rumor has it that Yang Shenxiu once proposed to surround the Summer Palace with 3,000 guns in an attempt to emulate Wu Zhao. Rumors can't be confirmed, but it is black and white to ask Cixi to return to politics. This time, Yang Shenxiu completely offended Cixi at home, and naturally ranked him as the second.
In prison, Yang Shenxiu unyielding, more calm about life and death, there are poems:
Over time, life and death are a dime a dozen, and guilty ministers are hard to return.
Since Xiaolong met a handsome guy, how dare the tiger act?
There is no anger in the chest, and the corporal thinks about the name behind him.
Finally, I really stopped complaining. I wonder who will ask Chang Ying again?
Although he was proficient in the old school, he kept close contact with Kang and other new figures, opposed compromise with the great powers and actively explored ways to save the country. After living in Beijing for 20 years, he was upright and clean, and he ate our horses and chariots. He never changes his moral integrity when he is an official.
Yang Shenxiu's integrity and incorruptibility were rare in the late Qing Dynasty. He was the fourth reformist who died in 1898.
Yang Rui, a wizard in Shu
Among the six people, Yang Rui is the most controversial one.
Yang Rui (1857~ 1898), aged 4 1, was born in Mianzhu, Sichuan. He was a protege of Zhang Zhidong, a famous minister in the late Qing Dynasty. According to modern people's understanding, Yang Rui is actually Zhang Zhidong's eyes and ears-the director of Beijing Office. During his tenure, he exchanged letters with Zhang Zhidong constantly, and told the sitting teacher all the major events and small feelings in the DPRK. Zhang Zhidong has a son in Beijing, but many things are entrusted to Yang Rui, which shows that he relies heavily on him.
Yang Rui has read many books since he was a child, and he is proficient in the subset of Confucian classics, astronomy and geography, and calendar calculation. 1874, Yang Rui went to Chengdu to take the college entrance examination. Zhang Zhidong, who was studying politics at that time, was amazed after reading his paper, calling him a Sichuan wizard and accepting it as.
1885, Zhang Zhidong became the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, and Yang Rui became his right-hand man and entered the official career. During this period, Yang Rui met Kang Youwei, and they had a close personal relationship.
1895, Kang and Liang were building a strong cooperative, and Yang Rui actively assisted them and became the backbone of the reformists. Unlike Tan Sitong, Xu Lin and Liu Guangdi, Yang Rui was cautious and won the trust of Guangxu.
When Cixi was in power in the Summer Palace and Guangxu felt ill, she gave Yang Rui a secret letter (that is, a dress decree) instead of others, which showed Yang Rui's position in Guangxu's mind.
Yang Rui suggested that Guangxu should not stick to his own opinions and advocate gradual reform. There is no need to abolish too many old-fashioned schools at one time, so as not to lead to a rebound and increase variability. These pertinent and steady suggestions are regarded as smooth and cunning by later generations.
Before his execution, Yang Rui said righteously, what crime have I committed for the country and the people? He asked the judge why he was resolute and punished without trial, and put forward "I wish to be clear about my heart" and appealed to Cixi.
After Yang Rui went to prison, Zhang Zhidong thought he was innocent and took part in it. At one time, officials and bosses from all sides in Beijing launched a rescue and were willing to protect Yang Rui with the help of the whole family. Unfortunately, several people went to prison on the ninth day of August, and were killed without trial and conviction on the 13th, less than five days before and after.
Zhang Zhidong's move is nothing more than mending after the sheep is dead. Imagine that even Emperor Guangxu lost his freedom. It can be seen that Cixi is determined. How did Zhang Canzhidong protect Yang Rui?
According to another record, the news that Yang Rui and others were killed came out. Kang Youwei, who was cruising overseas at that time, heard the news and touched the railing facing the sea: "Brother Yang is dead, I miss a person so much!"
I shed my blood for the reform, but was ridiculed as speculation by later generations. Yang Ruiquan knows something, and I don't know what to think.
Xu Lin who died young.
Xu Lin (1874~ 1898) was born in Houguan, Fuzhou, Fujian. His parents died when he was a child, and he was raised by his uncle.
Xu Lin was brilliant and ambitious since he was a child, and was known as a child prodigy.
While studying hard in his hometown, Shen Yuqing, the fourth son of fellow countryman Shen Baozhen (son-in-law of Lin Zexu in the late Qing Dynasty, former Minister of Shipping in Fujian), visited his friend Yang Yonglin and happened to see his students' "homework". At first glance, I was both surprised and admired.
Knowing that she was not married, it happened that "there was a little girl in the Shen family", so she asked Yang as a medium to recruit her as a son-in-law.
Knowing that his family was poor, Shen Yuqing (Shen used to work in Jiangnan Navy) took him back to get married. 1893, Xu Lin returned to his hometown to take the exam and was listed as one of China Jinshi. In the same year, Cohen won the provincial examination and won the first prize. I met Yuan and won the championship in the whole province.
The following year, Xu Lin went to Beijing to take the exam, but he missed out on Sun Shan. In the second year of the exam, he was still unknown and disheartened for two consecutive years. Finally, he had to donate a seven-product cabinet supplement book.
Xu Lin originally wanted to be a small county magistrate to kill time, but this year the Qing Dynasty was defeated, and he was going to sign treaty of shimonoseki with Japan. When the news came out, he was very angry with the weak and incompetent compensation behavior of the Qing army and wrote a poem:
Living in 300 years, that is, I can't see anyone today.
You keep your word, but that's not the case.
At this time, Kang Youwei was advocating reform, and Xu Lin visited him. At first sight, they talked and laughed, so they worshipped Kang as a teacher and gradually grew into the backbone of the reformists.
1898, the determined Guangxu promulgated a series of measures, and in order to ensure the implementation of the political reform, issued an imperial decree to recommend sages, so Xu Lin, Tan Sitong, Yang Rui and Liu Guangdi became military aircraft Zhang Jing and participated in the New Deal.
"Zhang Jing" is Manchu, that is, the person who handles documents. In the Qing dynasty, there were military ministers besides military ministers, and Zhang Jing had several members, only seven grades lower. Yang Rui and others are four products of Zhang Jing, and they should be higher in Zhang Jing's title. Guangxu has no right to appoint people with higher titles.
The military department has a lot of power, but his official position is pitiful. He is just cleaning several shallow north and south rooms outside the palace. The south room is Zhang Jing's office, and the desk is full of chapters and chapters.
Incredibly, four people came to the military, but there was not even a desk. Han said they only deal with old cases, not the New Deal. Zhang Jing, a man, claimed that he was full of documents and would not let a few people mix blindly. Finally, the Minister of Military Affairs came forward to coordinate and arranged a table for four in the middle of the room.
Even under such office conditions, Xu Lin, a young and energetic man, actively offered suggestions and said, "Take part in politics for ten days and squint at scholars." .
After being arrested and imprisoned, Xu Lin calmly "smiles forever"; Before the execution, I looked at death with the same face.
Because she is Shen Baozhen's granddaughter-in-law, she is given special treatment and allowed to wear official clothes to be punished. Xu Lin was the third person killed, only 24 years old.
Tan sitong, one of the perfect people.
Although Tan Sitong (1865~ 1898) ranked fifth, he was the second to be killed. Therefore, there are historical reasons. After the incident, under the call sign of Kang Liang, Britain, Japan and other powers began to develop. Due to diplomatic pressure, Zhang, who was arrested and imprisoned after the incident, had to be dealt with separately. Without a trial and conviction, I was in a hurry to kill six people because I was worried that it would change if it was too late.
Because there is no public trial, many of Tan Sitong's deeds cannot be made public, and his guilt is bound to be weakened. Although Empress Dowager Cixi hated him, she had to put him in the fifth place.
Tan Sitong, a native of Liuyang, Hunan Province, was born in Mao Lan Hutong, Xuannan. Tan sitong studied martial arts since childhood. At the age of ten, he learned fencing from the great soldier Wang Wu. His life of "being good at Ren Xia and fencing" was deeply influenced by Wang Wu.
Tan Jixun of Tan Sitong was born as a scholar and was the governor of Hubei Province. Tan read widely, but despised the imperial examinations. Lao Tan had no choice but to donate money to his son as an alternate magistrate in Jiangsu. Tan Sitong read and wrote during his temporary residence, and his book Benevolence was completed at this time.
After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, Tan Sitong actively advocated the New Deal, and publicly put forward the ideas of abolishing the imperial examination, developing schools, mining, repairing railways, running factories and changing the official system.
From 65438 to 0895, Tan Sitong returned to Liuyang and publicized the political reform in Hunan Daily with his colleagues. He is afraid that he will get into trouble. He wrote three letters a month to urge him to go home, but Tan Sitong did not listen to dissuasion and went his own way.
After the incident, Tan Sitong had a chance to escape, but he decided to stay and give his life for justice. He said to his friends: "Political reforms in all countries have been realized. Today, because of political reform, there is no one in China. The reason why this country is not prosperous is to start at the same time! "
According to Liu, the jailer, Tan Sitong was as cool as a cucumber in prison, strolling around his cell all day, and sometimes picking up cinders on the ground and writing on the wall. Liu doesn't know cursive script, let alone poetry. What is Tan doing? Tan smiled and said, write a poem. This poem is a famous "prison masterpiece":
Desperate to stop thinking about James Zhang, he endured death and treated Dugan for a while.
My smile goes from the horizontal knife to the sky and stays in the liver and gallbladder.
On the occasion of Tan Sitong's execution, he shouted angrily: "If you want to kill a thief, you can't go back to heaven; Be immortal! "
It is easier to die generously than to die calmly. Tan sitong died heroically. Liang Qichao praised him as "one of the perfect people in the Reform Movement of 1898" and was sincere.
Accept death, Liu Guangdi.
Liu Guangdi (1859~ 1898) died in the political reform, and Liu was from Fushun, Zigong, Sichuan. Among the six gentlemen, Liu Guangdi's reputation is a little weak, and later generations don't think highly of him, and even think that he is not a reformer at all.
Liu Guangdi is a reformist, different from Tan Sitong and others, only his understanding of political reform and reform is different.
Liu Guangdi 1882 Jinshi, official to the minister of punishments (six grades).
When Emperor Liu Guangdi arrived, it was a time of crisis in the Qing Dynasty. The bourgeois reformists, led by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao, set off a nationwide movement to save the country and the people. They contacted their colleagues by running newspapers and establishing newspapers, and gradually formed the reform of the ruling and opposition parties.
As an upright bureaucratic scholar-bureaucrat, Liu Guangdi's strong patriotism and sense of responsibility made him unable to stay out of it. So at that time, people thought that only reform could have hope. Liu Guangdi also believes that "the right time, the right place and the right people, in the end, must be flexible and profitable." But he didn't publicly state his views, but talked cautiously in private.
Liu Guangdi is neither radical nor conservative. He thinks he belongs to the middle school and has no old and new views. He did two bolder and most commendable things in his life:
First, the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 was still going on, and he ascended the throne of the Sino-Japanese essay Chen. Although the article did not mention political reform, it invited Guangxu to be arbitrary and so on. He dared to write, but no one dared to play for him. Although the memorial was not sent to Guangxu in the end, it was circulated in the ruling and opposition parties six months before Kang Liang wrote it on the bus. This move can be called the forerunner of the reform movement.
Secondly, 1898, 1 1 In September, Hunan old school wrote to kill Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao. At that time, only Liu Guangdi and Tan Sitong were on duty in Zhang Jing's military department. Tan sitong said that he was willing to sit with them, and Liu Guangdi immediately signed it, saying righteously, "Minister Guangdi should also sit first." Liu Guangdi's action made Tan Sitong sit up and take notice, while Liu Guangdi smiled and said, "I don't want you to be a gentleman alone."
On September 28th, six people were arrested by Simon, and the others were still unknown. Liu Guangdi is familiar with the penalty system, and the West Gate is the gateway to the execution ground. He couldn't help cursing "no arraignment, no conviction, or decapitation"? What a fool! "
Before the execution, Liu Guangdi was "stubborn as a cucumber" and "calm as usual". After his head was cut off, the body did not fall, and the viewer was terrified.
The above is related to the order in which the six gentlemen were beheaded, and it is about the sharing of the six gentlemen. After reading the personalities of Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao, I hope this will help everyone!