The cost of economic globalization
Economic globalization has not only brought economic benefits to all countries, but also paid a considerable price.
One of the costs: global economic instability will become a normal state. In the process of economic globalization, the interdependence of countries' economies has been strengthened unprecedentedly. In this environment, international contagion of economic fluctuations and crises has become a routine and inevitable thing.
The second price: the independence of economic sovereignty of all countries is facing an increasingly severe test. Multinational enterprises are often the main responsible persons for large-scale currency speculation. With the gradual improvement of integration, the independence of economic sovereignty of member States is declining.
The third price: the global gap between the rich and the poor has further widened. As the main owners of capital and advanced technology, developed countries have always been at the center of globalization. While competition creates efficiency, wealth is increasingly concentrated in a few countries or a few interest groups, which leads to the widening gap between the rich and the poor.
Economic globalization is an inevitable trend, and China should take the initiative to participate.
Economic globalization is reflected in the globalization of production and consumption. Globalization of production means that enterprises look for resources not only in their own countries, but also on a global scale, while globalization of consumption means that consumers buy things not only in their own markets but also on a global scale. To engage in production and trade on a global scale, there must be global unified rules. WTO is a multilateral trade dispute settlement mechanism, and multilateral is superior to bilateral. There is at least one authoritative arbitration institution to solve anti-dumping and trade disputes.
People usually only see the benefits that China's entry into WTO will bring to China's exports, but China's trade benefits should also be reflected in imports, allowing consumers to buy more high-quality things and buy some goods with less money. Consumer income should be an important indicator to measure the national economy and people's living standards. More importantly, trade and investment have brought many external effects, which greatly improved the service quality and attitude of China. This is called technology spillover in economics, which is different from technology transfer and is free.
China needs to do four things to participate in economic globalization.
First of all, we must invigorate the market economy and make China an integral part of the world economic system.
Second, the market must be open. Only by opening the market can it become an integral part of the world economy. However, China is a developing country, so it is impossible to fully open its market immediately and unconditionally. Instead, it is necessary to open up conditionally and step by step, meet its own level of development, and generate benefits that are beneficial to both sides of trade.
Third, we must abide by international trade rules. Because the market economy is a legal economy to some extent, China must abide by the rules and participate in the formulation of the rules.
Fourth, we should develop the capital market. If any country wants entrepreneurs to make great achievements, it must develop the capital market. However, although China has a high savings rate, only a small part of it flows into private enterprises, and even less into high-tech companies.
China must correctly handle three groups of relations when participating in economic globalization.
The first is the relationship between opening to the outside world and participation in globalization. We must play by the same rules in the world. We can't always pin our hopes on the protection measures of the country. Participating in global trade as soon as possible is to force our enterprise reform to forge ahead. Only in this way can their competitiveness be really improved.
The second is to narrow the gap between domestic regions and international countries.
The third is the relationship between expanding domestic demand and increasing foreign trade exports. China is a big country with a large domestic market. It is necessary to expand domestic demand, but the importance of foreign trade cannot be ignored.
New situations and problems that China should consider when formulating its economic globalization strategy.
Participation in the process of economic globalization must be based on the development of the national economy. As a developing country and a world trading power, China should actively participate in the activities of international multilateral economic organizations and the formulation of international multilateral economic rules, strengthen multilateral and bilateral economic and trade cooperation, and play an active, stable and constructive role in the development of economic globalization.
China participates in the process of economic globalization, advocates and follows the principle of equality, mutual benefit and common development, recognizes the differences between different countries, and pays attention to handling the interests of developed and developing countries in economic globalization.
The continuous innovation and progress of science and technology is the foundation and condition of economic globalization. China will adhere to the strategic policy of rejuvenating the country through science and education, use modern scientific and technological means to promote trade through science and technology, constantly improve the scientific and technological content and international competitiveness of China's foreign economic and trade, and participate in the development of economic globalization. Only by accelerating scientific and technological innovation, vigorously developing high-tech industries, applying advanced technology and high-tech transformation, and improving the technical content of traditional industries, can China continuously promote the development of productive forces and realize the leap of scientific and technological development in China.
Only by deepening the reform of economic system, promoting the reform of state-owned enterprises, strengthening the construction of market system and accelerating the transformation of government functions and the construction of social security system can we continuously create more favorable conditions for the development of China's productive forces in production relations.
References:
/news/63/64/2006 54 38+004 18/22859 . htm
The cost of economic globalization
Economic globalization has not only brought economic benefits to all countries, but also paid a considerable price.
One of the costs: global economic instability will become a normal state. In the process of economic globalization, the interdependence of countries' economies has been strengthened unprecedentedly. Many countries' dependence on foreign trade has exceeded 30%, and some countries have reached 50-60%. In this environment, international contagion of economic fluctuations and crises has become a routine and inevitable thing. The internal imbalance of any country will reflect the external imbalance, which will soon affect the countries with which it has close trade and investment relations, and finally it is very likely that all countries will be introduced into the situation of imbalance and crisis to varying degrees. Thailand's exchange rate crisis from 65438 to 0997 quickly spread to Southeast Asia, South Korea and Japan, thus forming a serious regional financial crisis. Then it spread to Russia and Latin America (once including the United States), forming a de facto global financial turmoil, which is the latest example of the contagion effect of the crisis.
The existence of international hot money is one of the important sources of global economic instability. As a huge financial force that transcends national boundaries, international hot money has played the role of maker or promoter of global financial turmoil again and again, and played the main medium of crisis contagion. Today, with the development of economic globalization, it is impossible to completely control international hot money, although various effective regulatory measures can be continuously explored.
The second price: the independence of economic sovereignty of all countries is facing an increasingly severe test. The development of EU economies shows that with the gradual improvement of integration, the independence of economic sovereignty of member States is declining. From the early customs union, unified agricultural product prices and joint floating exchange rate to the unified financial policy after the emergence of the single currency euro (1.999 1.00 euro interest rate zone started), it shows that the financial, tax and monetary sovereignty of each member country has gradually shifted to the EU coordination mechanism that transcends national boundaries. This transfer of economic sovereignty has made many member States pay a huge price, and even endangered the survival of the EU economy many times.
For other countries outside the EU, in the process of economic globalization, the independence of their economic sovereignty (especially in fiscal, taxation and monetary policies) is also facing an increasingly severe test. There are roughly two different forms of this test. The first is the voluntary transfer of economic sovereignty. From the previous negotiations on tax reduction and trade liberalization in GATT to the economic adjustment that countries were forced to make in order to obtain assistance from the International Monetary Fund, these are all voluntary transfers of sovereignty to a certain extent. The other is the erosion of economic sovereignty by transnational private economic forces. The most typical example is multinational corporations. Because the strategic goals of multinational corporations are rarely completely consistent with the economic development goals of the host country, they often show an instinctive resistance and evasion to many policies and measures adopted by the host country to achieve the established development goals. Multinational companies have carried out large-scale capital transfer in the world, and the negative effects on the host country's monetary and financial policies cannot be underestimated. Obviously, in the process of economic globalization, people should attach great importance to the price paid by countries that use foreign direct investment in large quantities.
The third price: the gap between the rich and the poor on a global scale has further widened. As mentioned above, economic globalization is essentially a process of global marketization. In this process, competition creates efficiency, while wealth is increasingly concentrated in a few countries or a few interest groups, resulting in a widening gap between the rich and the poor. According to World Bank statistics, 1983, the per capita GDP of low-income developing countries is 2.4% of that of high-income developed countries, that is, the latter is 43 times that of the former; By 1994, the proportion has dropped to 1.6%, that is, the latter is 62 times that of the former. There are many specific reasons for this widening gap, but two factors can not be ignored. First, the benefits of economic globalization are unevenly distributed. Although almost all countries participating in the globalization process have benefited from it to varying degrees, this does not mean that the benefits are shared. Because in fact, developed countries, as the main owners of capital and advanced technology, have always been at the center of globalization. This comparative advantage enables them to take the initiative in pricing and gain more benefits in exchange with developing countries. Second, the decline in the nominal exchange rate has led to the decline in the nominal value of the gross national product. The real devaluation caused by nominal devaluation will lead to the deterioration of terms of trade, and then pay a higher price in international exchange.
Economic globalization has advantages and disadvantages.
Li Haiqing, Zhou Mingjie
When the World Economic Forum 3 1 Annual Meeting was held in Davos, hundreds of demonstrators held high the slogan "Get out of the World Economic Forum" and protested outside the venue. They believe that the process of economic globalization is unfair, and it is unreasonable for hundreds of world leaders and bosses of big companies to decide the future of the world behind closed doors.
Who is against economic globalization?
Zhang Yunling (Director, Asia-Pacific Institute and Japanese Institute, China Academy of Social Sciences): Economic globalization has produced two phenomena. One is that large-scale capital mainly flows to developed countries at present, and the other is that investors are looking for suitable places around the world. In this way, most of the beneficiaries are multinational companies, resulting in a high concentration of wealth. Because of the uneven interests, there are two kinds of voices against economic globalization: developing countries and groups whose interests are damaged in developed countries. This year, the conflict between the opponents of economic globalization and the police is the first time in my impression that there is such a sharp opposition.
Tao (Deputy Director and Research Fellow, Institute of American Studies, China Academy of Social Sciences): Opposing economic globalization, like economic globalization, is a global phenomenon. The most fundamental reason is that most of the rules of the game of economic activities are formulated by developed countries such as the United States, and there are many unreasonable and unfair places, mainly benefiting developed countries, especially large multinational companies.
Shen Jiru (Director, Researcher, Doctoral Supervisor, Institute of World Economics and Politics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences): The demonstration against economic globalization and the World Economic Forum held in Davos, Switzerland, was very complicated. But what is certain is that most of them are radicals from developed countries, because few people can fly to Switzerland to demonstrate in China. These radicals believe that globalization causes pollution, widens the gap between North and South, and marginalizes developing countries, that is, they are getting poorer and poorer. This reflects the interests of developing countries to some extent. However, the actions of these radicals are so extreme that they can't oppose globalization. In fact, developing countries are marginalized for three reasons. First, the international economic order is irrational, and some developing countries cannot benefit from globalization. The other is self-isolation, and if you don't participate in the globalization process, you won't get much-needed funds and technology; Third, some countries have been mired in civil strife and regional conflicts for a long time, and their domestic social and economic structures are very backward. Therefore, even if they participate in globalization, it is difficult to provide their own products to the international market and cope with the fierce competition in the international market. Among those who oppose globalization, some people are acquiesced by western countries. In the name of fighting for workers' employment rights, they oppose cheap products from developing countries entering their own countries. On this basis, their governments refused to open their markets to developing countries, and only asked developing countries to open their markets to themselves and gain unilateral benefits.
References:
Beijing Evening News